chapter 19

Napolean Bonaparte

1769-1821. French military and political leader. General during French Revolution, Ruler of France as First Consul of French Republic, King of Italy, Mediator of Swiss Confederation, and Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine. Ruler of France, sold Louisisana to the Americans after reciving it from the Spanish. French emperor & Leader of the French Army during French Revolution. Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military general, the first emperor of France and one of the world's greatest military leaders. Napoleon revolutionized military organization and training, sponsored the Napoleonic Code, reorganized education and established the long-lived Concordat with the papacy.

Directory

1785-1799. Five man group. Passed a new constitution in 1795 that was much more conservative. Corrupt and did not help the poor, but remained in power because of military strength. By 1797 it was a dictatorship. Group of five men who served as liaisons between Robespierre and the Assembly. Overthrown by Napoleon. Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country; incompetent and corrupt, only lasted for 4 years.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

A body of legislation passed in July 1790 that redefined the relationship between the clergy and the state in France. It allowed for the confiscation of church property formerly used to support the clergy, replacing it with a guarantee of state salaries for clergymen instead. It also stipulated that parish priests and bishops be elected just like public officials. The National Assembly attempted to enforce it by requiring the clergy to take an oath, divided public opinion of the French Revolution (1789-99) and galvanized religious opposition. A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics against the revolutionaries.

the taille

A direct tax from which most French nobles were exempt. an annual direct tax, usually on land or property, that provided a regular source of income for the French monarchy. The taille was a direct land tax on the French peasantry and non-nobles in Ancien Régime France. The tax was imposed on each household and was based on how much land it held.

National Convention

A national meeting of delegates elected in primaries, caucuses, or state conventions who assemble once every four years to nominate candidates for president and vice president, ratify the party platform, elect officers, and adopt rules. The meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket and write the party's platform.

Declaration of Pillnitz

A statement agreed upon by Leopold II and Fredrick William II to intervene if Louis XVI was threatened by revolution. the promise by Austria and Prussia to protect the French monarchy. Declaration of Pillnitz, joint declaration issued on August 27, 1791, by Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II and King Frederick William II of Prussia, urging European powers to unite to restore the monarchy in France; French King Louis XVI had been reduced to a constitutional monarch during the French Revolution.

Austerlitz and Trafalgar

A- Napoleon faced a huge Russian and Austrian army. Napoleon crushed them though, because the terrain was poor. Austria wanted peace and Russia retreated. T- British navy forces defeated Napoleon's French-Spanish fleet in 1805. Because of this, Napoleon was hesitant to attack Britain. the site of a decisive defeat of a combined French-Spanish fleet by the British navy in 1805

Temple of Reason

Changed the Notre-Dame Cathedral to this. It was a public ceremony dedicated to the worship of reason was held in here. Patriotic women paraded before the temple where the high altar once stood. Female personifying Liberty rose from it. It created many more enemies than friends. new name for the Cathedral of Notre Dame during the Radical Phase of the Revolution

the Vendee

Counter revolution led by conservative forces (nobles, clergy, and the peasantry). All of a sudden the Vendée revolt broke out of its isolated bocage landscape." 1. The Vendée was a rural province in south-western France. During the spring of 1793, it became the location of the largest counter-revolutionary uprising of the French Revolution. The War in the Vendée (1793; French: Guerre de Vendée) was a counter-revolution in the Vendée region of France during the French Revolution. ... Tens of thousands of civilians, royalists, Republican prisoners, and sympathizers with the revolution or the religious were massacred by both armies.

First, Second, Third Estates

First and Second consisted of clergy and nobility. Third consisted of merchants, artisans, and peasants. These were the social divisions within the Regime. First - Clergy; Second - aristocracy; Third - merchant class, professionals, manufacturers, urban workers and peasants(i.e. everyone who wasn't in First or Second Estate). A person's individual, legal rights and personal prestige depended on category to which one belonged. By 1780s this structure in France was becoming politically and socially obsolete because of the changing structure of society and the economy.

Olympe de Gouges

French journalist who published the declaration of rights of women and the female citizens. A proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She lost her life to the guillotine due to her revolutionary ideas.

the marquis Lafayette

French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army. -French nobleman who fought w/ GW -visit to U.S. in 1784 to all states using steamboat signified growth of the nation -did note however, "I would have never drawn my sword i the cause of the U.S. if I could have conceived that thereby U was founding a land of slavery." French soldier who served under George Washington in the American Revolution (1757-1834)

Girondins and the Mountain

Girondins favored a revoltuion war to free people living in absolutist states; the Mountains was a term given to the radical Jacobins becaue they sat upon a raised platform. - a faction of the National Convention primarily representing the provinces. They came to fear the radical mobs in Paris and were disposed to keep the king alive as a hedge against future eventualities - the name for the Jacobins who had seats high up in the assembly hall in the National Convention

the bourgeoisie

In the 18th century, before the French Revolution (1789-99), in the French feudal order, the masculine and feminine terms bourgeois and bourgeoise identified the rich men and women who were members of the urban and rural Third Estate - the common people of the French realm, who violently deposed the absolute monarchy the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people. In the nineteenth century, most notably in the work of Karl Marx and other socialist writers, the French Revolution was described as a bourgeois revolution in which a capitalist bourgeoisie overthrew the feudal aristocracy in order to remake society according to capitalist interests and values.

the civil code

Laws that regulate the legal rights and obligations of citizens with regard to one another. Alleged violators are sued by presumed victims, who ask courts to award damages and otherwise offer relief for injuries they claim to have suffered. Napoleonic Code; this code preserved most of the gains of the revolution by recognizing the principle of the equality of all citizens before the law, and ect. Code of laws established by Napoleon which preserved many of the ideals of the French Revolution

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French. Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

fraternity

Literally meaning "brotherhood", this is what France wanted for itself... solidarity against the non-French. This created a desire for a unique language, religion, and national symbols. Another reason Napoleon fell from power was ______ (Brotherhood) It was that the people of France would stick together against the other peoples. And as Napoleon spread so did this idea and he became a hated oppressor and other countries also began to hate him.

Georges Danton

Moderate during the French Revolution who was originally pro-Robespierre, but eventually started to speak out against Robespierre and was executed. Well-known Jacobin and lawyer eventually executed for being less radical than Robespierre. French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror (1759-1794)

Thermidorian Reaction

Name given to the reaction against the radicalism of the French Revolution. It is associated with the end of the Reign of Terror and reassertion of bourgeoisie power in the Directory. A reaction against the violence of the Reign of Terror. Robespierre was executed. A reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls.

First Consul and Emperor

Napoleon directly controlled the entire executive authority of gov., influence over legislature, appointed members of bureaucracy, controlled army, and conducted foreign affairs; consul for life 1802, Emperor of France 1804- stabilized regime, provided permanence. The Emperor (Napoleon) was the First Estate and he was the most powerful. His word alone could make something automatically happen. There were two other consuls. Napoleon was made the First Consul for life. He later returned to the monarchy and crowned himself monarch.

the Grand Army

Napoleon's army of 600,000 men which was very powerful up to the failed invasion of Russia. Combined French armies under Napoleon. Virtually destroyed during Napoleon's ill-fated Russian campaign. The first Grande Armée consisted of six corps under the command of Napoleon's marshals and senior generals. ... The army grew as Napoleon spread his power across Europe. It reached its largest size of 1,000,000 men at the start of the invasion of Russia in 1812, with 680,000 men participating in the Russian campaign.

Storming of the Bastille

Paris-July 14, 1789~the medieval fortress and prison known as the Bastille contained only seven prisoners, its fall was the flashpoint of the French Revolution and it subsequently become an icon of the French Republic. Destruction of the prison seen as the true start of the French Revolution. The Storming of the Bastille took place in Paris, France on July 14, 1789. This violent attack on the government by the people of France signaled the start of the French Revolution. What was the Bastille? The Bastille was a fortress built in the late 1300s to protect Paris during the Hundred Years' War.

Committee of Public Safety

Powerful group, led by Robespierre, set up to defeat all enemies of the revolution. Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror. Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.

Elba and Saint Helena

South Atlantic island. Napoleon's final home after the Battle of Waterloo. Napoleon was allowed to rule on the island of Elba once he was defeated but he grew tired of this and went back and rallied the French. Him and his army went and attacked Belgium at Waterloo and fought the British and Prussians. He lost badly. He was then exiled to the small forsaken island of Saint Helena.

The jacobins

The most radical political faction of the French Revolution who ruled France during the Reign of Terror. Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794. Jacobins. The Jacobins were members of an influential political club during the French Revolution. They were radical revolutionaries who plotted the downfall of the king and the rise of the French Republic. They are often associated with a period of violence during the French Revolution called "the Terror."

Natural Rights

The rights of all people to dignity and worth; also called human rights. the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property. The French people proclaim in the presence of the Supreme Being the following declaration of the rights of man and citizen: The rights of man in society are liberty, equality, security, property. 2. Liberty consists in the power to do that which does not injure the rights of others

tennis court oath and voting system

Third Estate makes Tennis Court Oath. ... The Third Estate, which had the most representatives, declared itself the National Assembly and took an oath to force a new constitution on the king. famous oath made on a tennis court by members of the Third Estate in France. vow by members of the 3rd estate not to disband until a constitution was written. A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

Third Estate

Three groups made up the Third Estate: Bourgeoisie, Artisans, and Peasants. The First Estate was the highest class in the Old Regime. It is made up of the lower and higher clergy. Priests are considered to be apart of the lower clergy and Bishops and Abbots are considered to be apart of the higher clergy.97% of the population (the rest of France) They consisted of the bourgeoisie, the san-culottes, and the peasants; they paid high taxes and had no special privileges. 98% of the population made up of Bourgeoisie, San Cullotes, and the Peasant Farmers

National Assembly

a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people. French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.

the Concordat

a formal agreement - especially one between the pope and a government, dealing with the control of Church affairs. the peace agreement made between Napoleon and the Pope following the chaos of the French Revolution. A concordat is a convention between the Holy See and a sovereign state that defines the relationship between the Catholic Church and the state in matters that concern both, i.e. the recognition and privileges of the Catholic Church in a particular country and with secular matters that impact on church interests.

Germaine de Stael

argued that women have been left of the Enlightenment. founder of French Romanticism, she wrote many works that attacked the tyranny of Napoleonic rule. Anne Louise Germaine de Staël-Holstein, commonly known as Madame de Staël, was a French woman of letters and historian of Genevan origin whose lifetime overlapped with the events of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era

Abbe Sieyes

believed that the nobility was useless, his motto became: "confidence from below, authority from above." Wrote What is the Third Estate? Wrote an essay called "What is the 3rd estate" Argued that lower classes were more important than the nobles and the government should be responsible to the people. Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, (born May 3, 1748, Fréjus, France—died June 20, 1836, Paris), churchman and constitutional theorist whose concept of popular sovereignty guided the National Assembly in its struggle against the monarchy and nobility during the opening months of the French Revolution.

Decleration of the Rights of Man

natural rights, religion, speech, property. it guaranteed rights such as liberty and property to all. National Assembly adopted a statement of revolutionary ideas that ended special rights of 1st and 2nd estates, allowed french equal rights, and gave the power to the state over the church. Many apposed revolutionary reforms.

Sans-culottes (Jacobin)/Paris commune

radical group of National Convention- wanting to make change in France using terror/violence-led by Robespierre. The revolutionary municipal council, led by radicals, that engaged in a civil war (March-May 1871) with the National Assembly of the newly established Third Republic, set up after the defeat of Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War. The small government in Paris who wanted to resist the conservative leaders of France and tried to form their own government.

Reign of Terror

the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed. This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed. (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty". Reign of Terror lasted from September 1793 until the fall of Robespierre in 1794. Its purpose was to purge France of enemies of the Revolution and protect the country from foreign invaders.