Chapter 6

aggressive driving may be defined as

any behavior intended to cause physical, emotional or psychological harm to another within the driving environment.

sexual harrasment

any deliberate or repeated sexual behavior that is unwelcome to the recipiant, as well as other sex related behaviors that are hostile, offensive or degrading

aggressive driving needs to be separated from

assertive or reckless driving (driving in a risky and selfish manner)

Girls bullied at age 8 were more likely to have __________ by the age of 25 than those who were not

attempted or completed suicided

workplace aggression better definition

behavior by an individual or individuals within or outside a organisation that is intended to physically or psychologically harm a worker or workers in a work related context.

Bullying rates are higher for ____ and victimization rates are higher for ____

boys girls

Risk Factors for Workplace Aggression

bullied at school predisposes to later experiences of workplace bullying - Negative affectivity predicts small amount of being bullied in workplace o Tendency to experience distress/sensitive to negative events/pessimistic view of self - Men are mostly bullied by men, women bullied by both men and women - Bullying is less common among higher-status (women are the exception)

_________ has the greatest number of risk factors (and thus should be targeted for intervention)

bully-victims

strain

describes how individual responds to the stressors

bullying can take many forms including

direct and indirect forms

Last type of approach is

feild studies conducted in naturalistic observations to study situational variables

being bullied by a supervisor has the worst results

higher psychological stress, intention to leave, reducded job satisfaction, lower workplace performance.

Victims of both traditional and cyberbullying report

increased risk of suicidal thoughts and suicide

Anonymity

less aggression with people in the car, than alone More aggression when alone in a car and also with tinted windows - Ellison-Potter et al (2001) had P's imagine driving open-top convertible or closed-top convertible o Anonymity significantly increased aggression while driving o Drove faster, through more red lights, more collisions, killed more pedestrians

cyberbullying is carried out by

means of modern technology to inflict intentional harm on a peer repeatedly and over time.

The Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX)

measures drivers general propensities to engage in aggressive behavior when they are angry

victims of bullys twice as likely to report _________ symptoms. But bullies actually report these more that non bullies, but victim-bullies the highest.

psychosomatic

workplace aggression (also called workplace bullying)

refers to behaviors that intended to make another person feel miserable at work over long periods of time

most common way of assessing aggressive driving is through

self-reports

what are the common methods employed to study bullying?

self-reports peer nominations parental, teacher or coworker reports Direct Observation

risk factors for bullying and victimization

1. low socializing skills and internalizing symptoms 2. negative family environment and low peer status 3.) poor acedemic performance and holding negative attitudes (for bullies) 4. low social competence (more of victims and bully-victims) 5.) gender(males) more likely to be bullies, or bully-victims

predictors of aggressive behavior can be divided into two categories

1. personal characteristics of actors involved 2. contextual variables

Risk-glorifying media

1. playing racing games lead to increases in positive evaluations of risk taking, the accessibility of risk-promoting cognition's and risky behavior is simulators. 2.) found risk-glorifying media (games) enhance reckless self-concept when violations of traffic rules are rewarded

two Interventions methods

1. targeting the aggressive driver 2. changing the contextual conditions that influence aggressive driving

Three Contextual risk factors:

1. traffic congestion 2. anonymity 3. risk glorifying media

Personal Risk Factors for Aggressive Driving

1.Boredom susceptibility/sensation seeking related to aggression 2.High levels of narcissism/grandiose feelings of superiority (influenced by gender and trait aggression) Those who scored low on narcissim men more aggressive driving. Opposite of women. combination of anger and narcissism yield highest rates of aggressive driving scores participants (men) who had an obsessive passion for driving - the more aggressively they drove.

Last 2

3. Aggressive driving declines with age, gender gap diminishes with age (yomg men disproportionatly high) 4. Gender - men more aggressive drivers Men show higher levels of violent driving, but mild driver aggression no difference found. Gender differences (the social role model) - men more aggressive because these attribuites fit with male gender roles. Macho men (high masculine identity) show more aggression o Femininity linked to lower aggression (masculinity linked to higher levels)

______ have a higher propensity to engage in sexually harassing behaviors

men

Those who engaged in or watched aggressive sports showed increased belief that it can reduce aggressive tension -

but in reality More aggression displayed in match, more aggression shown by those watching

stress

efers to subjective experience/representation of these stressors by an individual

sports that require extensive physical contact are more likely to

elicit aggressive tendencies in the spectators

Traffic Congestion

frustrates drivers goals of swift progress commuters on high traffic route report more stress and higher aggressive driving. More tailgating in higher traffic. o Causes higher levels of acute driving stress (especially in high as opposed to low time urgency - especially those prone to stress while driving)

spectators watching a wrestling (stylized aggression) or ice hockey ( realistic aggression)

greater hostility and punitiveness than those watching non-aggressive sport.

situational variables include:

heat , time pressure, or status of the offending car, and uses honking horns as the measure of aggressive driving

Two forms of aggression can be seen in sports

instrumental and hostile

a second less popular appraoch

is to study aggressive driving in a simulator to obtain data analogous to real life.

what makes it different from traditional forms

it can be used to humiliate and intimidate a target on a large scale and under the cloak of anonymity.

- Deffenbacher et al (2003) noted difference between state anger vs. trait anger

o Those high in trait anger only more aggressive when state anger is higher too o High trait anger requires a situational frustration to "activate it"

changing the contextual conditions that influence aggressive driving

o good to decrease contextual stressors (i.e. promote public transit) - Wiesenthal et al (2000) those listening to music in bad traffic were less stressed

bullies chare many individual and contextual risks with

sexual aggression (which may mean they are more likely to engage in the behavior)

Also bullies have higher rates of _______

suicide rates

workplace violence denotes

those acts of workplace aggression that are intended to cause physical harm

Risk factors inherent of work environment:

work constraints, role conflict, role ambiguity o Show larger effect sizes as predictors of workplace aggression

it is estimated that ________ will experience sexual harassment at some point in her working life.

1 in 2

Personal charactersicts:

1. Gender - Male players generally believe rule-violating behaviours (aggress.) to be more ok than females o Males commit more acts of aggression than females in sport o Related to endorsement of masculine gender identity (also linked with perceived competence)

road rage

denotes extreme acts of aggressive driving, involving assultive behavior with the intentions of causing bodily harm and possibly homicide.

Color of uniform

ooked at uniform colours, black is associated with connotations of evil/wicked o Those wearing black rated as more malevolent by participants o Those wearing black received more penalties Switch from non-black to black increased penalties o Referees saw same footage but black or non-black uniforms More willing to give penalties to teams wearing black o P's chose games to play wearing either their own clothes, black clothes, or white clothes Picked more aggressive games when wearing black -

Organizational characteristics predictors for sexual harassment:

organization climate, and masculine work environment (gender ratio or gendered power hierarchy)

school based bullying programs are not __________ in reducing bullying

practically effective

In the UK the first

privately run school was opened in 1999 to give a small group of severely victimized adolescences the oppurtunity to learn in a protected school environment.

only ___ of secondary students would "certainly" intervene

10%

Cosquences Significant impact on victims' well-being and work-related functioning

Decrease in job satisfaction and organizational commitment

targeting aggressive drivers

Deffenbacker et al (2002) high driver anger to three intervention groups, for 8 weeks: o Focus on relaxing, relaxing + cognitive techniques, non-intervention control o Collected baseline driving anger/aggressive driving, then again 4-week follow-up o After 4-weeks, only cognitive + relaxing differed significantly

Sexual harassment is associated w/ a range of negative physical and mental health outcomes

Including risk of developing PTSD Younger employees were most negatively effected global job satisfaction, organisational commitment and work group productivity.

Aggressive behavior outside the field

Research has shown little evidence suggesting athletes are more aggressive off the field nor is there evidence to suggest sports engagement serves as a protective factor against aggression as would be suggested by the catharsis hypothesis.

Interventions of bullying

Small intervention effects found reported higher self-esteem and social competence Teachers knowledge about bullying increased Reduction in bullying did not decrease Feeling safe in schools decreased and anxiety increased(counter intuitive effects)

consists of four sub scales

verbal aggression, personal physical aggression using ones vehicle to express aggression displacing aggression onto others (not the motorists creating the anger)

Revised Negative Acts Questionaire (NAQ-R) measures 22 items addressing 3 dimensions:

1. work related bullying 2.person-related bullying 3. physically intimidating bullying

Bullying is carried out with the intention of inflicting harm on a target person ( meeting the core definition of aggressive behavior) it has two other features:

1.) It involves an imbalance of power between the aggressor and the victim. 2.) it is carried out repeatedly and over time.

Contextual risk factors

1.) Temperature (heat hypothesis) 2.) Color of uniform

Particpant role approach identified four roles over an above bully and victim

1.) assistants to bullies 2.) reinforces of bullies 3.) defenders of the victim 4.) outsiders

______ is critical antecedent of aggression while driving (traffic is the instigating frustration)

anger

Stressors

are measurable properties of work environment

NAQ-r has correlations with reported

psychosomatic symptoms and intentions to leave