Chapter 5 and 6 Psychology

What is a schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced?

Continuous reinforcement

Dasha developed an intense fear of flying ten years ago when she was in a plane crash. Now she can fly again without fear which indicates that her conditioned fear response has undergone____________.

Extinction

Three-year old Esteban watches the children's television show "Spongebob Squarepants." At first, Esteban became really excited whenever he saw a Spongebob doll. Now Esteban gets excited whenever he sees any yellow sponge. Esteban is displaying stimulus ___________.

Generalization

Due to repeated exposure to media violence, viewers' sensitivity to violence may decrease. This is called ______________ .

Habituation

In order to form new memories, you must have a fully functioning _________.

Hippocampus

Professor Schwiesow ends up driving to Creighton without consciously remembering how she got there and on a day she doesn't teach! This may be due to which type of memory?

Implicit memory

__________ is the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so.

Infantile amnesia

Which of the following statements is true in the context of classical conditioning?

It always involves reflexes and demonstrates that reflexes can be learned by association.

To remember the names of all the countries in Asia, Jennifer is mentally repeating all the names several times. This scenario illustrates __________.

Maintenance rehearsal

One of the possible explanations for why we yawn when we see others yawn is related to which of the following?

Mirror neurons

How many pairings of the unconditioned stimuli and conditioned stimuli are needed for taste aversion to occur?

One

Biofeedback training, behavior modification, and programmed learning are all applications of__________.

Operant Conditioning

Because of her poor health, your Aunt B had to take a lot of medication. She usually does a good job remembering to take it but sometimes forgets to do so. This forgetting is a failure of what type of memory?

Prospective memory.

According to your text, children watching violence in the media are potentially impacted by all of the following EXCEPT:

Reduced probability of aggressive behavior.

What are defined as stimuli that increase the frequency of behavior?

Reinforcers

Prior to conditioning, Kofi salivates in response to lasagna being placed in his mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, which is the correct labeling of stimuli and responses in this situation?

The food is the unconditioned stimulus; Kofi salivating is the unconditioned response.

After living in France for many years, Laura returned for a visit to the United States. As she walked around the small town she had grown-up in, her mind was flooded with memories of her childhood. The environmental cues that helped trigger Laura's memories illustrate __________.

context-dependent memory

The flow of visual information seems smooth and continuous because of __________ memory, which can hold visual stimuli for up to a second.

iconic

Implicit memories involve methods and skills, cognitive and physical, and are also referred to as ________.

procedural memories

In the context of operant conditioning, when you keep posting comments in social media to receive more "likes," this is an example of _________.

reinforcement

Stephen was recently involved in a car accident in which he was critically injured. He is unable to recall the events that led to the accident. Stephen is suffering from ________.

retrograde amnesia

If you encoded and properly stored the list of words Professor Schwiesow had you remember in class, they should now be in your long term memory you should be able to retrieve them. Identify a word that was NOT included in this list.

baby

Mirin would spank her daughter when she would chew food with her mouth open. After several instances of poor table manners, her daughter starts avoiding the kitchen table. In this example, the table is a(n) ________.

Conditioned Stimulus

__________ is the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli.

Echoic memory

Abe and Rose, who have been married for 13 years, are discussing the events that led to their very first date. Rose distinctly remembers giving Abe her telephone number at a party, but Abe is certain that he got her number from her best friend, Linda. Abe and Rose have different _________ of the event.

Episodic memories

Which of the following statements is true about retroactive interference?

It is the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously.

Which type of conditioning is defined as a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in certain behavior because of the effects of that behavior?

Operant conditioning

Professor Schwiesow has her class engage in discussion, both in class and on-line, which encourages them to apply information and generate examples based on individual experiences. Using levels of processing terminology, Professor Schwiesow is encouraging her students to:

Process the information at a "deep" level so that it is more likely to be encoded into long-term memory.

In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, subjects watched a film of an automobile accident, then answered a series of questions, including one asking them to estimate the speed of the cars. What factor affected the subjects' estimate of how fast the cars in the film were traveling?

Whether the words used in the question suggested greater speeds (e.g. contacted vs. smashed).

Using the phrase "Elvis's Guitar Broke Down on Friday" to remember the lines (EGBDF) in a musical treble clef is an example of _________.

elaborative rehearsal

A parent buys their child a toy in order to stop the temper tantrum they are throwing. Next time they go to the store, the child throws another tantrum and the parent buys them another toy so they stop throwing a fit. The parent's behavior of buying the child a toy has been _______.

positively reinforced

An newborn infant displays the following reflexes EXCEPT which of the following?

startle in response to the sight of a balloon

Mr. Rupp's memory has always been spectacular. He can see an image, like a painting or a page in a book, and recall exactly all of the details of either one. Mr. Rupp's ability to remember these specific details is known as _________.

Eidetic imagery

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

Money

Samantha cries every time she hears a song on the radio that she and her ex-boyfriend used to enjoy. Hearing the song brings back memories of the good times they had before he broke off the relationship. How come Samantha cries when she hears the song?

The song is a conditioned stimulus that she still associates with the good times that she now misses.

After telling the police officer everything she could recall about when she went into the bank, Lucas got to the point that he no longer could recall any more information. At that point, Lucas was most likely experiencing ____________.

retrieval cue failure

As she was listening to her psychology professor discuss ways to improve memory, Ebony thought of different ways she could apply the suggestions to herself. Later that day she was trying to recall the different techniques, but she could only recall the first couple. This reflects ___________.

the serial-position effect

Episodic memory is also referred to as ________.

autobiographical memory

After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she split the digits into smaller groups of three each. This process is called ________.

chunking