Ch. 18

<Naming aldehydes> The base name is formed by dropping the -e and adding the ending _______

-al

. They are systematically named according to the hydrocarbon groups attached to the nitrogen and given the ending ____________

-amine.

<Naming ester> Esters are systematically named as if they were derived from a carboxylic acid. The R group from the parent acid forms the base name of the compound. The -ic on the name of the corresponding carboxylic acid is changed to _______. The R group that replaced the H on the carboxylic acid is named as an alkyl group with the ending _______

-ate -yl.

<Naming Carboxyl group> The base name is formed by dropping the -e and adding the ending_______ acid.

-oic

<Naming alcohol> The base name has the ending _________

-ol.

<Naming keytons> The base name is formed by dropping the -e and adding the ending _______

-one

prefixes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. meth 2. eth 3. prop 4. but 5. pent 6. hex 7. hept 8. oct 9. non 10. dec

How many hydrogen atoms are in a pentyl group?

11 H

_______ are hydrocarbons containing at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

Alkenes

_______ are hydrocarbons containing at least one triple bond between carbon atoms.

Alkynes

____________ are organic compounds containing nitrogen. The simplest nitrogen-containing compound is ammonia (NH3).

Amines

_______________ are the building blocks of biological proteins.

Amino acids

What is the molecular formula for benzene?

C6H6

molecular formulas alkenes

CnH2n

molecular formulas Alkanes

CnH2n+2

molecular formulas Alkynes

CnH2n-2

____________ are formed from the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

Esters

__________ acid is the active ingredient in vinegar.

Ethanoic

_________ are organic compounds with the general formulaR—O—R. The R groups may be the same or different.

Ethers

An exception is formaldehyde, which is an aldehyde with _______ atoms attached on _______ sides of the carbonyl group.

H both

____________ are organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen. They can be classified into four different types: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons, which contain six-carbon-atom ring structures.

Hydrocarbons

_____________________ reactions convert unsaturated hydrocarbons into saturated hydrocarbons.

Hydrogenation

____________ is a condensation polymer containing aromatic rings and amide linkages.

Kevlar

_____________________ benzenes—benzenes in which only one of the hydrogen atoms has been substituted—are often named as derivatives of benzene.

Monosubstituted

____________ are long, chainlike molecules composed of repeating units. The individual repeating units are called ____________.

Polymers monomers

What is the condensed general formula for an aldehyde?

RCHO

The condensed general formula for an alcohol is __________.

ROH

They postulated that living organisms employed a ______________—a mystical or supernatural power—that allowed them to produce organic compounds.

Vital Force

why no chemist had succeeded in synthesizing an organic compound in the laboratory

Vitalism

Alkenes and alkynes undergo _____________________ reactions.

addition

an ____________ ____________ = a polymer in which the monomers link together without eliminating any atoms.

addition polymer

In ______________ _____________________ reactions, one or more hydrogen atoms on an alkane are replaced by one or more other types of atoms.

alkane substitution

Hydrocarbons can be classified broadly into four different types: - - - -

alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons.

In _____________________ reactions, atoms add across the multiple bond.

alkene and alkyne addition

Groups of carbon atoms branching off the base chain are called _______ ______________ and are named as ______________.

alkyl groups substituents

Organic chemistry is the study of _______________________ compounds and their reactions regardless of their origin.

all carbon-containing

it contained organic compounds central to life—_______________

amino acids.

Compounds containing benzene rings are called _________.

aromatic

Phenol is an _________ compound.

aromatic

the structure of a particularly stable organic compound named _____________________

benzene

The sweet smell of jasmine is produced by ___________________, an organic compound.

benzyl acetate

As the number of carbon atoms increases in n-alkanes, so does their ____________ ____________.

boiling point

To form the n-alkanes, carbon atoms can form branched structures called ____________ ____________. The simplest branched alkane is____________

branched alkanes isobutane

The prefix is determined by the number of is____________ atoms in the base chain (the longest continuous chain of atoms).

carbon

As the number of ____________ ____________ increases in n-alkanes, so does their boiling point.

carbon atoms

In a combustion reaction, the hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to form _____________________ and _____________________.

carbon dioxide and water.

Both aldehydes and ketones contain a ______________ group:

carbonyl

_________ acid has sour taste

carboxyl

Methane reacts with chlorine gas to form _____________________.

chloromethane

One of the most common hydrocarbon reactions is

combustion

Polymers that eliminate an atom or a small group of atoms during polymerization are called ____________ polymers.

condensation polymers.

A ____________ ____________ ____________ is a shorthand way of writing a structural formula in which you eliminate many or all of the bonds and group like atoms together.

condensed structural formula

Polymers that consist of two different kinds of monomers are called _______________________.

copolymers

____________—consist of two different kinds of monomers.

copolymers

<naming benzene> When the two substituents are identical, we use the prefix ________. example, 1,3 ___chlorobenzene

di

If the two R groups are the same, use the prefix _________

di

Ethene reacts with chlorine gas to form _____________________.

dichloroethane

_____________________ = benzenes in which two hydrogen atoms have been substituted, are numbered and the substituents are listed alphabetically.

distributed benzenes

unsaturated fat—its carbon chains contain _________ bonds.

double

Alkenes are hydrocarbons containing at least one _______ bond between carbon atoms.

double bond

____________ is a minority component of natural gas.

ethane

Alcoholic beverages contain _______________________.

ethanol

The simplest alkene is ______________, also called ______________. The geometry about each carbon atom is trigonal planar, making ethene a flat, rigid molecule.

ethene ethylene

The simplest alkyne is ______________, also called ______________. The geometry about each carbon atom is linear, making ethyne a linear molecule.

ethyne acetylene

An exception is ______________, which is an aldehyde with H atoms attached on both sides of the carbonyl group.

formaldehyde

carbon—with its four valence electrons—can form _________ ___________ bonds.

four covalent

Methane, ethane, propane, and butane are all ____________ at room temperature. Pentane is a ____________ at room temperature.

gases liquid

The most common substitution reaction is ______________ substitution.

halogen

combustion = the burning of _____________________ in the presence of _____________________.

hydrocarbons oxygen

Alkenes and alkynes can add hydrogen in _____________________ reactions.

hydrogenation

Isobutane and butane are is____________, molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures.

isomers

With a triple bond and a single bond (or two double bonds), there are two electron groups around each carbon atom, resulting in a _______________ geometry.

linear

The simplest alkane is ____________, the main component of natural gas. (CH4)

methane

sugar is example of ___________ compound salt is example of ___________compound

organic compound inorganic

Most of the smells that we experience are caused by _______________________

organic molecules

molecules containing carbon combined with several other elements.

organic molecules

<naming benzene> Also in common use are the prefixes _________- (1,2 disubstituted) = example: ______ dichlorobenzene _________- (1,3 disubstituted), and example: ______ dichlorobenzene _________- (1,4 disubstituted).example: ______ dichlorobenzene

ortho meta para

treating the benzene ring as the substituent = _____________________

phenyl group

Which of the following polymers is used to make plastic soda bottles?

polyethylene

____________ is the main component of LP (liquid propane) gas.

propane

Alkanes are (saturated/unsaturated) with hydrogen, while alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons are all (saturated/unsaturated) with respect to hydrogen.

saturateda unsaturated

Alkanes undergo _____________________ reactions.

substitution

With four single bonds, there are four electron groups around carbon, and VSEPR theory predicts a _______________ geometry.

tetrahedral

With a double bond and two single bonds, there are three electron groups around each carbon atom, and VSEPR theory predicts a _______________ geometry.

trigonal planar

Alkynes are hydrocarbons containing at least one _______ _______ between carbon atoms.

triple bond

The origin and properties of organic compounds led early chemists to postulate that organic compounds are _____________________

unique to living organisms.

Because of the double or triple bond, alkenes and alkynes have fewer hydrogen atoms than the corresponding alkane. They are called ______________ ______________ because they are not loaded to capacity with hydrogen.

unsaturated hydrocarbon

The members of the family of alcohols have an _______ functional group and the general formula _________

—OH R—OH.