Chapter 9: the nervous system
What is the function of the midbrain?
Reflex center for vision and hearing
Where are receptors found?
Start of a sensory neuron
Match the following part of the brain with its correct function. a. Cerebellum - regulates visceral function b. Cerebrum-memory, reasoning, and problem solving c. Brain stem-coordinates voluntary muscles
b. Cerebrum-memory, reasoning, and problem solving
Subcortical motor center that helps control skeletal muscle movements.
basal nuclei
The brain is made up of
billions of neurons
What organ does a reflex arc miss out originally?
brain
What makes up the CNS
brain and spinal cord
Which structure connects the brain and the spinal cord?
brain stem
What are the three parts of the nervous system?
brain, spinal cord, nerves
Which of the following is NOT part of the brain stem? a. pons b. medulla oblongata c. hypothalamus d. midbrain
c. hypothalamus
What is NOT part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? a. axons b. sensory receptors c. spinal cord d. motor neurons
c. spinal cord
Which of the following is NOT a lobe of the cerebrum. a. frontal b. temporal c. thalamus d. occipital
c. thalamus
What chemical is activated by the action potential in the presynaptic neuron that causes the vesicles containing neurotransmitters to move toward the synaptic cleft?
calcium
What are the two divisions of the nervous system?
central and peripheral nervous system
What are the two parts of the nervous system?
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
Responsible for proper balance and posture
cerebellum
What part of the brain is highlighted in red?
cerebellum
Which brain part provides involuntary coordination of body movements?
cerebellum
Which part of brain controls balance, co-ordination, posture and co-operation of muscles?
cerebellum
What is the largest area of the brain that controls everything conscious?
cerebrum
Which structure includes more than half of the brain's mass?
cerebrum
Which brain function is the pons involved with?
controlling breathing
Part of the cerebral hemisphere that interprets sensory input.
cortex
What phase does this represent?
depolarization phase
What is the correct order of meninges?
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
What part of a spinal reflex arc is this?
effector
In order for a neuron to have an action potential, the neuron must receive more...
excitatory neurotransmitters
The job of the somatic nervous system is to control breathing and the respiratory system, true or false?
false
The part labelled "white matter" is white in color, what is it that gives this color?
fat (myelin)
What are the deep grooves that separate the lobes of the brain called?
fissures
What part of the brain mediates emotional response and is involved in memory processing?
limbic system
Is this a sensory, inter, or motor neuron?
motor neuron
What is the insulating membrane that surrounds parts of the axon that helps to protect & propagate action potential?
myelin sheath
When a neuron is resting, the inside of the axon has a ____________(positive/negative) charge.
negative
A nerve cell is called a:
neuron
Chemicals released into a cleft when an action potential reaches the terminal are called.....
neurotransmitters
What are in the picture?
neurotransmitters
What generates a nerve impulse on the post-synaptic membrane?
neurotransmitters binding with receptor sites
Which side of the synapse contains ligand-gated ion channels?
postsynaptic
Which ion is pumped into the axon of a neuron to help maintain the resting potential?
potassium
Which ions are involved in the electrical nerve impulse?
potassium and sodium
What is in the picture?
presynaptic neuron
What is a feature of a reflex, rapid or slow?
rapid
What part of the spinal nerve diagram is this?
receptor
When the spinal cord responds in an emergency to a stimulus before the brain, this is called a...
reflex
Is #2 a sensory, inter, or motor neuron?
sensory
What is the correct order of neurons in a reflex arc?
sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron
When a neuron is depolarized, what are the first channels to open?
sodium
Skeletal muscles are controlled by the_____ nervous system
somatic
What are the two systems found in the PNS?
somatic and autonomic
What is in the picture?
synaptic vesicles
Part of the brain that relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex and involved in memory.
thalamus
The diencephalon includes the...
thalamus, hypothalamus and limbic system (emotional brain)
When a neuron is resting, the inside of the axon has a ____________ charge.
-70 mV
What number(s) on the graph represents the Resting Potential?
0 and 7 (on the quizzizz 1 and 5)
The comprehension and production areas of the language circuit are connected by what bundle of fibers in the brain? (Diagnosing a zombie) A Arcuate Fasiculus B Broca's Area C Cingulum D Middle Longitudinal Fasiculus E Infundibulum
A Arcuate Fasiculus
Which of the following is the slowest way for a drug to reach the bloodstream? (How do drugs affect the brain?) A Oral administration B Inhalation C Intravenous injection
A Oral administration
Patient P.S. could... (What is consciousness?) A Respond to everything she saw, even if she didn't realize why B Respond only to images on the left side of space C Respond only to images on the right side of space D Respond to images only if they were pointed out to her
A Respond to everything she saw, even if she didn't realize why
Motor symptoms of Parkinson's Disease include: (Diagnosing a zombie) A Short shuffling steps & poor posture B Long lumbering steps C Fast, uncontrolled twitch-like movements D Slurred and mumbling speech patterns E Uncontrolled sprinting
A Short shuffling steps & poor posture
What is a stimulus?
A change in the environment that is detected by your receptors.
Which of the following neurons would have the fastest signal transmission? (How fast is the speed of thought?) A large diameter myelinated axon B large diameter unmyelinated axon C small diameter myelinated axon D small diameter unmyelinated axon
A large diameter myelinated axon
The sodium potassium pump restores the resting potential. By which process does this work?
Active transport
Which of the following rely on spontaneous neuronal activity?
All of the above
Which of the following is the quickest way for a drug to reach the bloodstream? (How do drugs affect the brain?) A Oral administration B Intravenous injection C Inhalation
B Intravenous injection
People's perception of white light... (What is consciousness?) A Is accurate B Is based on an inaccurate internal model C Is culturally learned D Can change once we understand the physics of light
B Is based on an inaccurate internal model
Which of the following scenarios best describes what might happen if you tried to verbally ask someone with Fluent Aphasia how they are doing? (Diagnosing a zombie) A They'd involuntarily punch you. B They'd have difficulty understanding the question. C They'd have difficulty telling you that they are doing well. D They'd involuntarily answer you in another language. E They wouldn't react to you because they can't hear any sounds.
B They'd have difficulty understanding the question.
Neurons that send pain signals are generally unmyelinated fibers while those that send visual signals are myelinated. If you were injured, what would happen first? (How fast is the speed of thought?) A You would feel the pain and then see the injury B You would see the injury and then feel the pain C Both responses would be sent at the same time D None of the above
B You would see the injury and then feel the pain
Which part of the brain is involved in our ability to speak?
Broca's Area
How can a neurotransmitter modulate synaptic transmission? (How do drugs affect the brain?) A By increasing the activity of the receiving neuron B By inhibiting the activity of the receiving neuron C Both a and b
C Both a and b
A person with hemispatial neglect loses awareness of...(What is consciousness?) A Everything B Everything on the same side of space as the associated brain damage C Everything on the opposite side of space as the associated brain damage D His or her own body
C Everything on the opposite side of space as the associated brain damage
Complete the sentence: "Synapses are structures ________, and allow the exchange of electrochemical signals between neurons. (How do drugs affect the brain?) A Placed on the sending neuron B Placed on the receiving neuron C Of interconnection between sending and receiving neuron
C Of interconnection between sending and receiving neuron
What is the function of the blood-brain barrier? (How do drugs affect the brain?) A To keep all external substances out of the brain B To let substances inside the brain by favoring blood circulation in the nervous system C To separate the blood from the nervous system, thus keeping potentially dangerous substances out
C To separate the blood from the nervous system, thus keeping potentially dangerous substances out
Neural circuits that produce rhythmic, repetitive patterns of spontaneous activity important for walking and breathing are called
Central pattern generators
What letter on the graph represents the hyperpolarization phase?
D
The brain builds models to... (What is consciousness?) A Keep track of the internal state of the body B Keep track of the external world C Keep track of its own ability to process information D All of the above
D All of the above
Parkinson's Disease happens because cells that produce what chemical die off? (Diagnosing a zombie) A Acetylcholine B Bromide C Carbon Dioxide D Dopamine E Ethanol
D Dopamine
MRI scans of the brain can help in understanding consciousness by... (What is consciousness?) A Decoding people's perceptions of the world B Altering brain activity in a controlled manner C Identifying the brain's model of the body D Showing the networks of neurons in the brain associated with conscious states
D Showing the networks of neurons in the brain associated with conscious states
Some key factors to determine how quickly you think include how long it takes (How fast is the speed of thought?) A to generate an AP (action potentials) B to propagate the signal down the length of the axon C to transport the signal through the synapse D all of the above E none of the above
D all of the above
The cerebellum contains how many of the neurons in the entire brain? (Diagnosing a zombie) A 10% B 5% C 33% D 25% E 50%
E 50%
Five events in the transmission of nerve impulse across the synapse -A. Opening of specific ion channels allows the entry of ions, a new action potential is generated in the post-synaptic neuron.B. Neurotransmitter binds to the receptor on post synaptic membraneC. Synaptic vesicle fuses with pre-synaptic membrane, neurotransmitter releases into synaptic cleft.D. Depolarization of pre-synaptic membraneE. Arrival of action potential at axon terminal.In which sequence do these events occur?
E, D, C, B, A
What part of the brain regulates the sleep/wake cycles?
Hypothalamus
What type of neuron is B?
Inter
How does cooking provide more energy than eating raw foods?
It makes food soft and denatures proteins so they are more easily absorbed
What does the right side of the brain control?
Left side arm and leg
To what is most the brain's energy devoted?
Maintaining electrical testing potentials
In resting potential, neurons have more _________ on the outside of the cell membrane.
Na+
Which ions are involved in an action potential?
Na; K
Gaps in the myelin sheath are called what?
Nodes of Ranvier
When we fall asleep the brain gradually transitions into slow, synchronized patterns of activity. This "slow wave sleep" is interrupted by more random, de-synchronized bursts of activity during what sleep stage?
REM sleep
Which is the correct order of events in depolarization then repolarization?
Sodium channels open, potassium channels open,
What does "sparse coding" of nerve impulses imply?
That a small number of signals can carry a lot of information
Why are attempts at multitasking inefficient?
The fact of selective attention means that we don't have the energy to do so.
What statement below is a myth?
The left side of the brain control logic, and the right cortex creativity.
When patients who had both hemispheres of their brains separated were tested, what was the result?
The patients showed both logical and creative behaviors.
What is the isoelectric state?
The point at which half the brain's energy goes to just maintain its structure
Why is -55 mV a significant number?
This is the threshold required to reach an action potential
TRUE OR FALSE: The activity of neurons can be produced by specific events, such as a light or sound, but can also occur spontaneously
True
What best describes a reflex?
a rapid response to protect body from harm
What causes the release of neurotransmitters into the cleft?
an action potential reaches the terminal
Which neuroglial cell connects blood vessels to neurons?
astrocytes
Axons are part of a neuron that send electrical signals ________(to/in between/away from) the cell body.
away from
The __________ is the largest part on the brain for collecting data, thought, memory
cerebrum
Identify the part of the brain that connects your two hemispheres
corpus callosum
The name of nervous band connecting the cerebral hemispheres is -
corpus callosum
Meningitis is an infection affecting...
coverings of the brain and spinal cord
At what stage are both ions present in large concentrations INSIDE the neuron?
depolarization
The job of the Peripheral Nervous System's somatic nervous division is to control breathing and the respiratory system, true or false?
false
What are the ridges on the cerebrum called?
gyri
Medulla Oblongata controls:
heart rate, breathing, and swallowing
The chief integration center of the autonomic nervous system
hypothalamus
What part of the brain regulates hormonal output of the pituitary gland?
hypothalamus
What part of the brain regulates your water balance, food intake, and temperature.
hypothalamus
What part of the brain is the red arrow pointing to?
lateral ventricle
Which part of the brain controls heart rate, regulates blood pressures, and is involved in breathing, swallowing, and vomiting?
medulla oblongata
Contains visual and auditory reflex centers
midbrain
Produces myelin
oligodendrocytes
Division of the Autonomic Nervous System (which is a subdivision of the Peripheral Nervous System) that is & REST AND DIGEST
parasympathetic
Is active digestion a part of the parasympathetic or sympathetic system?
parasympathetic
Is the feeling of calm a part of the parasympathetic or sympathetic system?
parasympathetic
Identify the lobe colored in pink
parietal
What does the "P" in PNS stand for?
peripheral
The correct sequence meninges from inner to outside is -
pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
What color represents the parietal lobe?
pink
At what stage does Potassium end outside the neuron, and Sodium ends inside the neuron?
repolarization
When a neuron is not engaged in an impulse.
resting potential
Attention is more localized to the ____side of the brain, while language is more localized to the ___side of the brain.
right, left
Division of the Autonomic Nervous System (which is a subdivision of the Peripheral Nervous System) that is FIGHT OR FLIGHT
sympathetic
Is increased heart rate a part of the parasympathetic or sympathetic system?
sympathetic
A junction at which a neuron meets another cell
synapse
Identify letter B
synapse
What's in the picture?
synaptic cleft
To stimulate a neuron there must be a certain level of stimulation from synapses, if not then the neuron will not send the impulse. This is known as the ...
threshold level
Dendrites are part of a neuron that carries electrical signals _______ (to/in between/away from) the cell body.
to
What is the main function of the nervous system?
to control the body's activities by relaying messages
A muscle can be an effector, true or false?
true
True or False: the cell body of a neuron has a nucleus.
true
