Chapter 8 review questions

Which of the following conditions will most likely result in edema? A. Intravascular filtration pressure greater than interstitial filtration pressure B. Intravascular reabsorption greater than interstitial reabsorption C. Intravascular oncotic pressure greater than interstitial oncotic pressure D. Increased lymphatic reabsorption

A

Which of the following is a gas component of the ABG measurement? A. carbon dioxide B. bicarbonate C. hydrogen D. pH

A

Which of the following statements provides the rationale for using a hypotonic solution for a patient with FVD? A. A hypotonic solution provides free water to help the kidneys eliminate the solute. B. A hypotonic solution supplies an excess of sodium and chloride ions. C. Excessive volumes are recommended in the early postoperative period. D. A hypotonic solution is used to treat hyponatremia.

A

aldosterone secretion in response to fluid loss will result in which one of the following electrolyte imbalances? A. Hypokalemia B. Hyperkalemia C. Hyponatremia D. Hypernatremia

A

Which of the following clinical conditions exacerbates electrolyte excretion? A. nasogastric feedings B. use of surgical drains C. immobility from fractures D. chronic water drinking

B

Which of the following conditions is an equal decrease of extracellular fluid (ECF) solute and water volume? A. hypotonic FVD B. isotonic FVD C. hypertonic FVD D. isotonic FVE

B

Which of the following diagnoses is most appropriate for a patient with hypo calcemia? A. constipation, bowel B. high risk for injury: bleeding C. airway clearance, ineffective D. high risk for injury: confusion

B

Which of the following intravenous solutions would be appropriate for a patient with severe hyponatremia secondary to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)? A. hypotonic solution B. hypertonic solution C. isotonic solution D. normotonic solution

B

Which of the following ions is most closely related to water movement? A. Potassium B. Sodium C. Chloride D. Calcium

B

Which of the following is not an appropriate nursing intervention for a patient with hypercalcemia? A. administering calcitonin B. administering calcium gluconate C. administering loop diuretics D. encouraging ambulation

B

Which of the following nursing diagnoses might apply to a patient with hypertonic FVE? A. ineffective airway clearance B. potential for decreased cardiac output C. ineffective breathing pattern D. potential for increased cardiac output

B

Which of the following transport mechanisms is associated with movement of water across a semipermeable membrane? A. Diffusion B. Osmosis C. Facilitated diffusion D. Active transport

B

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) helps maintain appropriate fluid levels in the body. ADH is released when there is a(n): A. decreased blood osmolality B. increased blood osmolality C. ion gap D. osmoreceptor decrease

B

dietary recommendations for a patient with hypotonic fluid excess should include: A. decreased sodium intake B. increased sodium intake C. increased fluid intake D. intake of potassium-rich foods

B

which cation is the most abundant in the extracellular compartment and serves as the primary determinant of blood osmolality? A. Potassium B. Sodium D. Calcium E. Phosphate

B

. Annaliza has a nursing diagnosis of fluid volume deficit. Which one of the following medications could potentially exacerbate the problem? A. Synthroid B. Digoxin C. Lasix D. insulin

C

. Normal calcium levels must be analyzed in relation to: A. sodium B. glucose C. protein D. fats

C

A patient with which of the following disorders is at high risk for developing hyperphosphatemia? A. hyperkalemia B. hyponatremia C. hypocalcemia D. hyperglycemia

C

Etiologies associated with hypocalcemia may include all of the following except: A. renal failure B. inadequate intake calcium C. metastatic bone lesions D. vitamin D deficiency

C

Etiologies associated with hypomagnesemia include: A. decreased vitamin D intake B. constipation C. malabsorption syndrome D. renal failure

C

Hyponatremia causes cells to A. become hyperresponsive B. remain static C. swell D. shrink

C

Hypotonic fluid loss may result in A. Hyponatremic dehydration B. Isonatremic dehydration C. Hypernatremic dehydration D. None of the above

C

Hypotonic hypovolemia is also known as A. edema B. water detoxification C. water intoxification D. amphoteric intoxification

C

In the extracellular fluid, chloride is a major A. compound B. ion C. anion D, cation

C

Isotonic FVD can result from: A. GI fluid loss through diarrhea B. insensible water loss during prolonged fever C. inadequate ingestion of fluids and electrolytes D. impaired thirst regulation

C

Jonas is admitted with 1,000 ml of diarrhea per day for the last 3 days. An IV of 0.45% NaCl mixed with 5% dextrose is infusing. Which of the following nursing interventions is the most appropriate? A. Get an infusion controller from central supply. B. Mix all antibiotics in 0.45% NaCl with 5% dextrose. C. Check the patient's potassium level and contact the doctor for IV additive orders. D. Assess the patient for signs of hyperkalemia.

C

Mr. Wenceslao is scheduled to receive an isotonic solution; which one of the following is an example of such solution? A. D10% W B. 0.45% saline C. 0.9% saline D. 3% normal saline W

C

Normal arterial blood pH ranges from A. 6.8 to 7.2 B. 7.31 to 7.41 C. 7.35 to 7.45 D. 7.0 to 8.0

C

Normal serum sodium concentration ranges from: A. 120 to 125 mEq/L B. 125 to 130 mEq/L C. 135 to 145 mEq/L D. 140 to 148 mEq/L

C

Nursing interventions for a patient with hyponatremia include: A. administering hypotonic IV fluids B. encouraging water intake C. restricting fluid intake D. restricting sodium intake

C

Orly Khan is suffering from fluid volume deficit (FVD), which of the following symptoms would the nurse expect to assess in the patient? A. rales B. bounding pulse C. tachycardia D. bulging neck veins

C

Redd is receiving a blood transfusion. When monitoring the patient, the nurse would analyze an elevated body temperature as indicating: A. a normal physiologic process B. evidence of sepsis C. a possible transfusion reaction D. an expected response to the transfusion

C

The danger of fluid sequestered in the third space is that the fluid: A. is hypertonic and can cause hypervolemia B. is hypotonic and can cause water intoxication C. is not available for circulation D. contains large amounts of acids

C

The interstitial space holds approximately how many liters? A. 3 L B. 6 L C. 9 L D. 12 L

C

The lungs participate in acid-base balance by: A. reabsorbing bicarbonate B. splitting carbonic acid in two C. using CO2 to regulate hydrogen ions D. sending hydrogen ions to the renal tubules

C

The net diffusion of water from one solution of water from one solution through a semipermeable membrane to another solution containing a lower concentration of water is termed: A. filtration B. diffusion C. osmosis D. brownian motion

C

The presence of which of the following electrolytes contributes to acidosis? A. sodium B. potassium C. hydrogen D. chloride

C

The type of fluid used to manipulate fluid shifts among compartments states is: A. whole blood B. TPN C. albumin D. Ensure

C

To determine if a patient's respiratory system is functioning, the nurse would assess which of the following parameters: A. respiratory rate B. pulse C. arterial blood gas D. pulse oximetry

C

Which of the following blood products should be infused rapidly? A. packed red blood cells (PRBC) B. fresh frozen plasma (FFP) C. platelets D. dextran

C

evelyn has increased fluid retention related to her congestive heart failure. Her health care provider would like to increase evelyn's fluid excretion. The most common method for increasing fluid excretion includes the use of: A. angiotensin B aldosterone C. diuretics D. aquaporins

C

which of the following conditions is associated with elevated serum chloride levels A. cystitis B. diabetes C. eclampsia D. hypertension

C

. Daniel who is a marathon runner is at high risk for fluid volume deficit. Which one of the following is a related factor? A. decreased diuresis B. disease-related process C. decreased breathing and perspiration D. increased breathing and perspiration

D

. When assessing a patient for electrolyte balance, the nurse is aware that etiologies for hyponatremia include: A. water gain B. diuretic therapy C. diaphoresis D. all of the following

D

30. Which of the following electrolytes are lost as a result of vomiting? A. bicarbonate and calcium B. sodium and hydrogen C. sodium and potassium D. hydrogen and potassium

D

A patient in which of the following disorders is at high risk to develop hypermagnesemia? A. insulin shock B. hyperadrenalism C. nausea and vomiting D. renal failure

D

A rise in arterial pressure causes the baroreceptors and stretch receptors to signal an inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system, resulting in: A. decreased sodium reabsorption B. increased sodium reabsorption C. decreased urine output D. increased urine output

D

Christoff is diagnosed with hypermagnesemia. Symptoms of her condition may include: A. hypertension B. tachycardia C. hyperactive deep-tendon reflex D. cardiac arrhythmias

D

Ethel, your 80 year old neighbor, just returned from a clinic visit. She tells you that she had her electrolytes drawn for a blood test. Ethel asks you what electrolytes are. You tell her they are: A. hypotonic particles B. osmoreceptor particles C. aquaporins D. electrically charged particles known as ions

D

Hypophosphatemia may result from which of the following diseases? A. liver cirrhosis B. renal failure C. Paget's disease D. alcoholism

D

In renal regulation of water balance, the functions of angiotensin II include: A. blood clotting within the nephron B. increasing progesterone secretion into the renal tubules C. catalyzing calcium-rich nutrients D. selectively constricting portions of the arteriole in the nephron

D

Insensible fluid losses include: A. urine B. gastric drainage C. bleeding D. perspiration

D

Respiratory regulation of acids and bases involves A. hydrogen B. hydroxide C. Oxygen D. carbon dioxide

D

Sodium balance is important for which of the following functions? A. transmitting impulses in nerve and muscle fibers via the calcium-potassium pump B. exchanging for magnesium and attracting chloride C. combining with hydrogen and chloride for acid-base balance D. exchanging for potassium and attracting chloride

D

The process of endocrine regulation of electrolytes involves: A. sodium reabsorption and chloride excretion B. chloride reabsorption and sodium excretion C. potassium reabsorption and sodium excretion D. sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion

D

When assessing a patient's total body water percentage, the nurse is aware that all of the following factors influence this except: A. age B. fat tissue C. muscle mass D. gender

D

When chloride concentration drops below 95 mEq/L, reabsorption of which of the following electrolytes increases proportionally? A. hydrogen B. potassium C. sodium D. bicarbonate

D

When serum calcium levels rise, which of the following hormones is secreted? A. aldosterone B.renin C. parathyroidhormone D. calcitonin

D

Which compartment contains the greatest amount of body of water A. Transcellular B. Plasma C. Interstitial D. Intracellular

D

Which of the following findings would the nurse expect to assess in a patient with hypokalemia? A. hypertension B. pH below 7.35 C. hypoglycemia D. hyporeflexia

D

Which of the following hormones helps regulate chloride reabsorption? A. antidiuretic hormone B. renin C. estrogen D. aldosterone

D

Which of the following is the most important physical assessment parameter the nurse would consider when assessing fluid and electrolyte imbalance? A. skin turgor B. intake and output C. osmotic pressure D. cardiac rate and rhythm

D

which of the following findings would the nurse expect to assess in hypercalcemia? A. prolonged QRS complex B. tetany C. petechiae D. urinary calculi

D

The body's compensation of metabolic alkalosis involves: A. increasing the respiratory rate B. decreasing the respiratory rate C. increasing urine output D. decreasing urine output

B

The nurse would analyze an arterial pH of 7.46 as indicating A. acidosis B. alkalosis C. homeostasis D. neutrality

B

The physician has ordered IV replacement of potassium for a patient with severe hypokalemia. The nurse would administer this: A. by rapid bolus B. diluted in 100 cc over 1 hour C. diluted in 10 cc over 10 minutes

B

The respiratory system regulates acid-base balance by: A. increasing mucus production B. changing the rate and depth of respirations C. forming bicarbonate D. reabsorbing bicarbonate

B

Vinny is receiving oral potassium supplements for his condition. How should the supplements be administered? A. undiluted B. diluted C. on an empty stomach D. at bedtime

B

When monitoring the daily weight of a patient with fluid volume deficit (FVD), the nurse is aware that fluid loss may be considered when weight loss begins to exceed: A. 0.25 lb B. 0.50 lb C. 1 lb D. 1 kg

B

The balance of anions and cations as it occurs across cell membranes is known as: A. osmotic activity B. electrical neutrality C. electrical stability D. sodium-potassium pump

B

1. Patient X is diagnosed with constipation. As a knowledgeable nurse, which nursing intervention is appropriate for maintaining normal bowel function A. Assessing dietary intake B. Decreasing fluid intake C. Providing limited physical activity D. Turning coughing and deep breathing

A

30. Mrs. Waltraud is receiving digoxin and Lasix daily. Today, she complains of nausea, and her apical pulse is 130 and irregular. Which of the following nursing interventions is the most appropriate? A. Hold the digoxin and check the patient's potassium level. B. Remove the orange juice from the patient's tray. C. Identify the patient as high risk for hyperkalemia. D. Assess the patient for other signs of hypernatremia

A

Bicarbonate is lost during which of the following clinical conditions? A. diarrhea B. diuresis C. diaphoresis D. vomiting

A

Body fluids perform which of the following functions? A. transport nutrients B. transport electrical charges C. cushion the organs D. facilitate fat metabolism

A

Calcium is absorbed in the GI tract under the influence of: A. vitamin D B. glucose C. HCl D. vitamin C

A

Chloride helps maintain acid-base balance by performing which of the following roles? A. participating in the chloride shift B. following sodium to maintain serum osmolarity C. maintaining the balance of cations in the ICF and ECF D. separating carbonic acid

A

Hypokalemia is a hallmark of the following conditions? A. Salt -losing tubulopathy B. Cirrhosis C. AIDS D. Isonatremic dehydration

A

John Reid is admitted in the hospital and is currently receiving hypertonic fluids. Nursing management for the client includes monitoring for all of the following potential complications except: A. water intoxication B. fluid volume excess (FVE) C. cellular dehydration D. cell shrinkage

A

Magnesium performs all of the following functions except: A. contributing to vasoconstriction B. assisting in cardiac muscle contraction C. facilitating sodium transport D. assisting in protein metabolism

A

Magnesium reabsorption is controlled by: A. Loop of Henle B. glomerulus C. pituitary D. parathyroid hormone

A

Maria, an 85-year-old patient with a feeding tube, has been experiencing severe watery stool. The patient is lethargic and has poor skin turgor, a pulse of 120, and hyperactive reflexes. Nursing interventions would include: A. measuring and recording intake and output and daily weights B. administering salt tablets and monitoring hypertonic parenteral solutions C. administering sedatives D. applying wrist restraints to avoid displacement of the feeding tube

A

Nursing intervention for the patient with hyperphosphatemia include encouraging intake of: A. amphogel B. Fleets phospho-soda C. milk D. Vitamin D

A

Solutions that have a greater osmolality than the intracellular fluid (ICF) are called: A: hypertonic solutions B. hypotonic solutions C. hyperactive solutions D.isotonic solutions

A

The chief anion in the intracellular fluid (ICF) is: A. phosphorus B. potassium C. sodium D. chloride

A

The extracellular fluid space holds water, electrolytes, proteins and: A. red blood cells B. potassium C. lipids D. nucleic acids

A

The intracellular compartment holds water and: A. proteins B. glucose C. sodium D. uric acid

A

The major cation in the ICF is: A. potassium B. sodium C. phosphorus D. magnesium

A

The majority gastrointestinal reabsorption of water occurs in: A. small intestines B. the esophagus C. the colon D. the stomach

A

The majority of the body's water is contained in which of the following fluid compartments? A. intracellular B. interstitial C. intravascular D. extracellular

A

Two thirds of the body's total water is located in the A. intracellular compartment B. extracellular compartment C. vascular compartment D. endothelial compartment

A

When assessing a patient for metabolic alkalosis, the nurse would expect to find: A. low serum potassium B. changes in urine output C. hypotension D. increased CVP

A

When assessing a patient for signs of fluid overload, the nurse would expect to observe: A. bounding pulse B. flat neck veins C. poor skin turgor D. vesicular

A

When teaching a patient about foods high in magnesium, the nurse would include: A. green vegetables B. butter C. cheese D. tomatoes

A

Which of the following arterial blood gas (ABG) values indicates uncompensated metabolic alkalosis? A. pH 7.48, PaCO2 42, HCO3 30 B. pH 7.48, PaCO2 46, HCO3 30 C. pH 7.48, PaCO2 34, HCO3 20 D. pH 7.48, PaCO2 34, HCO3 26

A

What is the purpose of the exchange of like charged ions between cellular compartments?

A: provides a homeostatic mechanism to maintain electrolyte and acid-base balance.

A diet containing the minimum daily sodium requirement for an adult would be: A. a no-salt diet B. a diet including 2 gm sodium C. a diet including 4 gm sodium D. a 1500 calorie weight-loss diet

B

Alexander has hypotonic FVE; which of the following findings would the nurse expect to assess in the patient? A. poor skin turgor and increased thirst B. weight gain and thirst C. interstitial edema and hypertension D. hypotension and pitting edema

B

Ascites is the primary mechanism of body fluid imbalance in which of the following conditions? A. Salt-losing tubulopathy B. Cirrhosis C. AIDS D. Isonatremic dehydration

B

Chloride is absorbed in the: A. stomach B. bowel C. liver D. kidney

B

Disease of which of the following structures is most likely to affect electrolyte reabsorption? A. glomerulus B. renal tubules C. bladder D. renal pelvis

B

Fluid loss in response to hypervolemia is promoted by: A. Stimulating secretion of ADH, promoting urinary sodium and water elimination B. Inhibiting the secretion of aldosterone, promoting urinary sodium and water elimination C. Lowering mean arterial pressure D. Administering osmotically active fluids

B

For a patient with hypomagnesemia, which of the following medications may become toxic? A. Lasix B. digoxin C. calcium gluconate D. CAPD

B

Jomarick is diagnosed with FVD; which of the following nursing diagnoses might apply to his condition? A. altered urinary elimination B. decreased cardiac output C. increased cardiac output D. vomiting

B

Lee Angela's lab test just revealed that her chloride level is 96 mEq/L. As a nurse, you would interpret this serum chloride level as: A. high B. low C. within normal range D. high normal

B

Mr. Miyazaki who is diagnosed of bipolar disorder has been drinking copious amounts of water and voiding frequently. The patient is experiencing muscle cramps, twitching, and is reporting dizziness. the nurse checks lab work for: A. complete blood count results, particularly the platelets. B. electrolytes, particularly the serum sodium C. urine analysis, particularly for the presence of white blood cells D. EEG results

B

Normal venous blood pH ranges from A. 6.8 to 7.2 B. 7.31 to 7.41 C. 7.35 to 7.45 D. 7.0 to 8.0

B

Nursing interventions for a patient with hypermagnesemia include administering calcium gluconate to: A. increase calcium levels B. antagonize the cardiac effect of magnesium C. lower calcium levels D. lower magnesium levels

B

Osmotic pressure is created through the process of : A. osmosis B. diffusion C. filtration D. capillary dynamics

B

Sodium levels are affected by the secretion of which of the following hormones? A. progesterone and aldosterone B. ADH and ACTH C. antidiuretic hormone and FSH D. ECF and aldosterone

B