Chapter 1 - Introduction to Psychology

Studies how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.

social psychology

In trying to help someone deal with a mental illness, the psychodynamic perspective suggests that we should explore

unconscious processes.

Studies the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking about the world.

experimental psychology

Which perspective is being practiced when a psychologist focuses on the activities a person is engaging in, and not the thoughts or feelings the person has? a. Cognitive b. Behavioral c. Psychodynamic d. Humanistic

b. Behavioral

A health psychologist, clinical psychologist, and a counseling psychologist would all be most interested in which of the following? a. How people sense, perceive, learn, and think about the world b. How frequent depression has prevented someone from carrying out their normal activities c. How people grow and change from the moment of conception through death d. How environmental influences bring out certain genetic traits

b. How frequent depression has prevented someone from carrying out their normal activities

Wundt and others used a technique called ______, which involved describing in their own words and in as much detail as possible what they were experiencing. a. functionalism b. introspection c. free association

b. Introspection

Behavioral neuroscientists study the ______ basis of behavior. a. evolutionary b. environmental c. developmental d. biological

biological

Which subfield of psychology focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems? a. Environmental psychology b. School psychology c. Counseling psychology d. Social psychology

c. Counseling psychology

Which subfield of psychology includes both psychological factors and physical diseases? a. Clinical b. Experimental c. Health d. Behavioral

c. Health

Which of the following is a behavior? a. Thought b. Emotion c. Movement d. Memory

c. Movement

In comparison to a PhD, a PsyD psychologist is more likely to have completed a dissertation based on original research. have been trained exclusively to treat mental disorders.

have been trained exclusively to treat mental disorders.

Deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders.

clinical psychology

Focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems.

counseling psychology

Psychology is the study of behavior and mental processes. Which of the following is an outward observable behavior? a. A perception b. A thought c. A memory d. A vocal tic

d. A vocal tic

"It is behavior that can be observed that should be studied, not the suspected inner workings of the mind." This statement was most likely made by someone with which perspective? a. cognitive perspective b. neuroscience perspective c. humanistic perspective d. behavioral perspective

d. Behavioral Perspective

The approach to psychology that focuses on the organization of perception and thinking in a "whole" sense a. structuralism. b. functionalism. c. analysis. d. Gestalt.

d. Gestalt

The idea that people's behavior is produced primarily by factors outside of their willful control.

Determinism

The view that behavior is largely produced by factors beyond people's willful control is known as?

Determinism

_____________psychology studies how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death.

Developmental

Darwin's concept of natural selection is most closely related to what branch of psychology?

Evolutionary

An approach to psychology that focuses on the organization of perception and thinking in a "whole" sense rather than on the individual elements of perception.

Gestalt Psychology

Is concerned with the psychology of the workplace.

Industrial/Organizational (IO) Psychology

A procedure used to study the structure of the mind in which a person is asked to describe in detail what they are experiencing when they are exposed to a stimulus.

Introspection

___________is a procedure used to study the structure of the mind, the main method of investigation for structuralists; looking into one's own mind for information.

Introspection

_________________psychology studies the traits that differentiate one person from another.

Personality

Which of the following is true about the key issues in the field of psychology? The key issues in the field are dependent on what perspective one takes. Psychologists all agree on what the key issues of the field are. The key issues are best viewed in "either/or" terms. Disagreement on the key issues creates a lack of cohesion in psychology as a discipline.

Psychologists all agree on what the key issues of the field are.

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Psychology

Who established the first laboratory in Leipzig, Germany devoted to psychological research? William James Sigmund Freud Rene Descartes Wilhelm Wundt

William Wundt

Explores the relationship between psychological factors and physical ailments or disease.

health psychology

A health psychologist, clinical psychologist, and a counseling psychologist would all be most interested in which of the following? a. How environmental influences bring out certain genetic traits b. How people sense, perceive, learn, and think about the world c. How people grow and change from the moment of conception through death d. How frequent depression has prevented someone from carrying out their normal activities

d. How frequent depression has prevented someone from carrying out their normal activities

To help in identifying the subfields of psychology, which of the following would be the best question to ask? a. What degree is necessary in order to practice? b. Does it involve seeing patientis? c. Does it use scientific methods? d. What type of behavior does it address?

d. What type of behavior does it address?

The idea that behavior is caused primarily by choices that are made freely by the individual.

free will

Which of the following are included in cognitive psychology? Sensing Decision making Judging Thinking Language Problem solving

Decision making Judging Thinking Language Problem solving

The statement "In order to study human behavior, we must consider the whole of perception rather than its component parts" might be made by a person subscribing to which perspective of psychology?

Gestalt

The approach based on the view that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control.

psychodynamic perspective

Race is a biological concept, not a psychological one. True or false?

True

Which of the following is true of the neuroscience perspective? a. It emphasizes that behavior can be understood only through direct observation. b. It emphasizes that the brain is central to understanding behavior, thought, and emotion. c. It focuses on natural selection as the method of evolution for any species. d. It focuses on the unconscious elements of behavior, thought, and emotion.

b. It emphasizes that the brain is central to understanding behavior, thought, and emotion.

The first woman to receive a doctorate in psychology was a. Anna Freud. b. Margaret Floy Washburn. c. Mary Calkins. d. Leta Stetter Hollingworth.

b. Margaret Floy Washburn.

The formal beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline is generally considered to have occurred when a. Sigmund Freud developed the psychodynamic perspective. b. Franz Josef Gall proposed phrenology. c. William Wundt established the first experimental laboratory dedicated to psychological phenomenon. d. Leon Festinger published A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance.

c. William Wundt established the first experimental laboratory dedicated to psychological phenomenon.

What subfield of psychology focuses on how the brain and the nervous system determine behavior? a. Personality psychology b. Developmental psychology c. Behavioral neuroscience d. Cognitive psychology

c. behavioral neuroscience

Which of the following is a mental process?

perception of threat

In the nature/nurture issue, nature refers to heredity, and nurture refers to the?

environment

_________________psychology considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors.

Evolutionary

The approach that suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior.

Humanistic Perspective

Doctors who have a medical degree to specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.

Psychiatrists

Which psychologists believe that, when it comes to perception, the whole is different from the sum of its parts? a. Gestalt b. Behavioral c. Cognitive d. Psychoanalytic

a. Gastalt

Investigates the similarities and differences in psychological functioning in and across various cultures and ethnic groups.

Cross-cultural psychology

Considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors.

Evolutionary psychology

An early approach to psychology that concentrated on what the mind does—the functions of mental activity—and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments.

Functionalism

It is hoped that advances in _______ will allow psychologists to focus more on prevention of psychological disorders rather than only treatment.

Nueroscience

Jeanne's therapist asks her to recount a violent dream she recently experienced in order to gain insight into the unconscious forces affecting her behavior. Jeanne's therapist is working from a ____________ perspective.

Psychodynamic

Is devoted to counseling children in elementary and secondary schools who have academic or emotional problems.

School Psychology

________________psychology is the study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.

Social

_______________psychology is the study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.

Social

Darwin believed that natural selection determined our physical traits. Evolutionary psychologists believe that natural selection determines which of the following? (multiple selections) Experience Physiological reactions Social behaviors Personality traits

Social behaviors Personality traits

Which perspective is being practiced when a psychologist focuses on the activities a person is engaging in, and not the thoughts or feelings the person has? a. Behavioral b. Humanistic c. Cognitive d. Psychodynamic

a. Behavioral

Which two perspectives in psychology emphasize free will over determinism? a. Cognitive and humanistic b. Cognitive and neuroscience c. Neuroscience and psychodynamic d. Psychodynamic and cognitive

a. Cognitive and humanistic

Which of the following would most likely be the subject of experimental psychology? a. How to make a workplace more safe b. How the brain infuences muscles c. How stress is linked to long-term disease d. How people change over time

a. How to make a workplace more safe

Which psychological perspective examines how the brain and the nervous system affect behavior? a. Neuroscience perspective b. Humanistic perspective c. Psychodynamic perspective d. Behavioral perspective e. Cognitive perspective

a. Neuroscience perspective

In the field of psychology, women are more likely than men to a. attend graduate school. b. earn more money. c. be discouraged from entering the field. d. hold a high status position.

a. attend graduate school

The idea that behavior is mostly the result of factors outside of a person's willful control is known as a. determinism. b. structuralism. c. humanism. d. functionalism.

a. determinism.

Someone taking the nature side of the nature versus nurture debate is arguing for the importance of a. genetic inheritance. b. conscious processes. c. experience. d. unconscious processes.

a. genetic inheritance.

Functionalism concentrates on what the mind does and how ______ functions. a. mood b. behavior c. attitude d. belief

b. behavior

The majority of psychologists in the United States are a. men. b. white. c. racial minorities. d. ethnic minorities.

b. white

Focuses on how the brain and the nervous system, as well as other biological aspects of the body, determine behavior.

behavioral neuroscience

Donna-Lynn is preparing a visual display of psychology's early history. One panel is headed "The Gay '90s." It portrays developments in the 1890s. Another panel is titled "The Roaring '20s." It is devoted to the 1920s. Which theoretical perspectives in psychology should appear in each of these panels? a. Gay '90s: behaviorism; Roaring '20s: structuralism b. Gay '90s: psychodynamic perspective; Roaring '20s: behaviorism c. Gay '90s: Gestalt psychology; Roaring '20s: structuralism d. Gay '90s: functionalism; Roaring '20s: Gestalt psychology

d. Gay '90s: functionalism; Roaring '20s: Gestalt psychology

Which of the following statements about health psychology is TRUE? a. Health psychology stems from Charles Darwin's arguments in his groundbreaking 1859 book, On the Origin of Species. b. Health psychology concentrates on such diverse topics as human aggression, liking and loving, persuasion, and conformity. c. Health psychologists seeks to understand how humans might inherit certain healthy traits and how the environment influences whether they display such traits. d. Health psychologists are interested in identifying ways to promote behavior that brings about good health.

d. Health psychologists are interested in identifying ways to promote behavior that brings about good health.

The phrase tabula rasa may be translated as a. raised table. b. red tablet. c. new table. d. blank slate.

d. blank slate.

The cognitive perspective would most likely compare the human brain to a a. television. b. telephone c. radio. d. computer.

d. computer.

The cognitive approach to the study of psychology focuses on a. dream analysis. b. behavior. c. introspection. d. mental processes.

d. mental processes.

Studies how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death.

developmental psychology

Is concerned with teaching and learning processes, such as the relationship between motivation and school performance.

educational psychology

Focuses on consistency in people's behavior across their lives as well as traits that differentiate one person from another.

personality psychology

The growing area of genetics and gene therapy may allow psychologists to focus on ______ of psychological disorders rather than on ______ only. treatment, prevention prevention, treatment

prevention, treatment

The approach that suggests that observable, external behavior, which can be objectively measured and observed, should be the focus of study.

Behavioral Perspective

Seeks to understand how we might inherit certain behavioral traits and how the environment influences whether we actually display such traits.

Behavioral genetics

Unites the areas of neuroscience and clinical psychology and focuses on the origin of psychological disorders in biological factors.

Clinical neuropsychology

____________psychology is a subspecialty of experimental psychology that focuses on higher mental processes, including thinking, memory, decision making, and language.

Cognitive

Select the five major perspectives in the field psychology today. Cognitive Structuralism Behavioral Humanistic Neuroscience Psychodynamic Developmental

Cognitive Behavioral Humanistic Neuroscience Psychodynamic

Is a sub-specialty of experimental psychology focusing on higher mental processes, such as thinking, memory, reasoning, problem-solving, judging, decision making, and language.

Cognitive Psychology

_______________psychology is the branch of psychology that studies the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking about the world.

Experimental

_______ is an historical approach advocated by William James that concentrated on mental processes and the purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual's adaptation to the environment.

Functionalism

Which of the following would be areas of most interest to a health psychologist? (multiple answers) How behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors How long-term stress affects physical health How people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others How to promote positive health behaviors

How long-term stress affects physical health How to promote positive health behaviors

Early psychologists studied the mind by asking people to describe what they were experiencing when exposed to various stimuli. This procedure was known as?

Introspection

The perspective that focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental components of perception, consciousness, and other mental states is called

Structuralism

Wundt described psychology as the study of conscious experience, a perspective he called?

Structuralism

Wundt's approach, which focuses on understanding the fundamental mental components of consciousness, thinking, and other kinds of mental states and activities.

Structuralism

______ focused on uncovering the fundamental mental components of mental states and activities, ______ focused on the purpose of mental activity and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments.

Structuralism, functionalism

Which of the following would be studied by a personality psychologist? (multiple answers) The consistency in people's behavior across their lives The study diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders The traits that differentiate one person from another The manner in which biological aspects of the body determine behavior

The consistency in people's behavior across their lives The traits that differentiate one person from another

The underrepresentation of racial and ethnic minorities among psychologists is significant for which of the following reasons? (multiple responses) The field of psychology is diminished by the lack of diverse perspectives and talents that minority-group members can provide. The minority population is dwindling and representation is therefore important. The underrepresentation may deter other minority-group members from entering the field. The rarity of minority psychologists can discourage some members of minority groups from seeking treatment.

The field of psychology is diminished by the lack of diverse perspectives and talents that minority-group members can provide. The underrepresentation may deter other minority-group members from entering the field. The rarity of minority psychologists can discourage some members of minority groups from seeking treatment.

Which of the following statements about women in the field of psychology are true? (multiple selections) Women occupy the majority of the high status positions in the field. Women psychologists outnumber male psychologists by more than 2 to 1. Male psychologists earn less than women in the field. Seventy-five percent of psychology graduate students are female.

Women psychologists outnumber male psychologists by more than 2 to 1. Seventy-five percent of psychology graduate students are female.

A psychologist taking the psychodynamic perspective to study how people change during college would be most interested in which of the following? a. The unconscious motives that led the student to attend college in the first place. b. The student's dreams for the future. c. Changes that occur in the brain as a student learns. d. The manner in which a student is able to memorize material. e. A student's study habits.

a. The unconscious motives that led the student to attend college in the first place.

Unlike counseling psychologists, clinical psychologists help people who are a. suffering from serious psychological disorders. b. physically ill. c. having difficulty adjusting to new circumstances. d. alone.

a. suffering from serious psychological disorders.

What is the most controversial aspect of the evolutionary psychology position? a. They promote the idea that our evolutionary heritage might influence aspects of our behavioral and mental processes. b. Evolutionary psychologists minimize the role of environmental and social forces. c. Evolutionary psychologists downplay the influence of biological inheritance on thought and behavior. d. They hold the notion that our evolutionary heritage influences our physical characteristics.

b. Evolutionary psychologists minimize the role of environmental and social forces.

Which of the following is a mental process? a. Movement in response to a perceived threat b. Perception of a threat c. Movement d. Movement in response to a threat

b. Perception of a threat

Which perspective focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental components of perception, consciousness, thinking, emotions, and other kinds of mental states? a. Gestalt b. Structuralism c. Functionalism d. Determinism

b. Structuralism

The person who led the challenge to Wundt's approach of introspection as a scientific technique was ____, who led the functionalist movement. a. John Watson b. William James c. Sigmund Freud d. Ivan Pavlov

b. William James

The nurture side of the nature versus nurture debate is associated with which of the following? a. biology b. environment c. genetics d. heredity

b. environment

As a psychologist, Feng is interested in studying the effects of anxiety on an individual's efforts to deal with a stressful situation. Which of the following perspectives does Feng advocate? a. Structuralism b. functionalism c. Gestalt psychology d. behavioral genetics

b. functionalism

The branch of developmental psychology that would study how your traits are different from your sister's traits is called ______ psychology. a. cognitive b. personality c. health d. clinical

b. personality

In order to study mind and behavior, psychologists a. rely on the study of internal medicine. b. rely on the scientific method. c. use speculation. d. use their intuition.

b. rely on the scientific method.

The subfields of psychology are related to each other because they share a common goal, which is a. furnishing social services. b. understanding behavior. c. decoding psychological disorders. d. providing professional services.

b. understanding behavior

Which of the following statements concerning the representation of racial and ethnic minorities among American psychologists is TRUE? a. The increase in the number of degrees awarded to minority members has outpaced the growth of the minority population. b. The number of minority members entering the field is about the same as it was 10 years ago. c. The number of minority members entering the field is higher than it was 10 years ago. d. The number of minority members entering the field has decreased over the years.

c. The number of minority members entering the field is higher than it was 10 years ago.

The neuroscience perspective a. suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior. b. argues that behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness or control. c. considers how people and nonhumans function biologically. d. focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world.

c. considers how people and nonhumans function biologically.

Dr. Quinones studies the achievement motivation of junior high school students. He asserts that such motivation mainly reflects the parenting and educational practices the students have experienced. This statement is most directly related to the ________ issue; Dr. Quinones' position is toward the ________ end of the continuum. a. observable behavior vs. internal mental processes; internal mental processes b. nature vs. nurture; nature c. nature vs. nurture; nurture d. observable behavior vs. internal mental processes; observable behavior

c. nature vs. nurture; nurture

Neuroscientists are most likely to consider how a. psychological factors relate to disease. b. people's thoughts and feeling are influenced by others. c. the body influences behavior. d. behavior is related to our genetic inheritance.

c. the body influences behavior.

The approach that focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world.

cognitive perspective

Race is to ethnicity as ________ is to ________. a. the individual; biology b. the individual; culture c. culture; biology d. biology; culture

d. biology; culture

Differences between the United States and other industrialized nations in the use of spanking during childhood would be of most interest to a(n) a. evolutionary psychologist. b. clinical psychologist. c. cognitive psychologist. d. cross-cultural psychologist.

d. cross-cultural psychologist.

A baby taking her first step or saying her first word are universal milestones that would be studied in ______ psychology. a. clinical b. experimental c. environmental d. developmental

d. developmental

According to evolutionary psychology, a broad variety of behaviors are influenced by a. environmental factors. b. higher mental processes. c. social interrelationships. d. genetic inheritance.

d. genetic inheritance.

In comparison to a PsyD, a PhD psychologist is more likely to

have completed a dissertation based on original research.

"My therapist is wonderful! He always points out my positive traits. He dwells on my uniqueness and strength as an individual. I feel much more confident about myself—as if I'm really growing and reaching my potential." The therapist being described most likely follows a __________ perspective.

humanistic

Which of the following are key issues in the field of psychology? (multiple selections) structuralism versus functionalism nature versus nurture free will versus determinism individual differences versus universal principles

nature versus nurture free will versus determinism individual differences versus universal principles

The approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain, the nervous system, and other biological functions.

neuroscience perspective