Chapter 23

80%

A hospital patient produces 4 mL/min of urine with a urea concentrationof 8 mg/mL. Venous blood draw reveals urea concentration of 0.4 mg/mL. What is the percentage of cleared urea from glomerular filtrate?

albuminuria

A patient enters a hospital after a motorcycle accident. He complains of mid-back pain. X-rays reveal both rib and pelvic fractures. His emergency room examination includes urinalysis. Which of the following findings from the urinalysis would most likely suggest trauma to the kidneys from the accident but not the urinary bladder

the minor calyx

A renal pyramid voids urine into

one pyramid and the overlying cortex

A single lobe of a kidney is compromised of

the distal convoluted tubule

Aldosterone acts on

the thin segment of the nephron loop

All of the following are comprised of cuboidal epithelium with the exception of

secretion of parathyroid hormone

Hypocalcemia stimulates

protein

In a healthy kidney, very little ___ is filtered by the glomerulus

deaminating amino acids

In life -threatening starvation the kidneys synthesize glucose by

angiotensin II

In response to a drop in overall blood pressure _____ stimulates constriction of the glomerular inlet and even greater constriction of the outlet

tubular fluid

In the nephron, the fluid that immediately precedes urine is known as

the countercurrent multiplier system

Loop diuretics reduce body water content by acting on

the elimination of urine

Micturition is another term for

glucose

Normal urine from a healthy person can be expected to contain all of the following except

diabetes mellitus

Prior to chemical tests for glycosuria, clinicians checked for sweetness of urine as a sign of

hydrogen ions

Proximal convoluted tubules are responsible for reabsorbing all of the following except

the myogenic mechanism

The mechanism of stabilizing the GFR based on the tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched is known as what

2.0 L

The minimum daily output of urine to meet the definition of polyuria is

to supply salt and urea to the renal medulla

The overall purpose of the countercurrent exchanges system is

glomerulus

The transition from an afferent arteriole to an efferent arteriole occurs in the

the body's water volume is high

The urine is most likely to be hypotonic when

urea

This byproduct of protein catabolism constitutes approximately one-half of all nitrogenous waste

appearance of that solute in the urine

Total saturation of protein transporters for a given solute in the renal tubules would result in

urochrome

What is the term for the pigment responsible for the color of urine

juxtamedullary nephrons

Which are primarily responsible for maintaining the salinity gradient of the renal medulla

they release waste into the bloodstream

Which is not a function of the kidneys

internal urethral sphincter

Which is not a portion of the urethra

detrusor

Which muscle is located in the bladder

diuretics

Which of the following does not contribute to water conservation

decreased urine volume

Which of the following is a direct result of antidiuretic hormone

collecting duct

Which of the following is not an organ of the urinary system

skeletal muscle

Which of the following is not found in the ureter

vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole

Which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate

segmental a. - interlobular a. - arcuate a. - interlobular a.

Which of these correctly traces blood flow from the renal artery into the renal cortex

interlobular v. - arcuate v. - interlobar v. - renal v.

Which of these correctly traces blood flow from the renal cortex to the renal vein

podocytes

Which of these form the inner layer of the glomerular capsule and wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus

norepinephrine

Which of these induces renin secretion, constricts afferent arterioles, and reduces GFR and urine volume

the cardiovascular system

Which organ system does not excrete waste

collecting duct

Which renal structure is responsible for producing hypertonic urine by reabsorbing water while allowing metabolic waste and NaCl to pass through

insulin and creatinine

Which two substances are most useful for determining a patient's glomerular filtration rate

it is secreted by the renal tubules

Creatinine has a renal clearanceof 140mL/min due to the fact that

the renal corpuscle

Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by

20 mm Hg out

Assuming all other values are normal, calculate the net filtration pressure in a patient with a drop in capsular hydrostatic pressure to 8 mmHg

preventing sodium loss in the urine

Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood volume and pressure by all of the following means except

proximal convoluted tubules

Because of the great deal of active transport that occurs here the ____ of all nephrons collectively account for about 6% of one's daily resting ATP and caloric consumption

the renal corpuscle

Blood plasma is filtered in

liver

Renin hydrolyzes angiotensinogen released from the _____ to for angiotensin I

1.2 million

The average person has approximately ___ nephrons per kidney

sodium; the opposite

The countercurrent multiplier recaptures ____ and is based on fluid flowing in _____ direction in two adjacent tubules

the fibrous capsule

The innermost connective tissue layer protecting the kidney and assistancing in staving off infection is known as