Ch. 14 Hallucinogens

The main psychoactive component of ayahuasca, a psychoactive tea, is

DMT

________ was called STP (street talk was that it stood for serenity, tranquility, and peace) in the 1960s and 1970s

DOM

T of F: The seeds of the morning glory plant Rivea corymbosa do not contain d-lysergic acid amide

F

T or F: Hyoscyamus niger is a pharmacologically inactive medicine that is used in the treatment of diseased birds, particularly hens.

F

Identify a feature of ketamine

It can induce hallucinations and delirium in users

Identify a true statement about the history of magic mushrooms

Mexicans had a long history of using magic mushrooms for religious and ceremonial purposes

In the context of peyote use by Native Americans, the

Native American Church of the United States incorporated peyote use into its ceremonies

Identify a hallucinogen that is grouped under deliriants

PCP

_______ is a small, carrot-shaped psychoactive cactus, Lophophora williamsii Lemaire, that was originally consumed orally by indigenous Mexican people

Peyote

Identify a true statement about the beliefs of animism

Plants that are able to alter one's perception of the world and of oneself fit into the view of animism.

Trichocereus pachanoi is a mescaline-containing cactus whose common name is the _______, and it is native to the Andes Mountains of Peru and Ecuador and has been used for thousands of years as a religious sacrament

San Pedro cactus

Studies conducted by Roland Griffiths and Walter Pahnke on psilocybin and mystical experiences found that psilocybin

actually increased mystical experiences

The street name for PCP sprinkled on plant material such as oregano, parsley, or alfalfa is _________ __________

angel dust

With large enough doses of ______, a behavioral pattern develops that resembles toxic psychosis; there is delirium, mental confusion, loss of attention, drowsiness, and loss of memory for recent events

anticholinergic hallucinogens

________ is the primary active ingredient in the deadly nightshade, Atropa belladonna

atropine

The _______ nucleus forms the basic structure of the catecholamine neurotransmitters, norepinephrine and dopamine

catechol

The Amanita muscaria mushroom is known to ________

cause muscular twitching and vivid hallucinations in consumers

A true statement about mescaline is that _______

causes pupil dilation, and it increases pulse rate and blood pressure

The trip time of an effective oral dose of LSD can be greatly attenuated at any time through the administration of ________ intramuscularly

chlorpromazine

An effect of anticholinergic hallucinogens that separates them from indole hallucinogens and catechol hallucinogens is that these drugs ________.

cloud the consciousness of users

Early research on LSD found that it ______

could be used as an adjunct to psychotherapy

In the context of the early research conducted on LSD, a lot of the research focused on _______.

developing model of psychoses and accessing the subconscious mind

An attribute of psilocybin is that _________

dried mushrooms contain 0.2 to 0.5 percent

LSD was originally synthesized from alkaloids extracted from the ________

ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea

The mold Claviceps purpurea, from which LSD is extracted, occasionally grows on grain especially rye, and eating infected grain results in an illness called _________.

ergotism

MDMA is characterized by its ability to ________

increase body temperature

The basic structure of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which is also found in d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), is referred to as a(n) ______ nucleus

indole

A characteristic of LSD is that it ________

is a sympathomimetic agent

An attribute of the Salvia divinorum plant is that it _________.

is known to induce mystical-type effects similar in magnitude to those seen with psilocybin

An accurate statement about Amanita muscaria is that _________.

it activates the same type of acetylcholine receptor that is blocked by the anticholingerics

Identify a true statement about the pharmacology of LSD

it is metabolized in the liver and excreted as 2-oxy-lysergic acid diethylamide

Which of the following is true of 2,5 dimethoxy-4-mathylamphetamine (DOM)

its actions are similar to that of LSD

_______ is a chemical that is closely related to PCP, which has more depressant effects than PCP and fewer prolonged reactions

ketamine

______ is the primary psychoactive agent found in peyote

mescaline

The primary active agent found in the Amanita muscaria mushroom is

muscarine

A common adverse effect that can occur while under the influence of LSD is the ______.

panic reaction

1-(1-Phenylcyclohexyl) piperidine hydrochloride (PCP) affects the human body by ________

producing a loss of sensation within two or three minutes of beginning intravenous infusion

Identify a factor that contributed to the decline in the use of LSD after the late 1960s

prolonged psychotic reaction s and worries about possible chromosome damage due to LSD

The primary active agent found in the most well known psychoactive mushroom, psilocybe mexicana is

psilocybin

Which of the following hallucinogen is classified as an indole hallucinogen?

psilocybin

In the 1960s, phantastica drugs were described by enthusiastic users as allowing them to see into their own minds, and the term _________ was widely used to describe them

psychedelic

Phantastica drugs are capable of producing hallucinations and some altered sense of reality, a state that could be called psychotic, so they have been referred to as ___________ drugs

psychotomimetic

Identify a symptom of the Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder experienced by an individual who has not used LSD recently

re-experience of one of more of the perceptual symptoms experienced while intoxicated

Identify the alkaloids present in Datura

scopolamine, hyoscyamine, tropine

Identify a true statement about the use of belladonna by medieval witches

several accounts describe the use of flying ointments by witches and an ingredient included in these ointments was belladonna

Lurid accounts of medieval witches using belladonna are similar to accounts linking use of marijuana, LSD, or cocaine to _______.

sexual abandon and criminal violence

The phenomenon of blending of different senses, such as "seeing" sounds, is known as __________, and it is one of the effects caused by LSD

synesthesia

Identify a true statement about the effects produced by ayahuasca

the monoamine-oxidase-inhibiting properties of harmaline in ayahuasca prevent the degradation of oral DMT

The two major classes of phantastica, the indole and catechol hallucinogens, are grouped according to ________

their chemical structures

Identify the attributes of anticholinergic hallucinogens

they block the muscarinic cholinergic neurons they are potent peripheral and central cholinergic blocking agents

Data from at least one controlled study suggest that DMT is unique among classic hallucinogens in that

tolerance does not develop to its psychological effects

Identify a true statement about LSD experience

two hours after consuming LSD, changes in perception of oneself occurs