Chapter 27: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance, Chapter Practice Test
Normal ECF pH values are limited to the range between __________.
7.35 and 7.45
Acidosis is a more common problem than alkalosis because many acids are by-products of metabolic reactions. Which of the following acids fits that description? -sulfuric acid -lactic acid -carbonic acid -All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the extracellular fluid volume by __________. -causing the release of ADH -triggering the secretion of aldosterone -stimulating thirst -All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Atrial natriuretic peptide hormone __________. -blocks the release of aldosterone -blocks the release of ADH -reduces thirst -All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Deviations outside of the normal pH range due to changes in hydrogen ion concentrations __________. -disrupt the stability of cell membranes -change the activities of important enzymes -alter protein structure -All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Disorders that have the potential for disrupting pH balance in the body include __________. -heart failure and hypotension -neural damage and CNS disease -emphysema and renal failure -All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Extracellular fluids in the body consist of __________. -aqueous humor, perilymph, and endolymph -cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, and serous fluids -interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and lymph -All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Physiological adjustments affecting fluid and electrolyte balance are mediated primarily by __________. -atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) -antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -aldosterone -All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Pulmonary and renal mechanisms support the buffer systems by __________. -secreting or generating hydrogen ions -controlling the excretion of acids and bases -generating additional buffers when necessary -All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
The activity that occurs in the body to maintain calcium homeostasis occurs primarily in the __________. -kidneys -bone -digestive tract -All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
The major causes of metabolic acidosis include which of the following? -impaired ability to excrete H+ at the kidneys -production of a large number of fixed or organic acids -a severe bicarbonate loss -All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Treatment for hyperkalemia includes the __________. -use of appropriate diuretics -administration of buffers such as sodium bicarbonate -infusion of hypotonic solution -All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
In a protein buffer system, if the pH increases, the carboxyl group (COOH) of the amino acid dissociates and releases __________.
a hydrogen ion
As a result of the aging process, the ability to regulate pH through renal compensation changes as a result of __________.
a reduction in the number of functional nephrons
The elderly have an increased risk of respiratory acidosis because of __________.
a reduction in vital capacity
Important homeostatic adjustments occur in response to changes in __________.
plasma volume or osmolarity
The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to __________.
prevent changes in pH caused by organic and fixed acids in the ECF
A metabolic alkalosis can be due to __________.
prolonged vomiting
What are the two important effects of increased release of ADH?
reduction of urinary water losses and stimulation of the thirst center
Which of the following does NOT cause hypokalemia? -excessive aldosterone secretion -an increase in the pH of the ECF -the administration of diuretic drugs -renal failure
renal failure
A mismatch between carbon dioxide generation in peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide excretion at the lungs is a __________.
respiratory acid-base disorder
The concentration of potassium in the ECF is controlled by adjustments in the rate of active secretion __________.
along the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron
The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by __________.
an imbalance between sodium gains and losses
Under normal circumstances, during respiratory acidosis the chemoreceptors monitoring the PCO2 of the plasma and CSF will eliminate the problem by calling for __________.
an increase in pulmonary ventilation rates
After a person consumes a meal, the levels of which ion rise in the blood in response to increased acid production in the stomach?
bicarbonate
Sodium levels are figured as a balance between __________.
both absorption of sodium across the digestive epithelium and excretion at the kidney and other sites
Which of the following conditions could cause muscle cramps or spasms? -hypocalcemia -both hyperkalemia and hypocalcemia -hyperkalemia -hypernatremia
both hyperkalemia and hypocalcemia
Which of the following does NOT affect fluid levels in the blood? -diarrhea -chloride shift -hypoaldosteronism -fever
chloride shift
Which of the following would NOT be associated with a sensation of increased thirst? -increase in the production of ADH -increase in the production of angiotensin II -decrease in the production of ADH -increase in renin secretion
decrease in the production of ADH
Sodium ions enter the ECF by crossing the digestive epithelium via __________.
diffusion and active transport
All of the homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the __________.
extracellular fluid
When the amount of water you gain each day is equal to the amount you lose to the environment, you are in __________.
fluid balance
If the ECF is hypertonic with respect to the ICF, water will move __________.
from the cells into the ECF until osmotic equilibrium is restored
When pure water is consumed, the extracellular fluid becomes __________.
hypotonic with respect to the ICF
When a normal pulmonary response does NOT reverse respiratory acidosis, the kidneys respond by __________.
increasing the rate of hydrogen ion secretion into the filtrate
The body content of water or electrolytes will rise if __________.
intake exceeds outflow
Potassium ions are found in the highest concentrations in which of the following fluid compartments? -blood plasma -cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) -intracellular fluid (ICF) -lymph
intracellular fluid (ICF)
Whenever the rate of sodium intake or output changes, there is a corresponding gain or loss of water that tends to __________.
keep the sodium concentration constant
Which of the following body organs has the greatest measure of control over body fluid and composition levels? -heart -kidneys -skin -stomach
kidneys
Increasing or decreasing the rate of respiration can have a profound effect on the buffering capacity of body fluids by __________.
lowering or raising the PCO2
Respiratory alkalosis develops when respiratory activity __________.
lowers plasma PCO2 to below-normal levels
Chronic diarrhea causes a severe loss of bicarbonate ions, resulting in __________.
metabolic acidosis
The exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid is determined by the relationship between the __________.
net hydrostatic and net colloid osmotic pressures
When water is lost but electrolytes are retained, the osmolarity of the ECF rises and osmosis then moves water __________.
out of the ICF and into the ECF until isotonicity is reached
Blood pH is normally measured at __________.
pH 7.35-7.45
What are the major contributors to the osmolarities of the ECF and the ICF?
sodium and potassium
What are the principal ions in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate
Ketone bodies accumulate in the blood during conditions of __________.
starvation
Which of the following occurs when an individual loses body water? -Plasma volume increases, and electrolyte concentrations decrease. -Plasma volume increases, and electrolyte concentrations increase. -Plasma volume decreases, and electrolyte concentrations rise. -Plasma volume decreases, and electrolyte concentrations decrease.
Plasma volume decreases, and electrolyte concentrations rise.
The hemoglobin buffer system helps prevent drastic alterations in pH when __________.
the plasma PCO2 is rising or falling
