Ch. 14 Hallucinogens
The main psychoactive component of ayahuasca, a psychoactive tea, is
DMT
________ was called STP (street talk was that it stood for serenity, tranquility, and peace) in the 1960s and 1970s
DOM
T of F: The seeds of the morning glory plant Rivea corymbosa do not contain d-lysergic acid amide
F
T or F: Hyoscyamus niger is a pharmacologically inactive medicine that is used in the treatment of diseased birds, particularly hens.
F
Identify a feature of ketamine
It can induce hallucinations and delirium in users
Identify a true statement about the history of magic mushrooms
Mexicans had a long history of using magic mushrooms for religious and ceremonial purposes
In the context of peyote use by Native Americans, the
Native American Church of the United States incorporated peyote use into its ceremonies
Identify a hallucinogen that is grouped under deliriants
PCP
_______ is a small, carrot-shaped psychoactive cactus, Lophophora williamsii Lemaire, that was originally consumed orally by indigenous Mexican people
Peyote
Identify a true statement about the beliefs of animism
Plants that are able to alter one's perception of the world and of oneself fit into the view of animism.
Trichocereus pachanoi is a mescaline-containing cactus whose common name is the _______, and it is native to the Andes Mountains of Peru and Ecuador and has been used for thousands of years as a religious sacrament
San Pedro cactus
Studies conducted by Roland Griffiths and Walter Pahnke on psilocybin and mystical experiences found that psilocybin
actually increased mystical experiences
The street name for PCP sprinkled on plant material such as oregano, parsley, or alfalfa is _________ __________
angel dust
With large enough doses of ______, a behavioral pattern develops that resembles toxic psychosis; there is delirium, mental confusion, loss of attention, drowsiness, and loss of memory for recent events
anticholinergic hallucinogens
________ is the primary active ingredient in the deadly nightshade, Atropa belladonna
atropine
The _______ nucleus forms the basic structure of the catecholamine neurotransmitters, norepinephrine and dopamine
catechol
The Amanita muscaria mushroom is known to ________
cause muscular twitching and vivid hallucinations in consumers
A true statement about mescaline is that _______
causes pupil dilation, and it increases pulse rate and blood pressure
The trip time of an effective oral dose of LSD can be greatly attenuated at any time through the administration of ________ intramuscularly
chlorpromazine
An effect of anticholinergic hallucinogens that separates them from indole hallucinogens and catechol hallucinogens is that these drugs ________.
cloud the consciousness of users
Early research on LSD found that it ______
could be used as an adjunct to psychotherapy
In the context of the early research conducted on LSD, a lot of the research focused on _______.
developing model of psychoses and accessing the subconscious mind
An attribute of psilocybin is that _________
dried mushrooms contain 0.2 to 0.5 percent
LSD was originally synthesized from alkaloids extracted from the ________
ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea
The mold Claviceps purpurea, from which LSD is extracted, occasionally grows on grain especially rye, and eating infected grain results in an illness called _________.
ergotism
MDMA is characterized by its ability to ________
increase body temperature
The basic structure of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which is also found in d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), is referred to as a(n) ______ nucleus
indole
A characteristic of LSD is that it ________
is a sympathomimetic agent
An attribute of the Salvia divinorum plant is that it _________.
is known to induce mystical-type effects similar in magnitude to those seen with psilocybin
An accurate statement about Amanita muscaria is that _________.
it activates the same type of acetylcholine receptor that is blocked by the anticholingerics
Identify a true statement about the pharmacology of LSD
it is metabolized in the liver and excreted as 2-oxy-lysergic acid diethylamide
Which of the following is true of 2,5 dimethoxy-4-mathylamphetamine (DOM)
its actions are similar to that of LSD
_______ is a chemical that is closely related to PCP, which has more depressant effects than PCP and fewer prolonged reactions
ketamine
______ is the primary psychoactive agent found in peyote
mescaline
The primary active agent found in the Amanita muscaria mushroom is
muscarine
A common adverse effect that can occur while under the influence of LSD is the ______.
panic reaction
1-(1-Phenylcyclohexyl) piperidine hydrochloride (PCP) affects the human body by ________
producing a loss of sensation within two or three minutes of beginning intravenous infusion
Identify a factor that contributed to the decline in the use of LSD after the late 1960s
prolonged psychotic reaction s and worries about possible chromosome damage due to LSD
The primary active agent found in the most well known psychoactive mushroom, psilocybe mexicana is
psilocybin
Which of the following hallucinogen is classified as an indole hallucinogen?
psilocybin
In the 1960s, phantastica drugs were described by enthusiastic users as allowing them to see into their own minds, and the term _________ was widely used to describe them
psychedelic
Phantastica drugs are capable of producing hallucinations and some altered sense of reality, a state that could be called psychotic, so they have been referred to as ___________ drugs
psychotomimetic
Identify a symptom of the Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder experienced by an individual who has not used LSD recently
re-experience of one of more of the perceptual symptoms experienced while intoxicated
Identify the alkaloids present in Datura
scopolamine, hyoscyamine, tropine
Identify a true statement about the use of belladonna by medieval witches
several accounts describe the use of flying ointments by witches and an ingredient included in these ointments was belladonna
Lurid accounts of medieval witches using belladonna are similar to accounts linking use of marijuana, LSD, or cocaine to _______.
sexual abandon and criminal violence
The phenomenon of blending of different senses, such as "seeing" sounds, is known as __________, and it is one of the effects caused by LSD
synesthesia
Identify a true statement about the effects produced by ayahuasca
the monoamine-oxidase-inhibiting properties of harmaline in ayahuasca prevent the degradation of oral DMT
The two major classes of phantastica, the indole and catechol hallucinogens, are grouped according to ________
their chemical structures
Identify the attributes of anticholinergic hallucinogens
they block the muscarinic cholinergic neurons they are potent peripheral and central cholinergic blocking agents
Data from at least one controlled study suggest that DMT is unique among classic hallucinogens in that
tolerance does not develop to its psychological effects
Identify a true statement about LSD experience
two hours after consuming LSD, changes in perception of oneself occurs