Chapter 3

Mead describes the active, creative, and spontaneous part of the self as the ________. A) I B) me C) id D) ego

A) I

Based on the research of Melvin Kohn and his associates, how would working-class parents encourage their children to accept guidance when they have deviated from acting properly? A) They would probably use physical punishment. B) They would rely on reasoning with the child. C) They would probably deny privileges and "ground" the child. D) They would offer verbal encouragement.

A) They would probably use physical punishment.

When young people enter college as resident students, they must learn new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors. This is an example of ________. A) resocialization B) socialization C) the "looking-glass self" D) anticipatory socialization

A) resocialization

According to Mead's theory of development, individuals who have a profound influence on the lives of another person, such as parents or siblings, are referred to as ________. A) significant others B) the person's reference group C) the person's in-group D) generalized other

A) significant others

In psychoanalytic theory, the "culture within us" is represented by the ________. A) superego B) id C) ego D) libido

A) superego

Of the following traits and abilities, which one would George Herbert Mead consider most essential for an individual to be a full-fledged member of society? A) the ability to take the role of another B) an average or above-average IQ C) a well-developed id D) the influence of positive peers

A) the ability to take the role of another

In Freud's theory, what part of the personality represents the pleasure-seeking aspect, demanding immediate fulfillment of basic needs such as attention, food, safety, and sex? A) the id B) the ego C) the superego D) the libido

A) the id

The period following high school when young adults have not yet taken on the responsibilities ordinarily associated with adulthood is called ________. A) transitional adulthood B) puberty C) adolescence D) the middle years

A) transitional adulthood

What was the result of research on mother-child bonding based on hours per week children spent in day care? A) As the number of hours in day care increased, the bond was stronger between mother and child. B) As the number of hours in day care increased, the bond was weaker between mother and child. C) The mother-child bond was based on the social class of the mother and not the hours the child spent in day care. D) There was no relationship between mother-child bond and the hours a child spent in day care.

B) As the number of hours in day care increased, the bond was weaker between mother and child.

Professor Zale bases her self-concept as a professor on the interactions she has with students and the reactions she receives from them during class. In view of this, which process is Professor Zale utilizing? A) Freud's psychoanalytic theory B) Cooley's looking-glass self C) Mead's "I" and "me" concept D) Piaget's theory of moral reasoning

B) Cooley's looking-glass self

The case study of Jack and Oskar provides support for which of the following explanations of behavior? A) Identical twins will always exhibit similar behavior because their gene complement is identical. B) Environment has a significant influence on behavior, regardless of gene complement. C) Behavior is the result of genetic influences. D) The father's genetic influence is greater than the mother's as a determinant of behavior.

B) Environment has a significant influence on behavior, regardless of gene complement.

As a third grader, Henry is reading stories about the American Revolution and how the early Americans were willing to fight to gain their freedom. According to sociologists, Henry is not only learning to read, but is also absorbing concepts about patriotism and democracy. These concepts would be referred to by sociologists as ________. A) a latent dysfunction of U.S. education B) a part of the hidden curriculum in U.S. schools C) a part of the corridor curriculum in U.S. schools D) a manifest dysfunction of U.S. education

B) a part of the hidden curriculum in U.S. schools

Another term used for the stage of development called transitional adulthood, which is between the ages of 18 and 29, is ________. A) the middle years B) adultolescence C) the sandwich generation D) mid-life crisis

B) adultolescence

Frankie and Johnnie are both above-average students, but they feel that they learn much more about life, success, and relationships with others from other students outside of the classroom. In this sense, Frankie and Johnnie are relying on the ________ for their education. A) hidden curriculum B) corridor curriculum C) manifest function D) latent function

B) corridor curriculum

What term would Mead use to refer to the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of the public? A) primary group B) generalized other C) secondary group D) significant others

B) generalized other

Bob's football coach is a very important influence in his life. Many of Bob's actions are attempts to win the approval of his coach. Mead would suggest that the coach is one of Bob's ________. A) generalized other B) significant others C) primary group members D) reference group members

B) significant others

In the "nature versus nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component refers to ___. A) heredity B) the social environment C) instinct D) genetic composition

B) the social environment

The process by which we develop a sense of self, referred to as the "looking-glass self," was developed by ________. A) George Herbert Mead B) William I. Thomas C) Charles Horton Cooley D) Robert K. Merton

C) Charles Horton Cooley

The symbolic interactionist who taught at the University of Chicago and stressed that play was crucial to the development of the concept of self was ________. A) Charles Horton Cooley B) Lester Ward C) George Herbert Mead D) Talcott Parsons

C) George Herbert Mead

How does the mass media influence gender roles in contemporary American society? A) It encourages a sexless society. B) It encourages women to assume male roles to be successful. C) It reinforces gender roles considered appropriate for one's sex. D) It encourages cross-gender behavior.

C) It reinforces gender roles considered appropriate for one's sex.

What are the starting and stopping points of the development of the self during the life course? A) The self-concept begins prior to conception and concludes at birth. B) The self-concept begins at birth and concludes by age 5 or 6. C) The self-concept begins at birth and continues as a life-long process until death. D) The self-concept begins when a child is able to reason and concludes at about age 18.

C) The self-concept begins at birth and continues as a life-long process until death.

Although formal education is intended to transmit knowledge and skills, it unintentionally teaches students that the same rules apply to everyone. This universality reflects what sociologists describe as ________. A) a signaling system B) a pattern variable C) a latent function D) a manifest function

C) a latent function

People and groups that influence our orientation to life - our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors - are called ________. A) total institutions B) generalized other C) agents of socialization D) out-groups

C) agents of socialization

According to Sigmund Freud, when the id gets out of hand, individuals follow their desires for pleasure and ________. A) demand self-gratification B) seek intimacy C) break society's norms D) need for isolation

C) break society's norms

Based on studies of isolated and institutionalized children, what is the key variable in acquiring the basic "human" traits we take for granted? A) biological makeup B) basic intelligence C) intimate early social interaction D) strict discipline

C) intimate early social interaction

Individuals who are approximately the same age and are linked by common interests, including friends, classmates, and the "kids in the neighborhood," are most appropriately referred to as ________. A) significant others B) generalized others C) peers D) confederates

C) peers

Tory is 5 years of age. He loves to dress up like Batman and pretend to save Gotham City from the Penguin. According to Mead's theory, he is in the ________ stage. A) imitation B) game C) play D) generalized

C) play

What term applies to the stages that people pass through from birth to death, beginning with "childhood" and concluding with "the older years"? A) rites of passage B) life theme C) the life course D) stages of development

C) the life course

Fred has just joined a fraternity. As part of his initiation, he has been forced to cook for the fraternity brothers, clean the frat house, and address the fraternity members as "sir." This is an example of what Sociologists termed ________. A) learning conformity B) a personal identity kit C) anticipatory socialization D) a degradation ceremony

D) a degradation ceremony

What term is used to describe children who are assumed to have been raised by animals in the wilderness and isolated from other children, such as the "wild boy of Aveyron"? A) mentally challenged B) developmentally disabled C) deprived D) feral

D) feral

The Smiths are going Christmas shopping for their two children, Dick and Jane. They plan to buy Dick a Tonka truck and Jane a Barbie doll. Their selection of toys for their children is an example of ________ by parents. A) resocialization B) role diffusion C) ego identity D) gender socialization

D) gender socialization

George Herbert Mead theorized that learning to take the role of the other entails three stages - the ________ stage, ________stage, and ________ stage. A) primary; secondary; tertiary B) id; ego; superego C) sensorimotor; preoperational; operational D) imitation; play; team games

D) imitation; play; team games

Our image of how others see us is called the ________. A) id B) super ego C) libido D) self

D) self

What concept do sociologists refer to when they say that "society makes us human"? A) stratification B) psychoanalysis C) cultural tradition D) socialization

D) socialization

John joined the military this year. When he arrived at boot camp, he was immediately greeted with a degradation ceremony and came under total control of the officials. The military is an example of a(n) ________. A) social institution B) agent of socialization C) social location D) total institution

D) total institution