Cog Psych Quizzes

अब Quizwiz के साथ अपने होमवर्क और परीक्षाओं को एस करें!

Which of the following statements about "supertaskers" are TRUE?

(c) Although researchers have identified some supertaskers who can perform two tasks simultaneously with apparent ease, the evidence is not quite rock solid in that they were identified on the basis of one particular combination of two tasks. It is not clear whether such superior multitasking ability can generalize to other combinations of tasks.

Collins and Loftus's spreading activation model differs from Collins and Qullian's network model in that:

-the spreading activation model gets rid of the idea of cognitive economy -the spreading activation model avoids the assumption of the hierarchical structure -the spreading activation model can account for the typicality effect

What is the most useful approach to chunking the digit sequence 17761492911?

1776 1492 911

What is the clearest advantage of connecting new information to prior knowledge in several different ways?

It allows the information to be accessed from multiple retrieval paths.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about Kahneman's capacity theory?

It assumes that the availability of resources is limited

Which of the following statements about memory over the lifespan is most accurate?

Most adults have particularly clear and detailed memories of their late teens and 20s.

Imagine that you are participating in a study assessing the Stroop effect. Which of the following conditions would lead to the longest reaction times and the highest error rates?

Naming the color of the word you see when the word and its color are incongruent BLUE (written in red)

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory? Classical conditioning Repetition priming Procedural memory

None of the above (i.e., the three phenomena above are all implicit memory phenomena)

__________ is the subcomponent that was most recently added to Baddeley's working memory system and is responsible for the temporary binding and storage of different types of information (e.g., binding information in different subsystems within working memory).

The episodic buffer

In one of the Module 1 lectures, you participated in a demonstration in which you had to make a series of color and shape judgments (e.g., deciding whether the shape of an object is a circle or a triangle and deciding whether the color of an object is green or red). This demonstration nicely illustrates the idea that switching back and forth between tasks incurs substantial processing costs in terms of both accuracy and speed.

True

What is the best example of top-down processing?

We recognize the word "aardvark" more quickly if we were expecting to see an animal word.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding eyewitness memory?

When a lineup is used, it is better to present the individuals in the lineup sequentially to the witness (i.e., one by one) than simultaneously (i.e., all at once)

It is easy to distinguish between the letters M and G, but it is more difficult to distinguish between the letters M and N. This fact is consistent with the idea that ___________ plays an important role during letter recognition.

feature analysis

Memories that are not lost within a few years of their acquisition

have probably achieved a state of relatively permanent storage.

John has apperceptive agnosia. This means that he cannot

integrate perceptual information to perceive intact objects.

Patients with unilateral neglect resulting from damage to the right hemisphere will

read only the right half of words shown to them.

According to the modal model, the recency effect is considered to primarily reflect:

recall from STM

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) research on the use of hands-free versus hand-held cell phones found that:

talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent

The standard Stroop color-word interference effect occurs on incongruent trials, because __________.

word reading is more automatic than color naming

Abigail saw the stimulus "cla--" and was asked to think of a word that began with these letters. This task is called

word-stem completion.

What is an advantage of trying to learn something using deep (meaning-related) processing rather than strategies like mnemonics?

It creates more retrieval paths for the memory.

Which statement about working memory is FALSE?

It functions mainly as a storage container.

Which of the following statements applies to expectation-based priming but not to stimulus-based priming?

It has a cost attached.

Which of the following is FALSE with respect to sensory memory?

It has a very small capacity, storing only the equivalent of a letter or two at a time.

Which of the following is true of ADHD?

It involves multiple attentional systems, including "alerting," "orienting," and "executive" systems.

All of the following statements accurately describe the concept of working memory (e.g., as portrayed in Baddeley's model) EXCEPT:

It is considered to be a primarily verbal, phonological system that serves as a stepping stone to LTM

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding controlled processing?

It is implicated when one performs unfamiliar or novel tasks

Why does elaborative encoding facilitate recall?

It provides many potential retrieval paths.

What is the purpose of using a mask in word recognition tasks?

It serves to stop participants from continuing to process the stimulus.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the levels of processing theory?

It states that semantic (meaning-based) processing of material usually leads to better retention than visual or phonological (sound-based) processing

What prediction could you make on the basis of the recognition via multiple views approach to object recognition?

It will be harder to recognize an object from some vantage points than from others.

Which of the following statements describes the concept of working memory (as opposed to that of STM)?

Its temporary storage function is for the sake of complex cognition (e.g., reading comprehension, mental arithmetic), rather than for the sake of pure storage

Which of the following is NOT among the strategies recommended by the authors of the Optimizing Learning in College article?

Learn how to speedread the assigned readings

Which of the following is NOT a recommended study strategy, according to the Optimizing Learning in College article?

Listen to your favorite music while studying to elevate your mood and motivation

Which of the following experimental results is LEAST likely to be found?

Made-up names that were heard before are judged to be famous people's names on a test immediately following initial presentation.

Which of the following statements about massed vs. spaced learning is NOT true?

Massed learning is more effective than spaced learning for certain types of learning, such as skill learning

Which of the following types of practice or learning is NOT effective, according to the authors of the Optimizing Learning in College article?

Massed practice

When researchers try to characterize the central features of human language, they usually focus on (a)________ language. Moreover, they are interested in analyzing (b)________ rules of language.

(a) spoken; (b) descriptive

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic rules featured in a technique known as cognitive interview for eliciting as much information from eyewitnesses as possible?

Asking a series of simple yes/no questions to minimize the need for elaboration

Consider the four review schedules illustrated in the figure below (S stands for "session"). During these sessions, your plan is to review the same material (e.g., a list of important concepts) multiple times. Which of the review schedules below represents the one based on expanding retrieval practice?

All of the following are key characteristics of cognitive psychology EXCEPT?

B. Focusing on only behavioral methods (but not neuroscientific methods) C. Focus on only conscious (but not unconscious) processes

Which of the following statements about speed reading is FALSE?

Speed reading is a good choice if you want to appreciate an author's style.

Which of the following examples BEST describes the mnemonic technique known as the pegword method?

You try to remember a list of grocery items by creating a mental image of each item with an already memorized cue. For example, the first item on the list (e.g., "peach") is combined with the first prememorized cue (e.g., "bun"). In the grocery store, you try to recreate your mental image of a bun and see what item comes with it.

Loftus's "lost in the mall" study showed that:

about a quarter (25%) of college students developed detailed false memories of an event that never took place in their childhood

Which is NOT a strategy that people use to parse sentences?

waiting until the end of a sentence before starting to interpret it

The defining characteristic of implicit memory is that:

we are not consciously aware that we are using it, but we are nevertheless influenced by it.

The Rumelhart and McClelland model is different from the simple feature model in all the following ways EXCEPT that it includes

activation from the feature level to the letter level.

A response threshold is the

activation level at which a response occurs.

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented ________.

after the event

Week after week, Solomon watched his favorite TV show. He never planned to memorize the characters' names, and he never took any steps to memorize them. Nonetheless, he soon knew them all. This sort of learning is called _________ learning.

incidental

Which of the following is likely to INCREASE the intrusion of schematic knowledge in later recall?

making an effort to fill in the gaps in one's memories

Some resources are task-specific and others are task-general. Which of the following is a task-specific resource?

verbal resources for tasks involving words

Results from dichotic listening studies indicate that, while a person is shadowing one message, he/she is LEAST likely to notice which of the following features of the unattended message?

whether it is spoken in English or in French

Categorical perception can explain

why we more easily detect differences between two phonemic categories than variations within a single category.

This question concerns a hypothetical experiment similar to an in-class demo given in class. In this study, subjects are divided into three groups (Groups 1, 2, & 3) and asked to process words in three different ways: Group 1: judge whether each word fits a particular sentence context Group 2: decide whether each word rhymes with some other word Group 3: count the number of letters in each word The three groups of subjects are later given a surprise recall task, in which they have to recall as many words as possible. Subjects' recall performance in this study would likely be BEST in which group?

Group 1

Which of the following is the LEAST likely to be studied by cognitive psychologists?

How we breathe every day

Collins and Quillian'shierarchical network model predicts the FASTEST verification of which of the following statements?

"A canary can sing"

Which of the following hypothetical results is NOT predicted by Collins and Quillian's hierarchical network model?

"A canary is a bird" is verified faster than "An ostrich is a bird"

Collins and Quillian's hierarchical network model makes which of the following predictions?

"A dog barks" is verified faster than "A dog breathes"

There is a web site called "Engrish.com," which publishes various funny pictures that feature some errors or weird expressions produced by nonnative speakers of English. Two examples from that site are shown below: Eric Crapton Crap your hands These two pictures illustrate the fact that:

"L" and "R" constitute the same phoneme in some languages like Japanese

Imagine that you are reading an article on face recognition. The article argues that people use holistic processing when they look at a face. Which of the following sentences would you be MOST LIKELY to see in this article?

"The importance of holistic processing in face recognition is nicely illustrated by the phenomenon known as the composite effect."

Imagine that you are watching a video of somebody saying "ga, ga, ga," but what you actually hear is that person saying "ba, ba, ba." In such a case, you are most likely to hear (a)__________, demonstrating the powerful influence of (b)__________.

(a) "da, da, da"; (b) visual input on speech perception

Which of the following statements is NOT true about different types of memory?

(a) Declarative memory consists of procedural memory and episodic memory (b) Classical conditioning is a type of declarative memory (c) Explicit memory is primarily about non-declarative memory, whereas implicit memory is primarily about declarative memory

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

(a) Engaging in media multitasking during learning promotes forgetting, because divided attention leads to inefficient encoding of what you are trying to learn.

In the grammatical gender study discussed in class, researchers asked native speakers of German and Spanish highly fluent in English to generate some adjectives that go with some target nouns, such as "key," which happens to be a feminine noun in Spanish ("llave") and a masculine noun in German ("Schüssel"). (a)_________ the entire study was done in English, the types of English adjectives generated by native Spanish speakers and by native German speakers were (b)__________, These results (c)__________ the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

(a) Even though; (b) rather different; (c) are consistent with

In the alcohol study discussed during the 09/07 (T) lecture, there were four groups of participants: Group 1: Learning while sober and recalling later while sober (sober/sober) Group 2: Learning while intoxicated and recalling later while intoxicated (drunk/drunk) Group 3: Learning while sober and recalling later while intoxicated (sober/drunk) Group 4: Learning while intoxicated and recalling later while sober (drunk/sober) Which of the following statements is TRUE about the results of later recall in this alcohol study?

(a) Group 1 (sober/sober) performed better than Group 2 (drunk/drunk) (c) The encoding-while-drunk groups (Groups 2 & 4) performed much worse than the sober-while-encoding groups (Groups 1 & 3)

In the "diver" study discussed during the 09/07 (T) lecture, there were four groups of participants: Group 1: Learning on land and recalling later on land Group 2: Learning under water and recalling later on land Group 3: Learning on land and recalling later under water Group 4: Learning under water and recalling later under water Which of the following statements about the four groups' recall performance is TRUE?

(a) Group 1 recalled better than Group 2 (b) Group 4 recalled better than Group 3

In the "diver" study discussed in class, there were four groups of participants: Group 1: Learning on land and recalling later on land Group 2: Learning under water and recalling later on land Group 3: Learning on land and recalling later under water Group 4: Learning under water and recalling later under water Which of the following statements about the four groups' recall performance is TRUE?

(a) Group 1 recalled better than Group 2 (b) Group 4 recalled better than Group 3

Suppose that a friend of yours just told you that she is not entirely sure exactly what sort of questions will be asked on a forthcoming exam for a social psychology class, but that she plans to use flashcards to study for the exam. Which of the following study tips should you give her if you want to help her do well on this exam?

(a) Make sure to retrieve the answer before flipping each card to see whether it is correct or not (b) Use not just flashcards but other methods of studying as well (c) Aim to recall each item correctly multiple times before taking a card out of the deck

The right hemisphere plays a major role in which of the following aspects of language processing?

(a) The comprehension of metaphors (b) The processing of prosody

Although it seems effortless most of the time, speech perception is actually a challenging task. This is because:

(a) There are no clear word boundaries in speech when spoken at natural speed (b) The same phonemes can have rather different acoustic characteristics (c) There is a large variability in the way people pronounce the same phonemes and words

According to the Metacognition chapter, which of the following actions would MOST LIKELY help you improve the accuracy of your metacognitive judgments of your learning?

(a) Try to explain some ideas and concepts to other people (b) Test your memory at a later time (delayed testing)

If you present the following picture (i.e., a face consisting of various vegetables) to a split-brain patient's RIGHT visual field, he can tell you VERBALLY that he saw (a)__________, because the hemisphere that receives this image, namely the (b)__________ hemisphere, is dominant for the processing of (c)____________ information.

(a) a bunch of vegetables; (b) left; (c) local

Recall is (a)_________ way to test memory and taps (b)__________. Tachistoscopic identification is (c)________ way to test memory and taps (d)__________.

(a) a direct; (b) explicit memory; (c) an indirect; (d) implicit memory

(a) Is semantic memory typically spared or impaired in patients with anterograde amnesia (e.g., H.M.)? (b) How about short-term or working memory? Is it spared or impaired?

(a) spared; (b) spared

In the study discussed in class about the 4th graders' math learning, Taylor and Rohrer (2010) had two groups of students learning to solve math problems: the blocked learning group and the interleaving (mixed learning) group. This study demonstrated which of the following results? What happened during learning:(a) The blocked learning group performed better than the interleaving group.(b) The interleaving group performed better than the blocked learning group. What happened at a later test:(c) The blocked learning group performed better than the interleaving group.(d) The interleaving group performed better than the blocked learning group.

(a) and (d)

The method of loci technique requires you to imagine to-be-remembered items (a)__________. You can imagine these locations (b)__________.

(a) at specific, pre-selected locations; (b) in a specific, pre-determined order

According to Sperling (1960), the results based on the partial report technique provide a (a)________ estimate of the iconic memory capacity than the results based on the whole report technique because the partial report technique (b)__________.

(a) better; (b) minimizes the rapid fading of to-be-reported items

Recall the study (covered during the 08/24 lecture) that concerned the learning of different artists' painting styles. In this study, participants were exposed to sample paintings from multiple artists in two different ways: (a) blocked presentation (i.e., participants viewed all example paintings from a particular artist before viewing other painters' paintings) and (b) mixed presentation (i.e., example paintings from different artists were presented in random mixed order). When participants were asked to predict the effectiveness of the two presentation methods immediately after this learning phase, they thought that the (a)________ method was more effective for their learning. When their learning of the painting styles was tested later with new paintings from the same artists, participants' categorization performance was better with the (b)________ method.

(a) blocked; (b) mixed

The interactive activation model of word recognition (a)__________ explain the word superiority effect, primarily because the model (b)___________.

(a) can; (b) allows the flow of information from the word level down to the feature level

The interactive activation model of word recognition (a)__________ explain the word superiority effect, primarily because (b)___________.

(a) can; (b) the model allows the flow of information from the word level down to the feature level

If you are presented with a series of 15 words (1 word per second) and are asked to recall the words in any order you want (= free recall), you will likely demonstrate the serial position effect (i.e., both the primacy and rececy effects). Which of the following changes to this procedure would greatly REDUCE THE RECENCY EFFECT without affecting the primacy effect?

(a) counting backwards by 3's for 20 seconds after the presentation of all words

A commonly used metaphor for (a)__________ attention is "resources," whereas one of the common metaphors for (b)__________ attention is "filter."

(a) divided; (b) auditory selective

A classic auditory selective attention study has shown that participants often unconsciously switch to the unattended channel and start shadowing the to-be-ignored message if that information provides a good continuation to the message they had been shadowing. This finding is problematic for which theory of auditory selective attention?

(a) early selection theory

Although (a)__________ is a well known and robust phenomenon, its applicability to various testing situations is often limited to cases in which students know exactly how their knowledge will be tested later. In most other cases (including studying for exams for this course), students are better off relying on the notion of (b)__________ instead, because they cannot be sure how they will be asked to retrieve the information learned later.

(a) encoding specificity; (b) encoding variability

Massed learning likely promotes (a)__________, whereas spaced learning likely promotes (b)__________.

(a) encoding specificity; (b) encoding variability

The research on the effects of texting (or IM-ing) during reading demonstrated that, when compared to individuals who focused on reading a lengthy text, those who texted with a confederate while reading a lengthy text demonstrated (a)__________ scores on a subsequent reading comprehension test. They did so (b)__________.

(a) equivalent; (b) only because they spent a lot of extra time reading the text to compensate for the multitasking behavior.

Declarative memory is to (a) ______ memory as nondeclarative memory is to (b) ______ memory.

(a) explicit; (b) implicit

According to Farah's two-subsystem proposal of human pattern recognition, the holistic analysis subsystem is crucial for (a)__________ recognition and is important for (b)__________ recognition.

(a) face; (b) object

Imagine that you have read a textbook chapter multiple times. By the time you read the chapter for the fourth time, you feel that the reading the chapter becomes easier and easier and may even feel that you must have truly learned the content of that chapter. This sense of ease in processing you experienced is called (a)__________, and this in-the-moment feeling you experience (b)__________ a good indication of durable learning.

(a) fluency; (b) is not necessarily

According to the feature integration theory proposed by Treisman, visual selective attention can be viewed as (a)__________ for multiple features of an object (e.g., color, shape). Specifically, when you need to conduct the type of search known as (b)__________ search, you need to rely on this attentional (a)____________.

(a) glue; (b) conjoint

Tachistoscopic identification, which requires you to identify a stimuli flashed on the screen very briefly, is a commonly used method to assess (a)__________ memory. Because performance on this task depends critically on (b)__________ processing, your identification accuracy will benefit substantially from an earlier episode of (c)__________.

(a) implicit; (b) perceptual; (c) having seen the to-be-identified stimuli

Birhle et al.'s classic research on the effects of brain damage on humor comprehension demonstrated that patients with damage to the (a)________ hemisphere cannot appreciate puns (e.g., the double meaning of the word "blind"), because their intact (b)________ hemisphere is good at the processing of the (c)_________ meaning of that ambiguous word.

(a) right; (b) left; (c) literal

Imagine that you are conducting a divided attention (multitasking) study in which participants must perform a task that requires a vocal/verbal response (e.g., saying yes or no) OR a spatial response (e.g., pressing a yes or no button) while performing another verbal task (say, reading comprehension). When you analyzed the data, you observed that participants' reading comprehension performance was better when it was combined with the spatial response task than when it was combined with the vocal/verbal response task. This finding is (a)__________ with Kahneman's capacity theory, because the results (b)____________ the idea that there is only a single pool of general-purpose resources.

(a) inconsistent; (b) challenges

Imagine that you are participating in an experiment, in which you hear a series of words. Some words are spoken really loudly, whereas other words are spoken at a normal, conversational volume. Right after the presentation of the word list is over, you are asked to predict which types of words (loud or normal) you should be able to recall better at a later test. On the basis of a similar experimental study described in the Metacognition chapter, it is highly likely that you will (a)__________ predict that (b)__________.

(a) incorrectly; (b) you should be able to recall loud words better than normal words

Imagine that you are studying for an exam. When you started to review the slides for a particular lecture, (a) you felt that you don't have a good understanding of a specific experiment discussed in that lecture. For this reason, (b) you decided to go talk to your professor during his office hours about this particular experiment. Which of the following statements is true about your realization (a) and your decision/action (b)?

(a) is an example of the metacognitive processes of monitoring, whereas (b) is an example of the metacognitive processes of control.

Now, you are testing a new split-brain patient and just flashed the word BALL very briefly to his left visual field, just as in the picture below. In this case, your prediction is that he can pick up a ball from the array of objects in front of him using his (a)________ hand. You can also confidently predict that he (b)_______ verbally report that the word he saw was "ball."

(a) left; (b) cannot

Recent research has shown that computer note-taking tends to be (a)_________ than longhand note-taking, primarily because computer note-takers (b)_________.

(a) less effective; (b) are more likely to copy words and sentences verbatim than longhand note-takers

Recent research suggests that there is SOME evidence for the hypothesis known as (a)_________, which concerns (b)_________ effects of language characteristics on the speakers' perception and thought.

(a) linguistic relativity; (b) cross-linguistic (across-language)

The results of the ZAPS False Memory experiment you completed were generally consistent with what was expected on the basis of previous research (e.g., Roediger & McDermott's original false memory study). However, the "false alarm" rate (i.e., the rate of incorrectly saying "yes") for the target "lure" word (e.g, "SLEEP") was much (a)________ than expected, perhaps because, knowing that this is an experiment on false memory, participants (= you) likely used a rather (b)________ response criterion in saying "yes" to various candidate words presented on each trial.

(a) lower; (b) conservative

When you try to answer some quiz questions, you might realize that you don't have a good understanding or memory of a particular study topic. You might then decide to try to review the lecture notes on that topic or reread that specific portion of the textbook chapter. In this situation, your realization that you don't have a good understanding reflects the metacognitive process of (a)__________, whereas your decision to try to review notes or reread the textbook reflects the metacognitive process of (b)__________.

(a) monitoring; (b) control

According to the metacognition research, people commonly (a)__________ the strength of their memory/learning. This tendency is particularly strong when they make their metacognitive judgments (b)__________ their learning.

(a) overestimate; (b) immediately after

The dorsal pathway is one of the two main cortical pathways for visuospatial processing that goes to the (a)________ lobe and processes primarily (b)________ information.

(a) parietal; (b) spatial location ("where")

Sperling (1960) developed the (a)________ technique to estimate the capacity of iconic memory more accurately than before. Specifically, with this new technique, Sperling was able to show that the capacity of iconic memory is (b) _______, even though its contents fade away very rapidly.

(a) partial report; (b) quite large

Although they were exposed to a linguistically limited system called a (a)__________, the children of (a)__________ speakers nevertheless developed, in one generation, a fully developed language with sophisticated grammatical rules, known as (b)__________.

(a) pidgin; (b) creole

Which of the following experimental manipulations would reduce the magnitude of the PRIMACY effect in free recall of a random list of words (e.g., "dog," "bread," "moon," etc.)?

(a) presenting the to-be-remembered words faster

The principles of (a) "good time and motivation management" and (b) "spaced learning" essentially suggest that you avoid (a)________ and (b)________, respectively.

(a) procrastination; (b) cramming

Imagine that you are conducting an experiment in which patients suffering from anterograde amnesia and control participants not suffering from any amnesia are asked to perform different types of memory tests. Specifically, you are planning to administer the following four types of tasks: (a) recall; (b) word fragment completion; (c) recognition; and (d) tachistoscopic identification. On the basis of what you know about the types of memories spared/impaired in anterograde amnesia, you are likely to find that amnesic patients will perform substantially WORSE than non-amnesic individuals on which of the four tasks?

(a) recall and (c) recognition

Consider the following two ideas: (a) Testing is effective for learning (b) Having good background knowledge about a topic you will be learning helps you integrate new information into your existing knowledge really well Which of the seven principles of effective learning covered in the Module 1 lectures is MOST STRONGLY associated with each of these two ideas?

(a) retrieval practice; (b) deep & elaborative processing

Schemas are a type of (a)__________ memory. Scripts are a type of (b)___________ memory.

(a) semantic; (b) semantic

In his cross-modal priming study, Swinney (1979) tried to examine which meaning is (or meanings are) active after people encounter a lexically ambiguous word (e.g., "bugs") by presenting different types of test words --- such as ANT (related and contextually appropriate), SPY (related but contextually inappropriate), and SEW (unrelated) --- and measuring how quickly subjects can respond to those words. Swinney's (1979) results suggest that, IMMEDIATELY after the occurrence of the ambiguous word ("bugs"):

(a) subjects were able to respond to ANT faster than SEW (b) subjects were able to respond to SPY faster than SEW

Which of the following aspects of language is highly susceptible to the effects of the critical period?

(a) syntax (grammar) (b) phonology (pronunciation)

Which of the following stages of memory processes are MOST directly relevant to the memory principles of (a) deep & elaborative processing and (b) focused learning, respectively?

(a) the encoding stage; (b) the encoding stage

One way to reduce procrastination is to overcome (a)__________, but doing so can be challenging. One possible way to tackle this challenge effectively is to (b)__________.

(a) the initial resistance due to task aversion; (b) develop a starting ritual using a method like the pomodoro technique

Collins and Quillian's hierarchical network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is (a) _______ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird." This prediction is (b)________ by the actual verification time data.

(a) the same as; (b) contradicted

In the Rhodes & Castel (2009) study discussed in the Metacognition chapter, participants were asked to remember words auditorily presented to them one by one, but some of the words were played at a conversational volume (normal words), whereas others were essentially shouted at them (loud words). In this study, right after the presentations of the words, participants predicted that (a)__________; the actual recall performance indicated that (b)__________.

(a) they would remember loud words better than normal words; (b) normal words and loud words were remembered equally well (or equally poorly)

All the information projected to the left (a)__________ will initially go to the primary visual cortex in the (b)_______ hemisphere.

(a) visual field; (b) right

Results from dichotic listening studies indicate that, while a person is actively shadowing one message, he/she will LEAST likely notice which of the following features of the UNATTENDED message?

(a) whether it is spoken in English or in Spanish

According to Farah's proposal, the involvement of the analysis by parts subsystem is crucial for (a)________ recognition and important for (b)________ recognition, whereas the involvement of the holistic analysissubsystem is crucial for (c)________ recognition and important for (d)________ recognition.

(a) word; (b) object; (c) face; (d) object

In a study conducted by Roediger and Karpicke (2006), two groups of participants tried to learn a text. Group 1 studied the text and then studied it again (study-study). Group 2 studied the same text and then tried to recall as much information as possible from it (study-test). When the participants' memory of the text was tested later, Group 2 (study-test) outperformed Group 1 (study-study) when their memory was tested _________ after the learning session.

(b) 2 days (c) 1 week

Subjects are shown a visual stimulus very briefly and are then asked, "Was there an E or a K in the stimulus?" We would expect the best performance if the stimulus was:

(b) BARK

Which of the following statements about imagery-based mnemonic techniques is TRUE?

(b) Both the pegword method and the method of loci require you to do some preparation first (i.e., memorizing a set of items that later serve as retrieval cues), but, once this preparation is done, these mnemonic techniques are fairly easy to learn and use

Expanding retrieval practice is considered effective because:

(b) Each review session is arranged to occur at a point in which a fair amount of forgetting has likely taken place and, therefore, a review of the material is desirable

Which of the memory principles covered in Module 1 are essentially about ensuring initial high-quality encoding of information you're trying to learn?

(b) Focused learning (c) Deep & elaborative processing

Which of the following statements is TRUE about individual differences in multitasking or divided attention?

(b) Frequent media multitaskers tend to be more impulsive and more sensation seeking than less frequent multitaskers. (c) Although it is now well established that media multitasking frequency is related to cognitive performance (including academic records), it is not yet clear whether the relationship is causal or not.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

(b) Note-taking can be beneficial not only as a tool for later reviewing, but also as a tool for effective encoding (c) The quantity/quality of the notes students take while learning is related to the frequency of mind-wandering they experience during the learning episode

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion that you can draw on the basis of the results reported by Karpicke and Blunt (2011) in their study of different types of studying a text (e.g., reading the text twice, reading and recalling, reading and creating a concept map)?

(b) The study demonstrated that reading the text twice is a good way to study because the participants who were asked to do so (the restudy group) were not only highly confident about their learning but also performed the best on a comprehension test a week later. (c) The study demonstrated that creating a concept map is as effective a learning method as recalling the text content, likely because it involves visual processing and promotes elaborative processing.

According to some research discussed during Joshua Foer's TED talk, researchers in London try to find out whether (and how) the brains of memory champions are different from those of more ordinary individuals. Which of the following statements BEST characterize the main finding(s) of this study?

(b) When they are trying to memorize various items (e.g., numbers, pictures, faces), memory champions more strongly activate the parts of the brain involved in spatial memory and navigation than other individuals do, suggesting that memory champions likely rely more extensively on some memory techniques involving spatial encoding (e.g. the method of loci).

Which of the following experimental manipulations would reduce the magnitude of the RECENCY effect in free recall of a random list of words (e.g., "dog," "bread," "moon," etc.)?

(b) asking subjects to count backwards for 30 seconds immediately before recall

Individuals suffering from retrograde amnesia typically is the LEAST LIKELY to be able to remember/recall various events that occurred:

(b) shortly before they suffered brain traumas (i.e., the recent past)

Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories, ________.

(b) the more convincing the testimony is to a jury

Which of the following phenomena or effects is an example of implicit memory influencing your thought and behavior?

(b) the propaganda effect (c) the repetition priming effect

Which of the following statements about language and communication is TRUE?

(c) One essential aspect of language is that it has a clear hierarchical structure (d) Language is one specific form of communication

Which of the following statements about the use of computers in classrooms is FALSE?

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the ZAPS Sensory Memory experiment you completed as the homework assignment for the 10/05 (T) class?

(c) The ZAPS Sensory Memory experiment failed to replicate the original results from Sperling's study, primarily because the way ZAPS implemented Sperling's study was problematic (e.g., using visual cues, asking participants to report the letters they saw by making a series of clicking responses).

Which of the following approaches to semantic knowledge uses DISTRIBUTED (rather than local/discrete) representations?

Which of the following statements about metacognition is TRUE?

(c) When people are asked to judge how well they think they learned the to-be-learned material or how well they think they did on an exam, they typically overestimate (rather than underestimate) their learning and test performance.

Which of the following memory principles covered in the Module 1 lectures are essentially about "learning the information really well when you first study it"? (a) spaced learning (b) retrieval practice (c) deep and elaborative processing (d) focused learning (e) transfer-appropriate processing

An uncle of yours always tells you that he has a bad memory whenever he sees you. He tells you that, though he can remember what he heard (e.g., an important request from his wife) for a few hours, he forgets about it several hours later. From the perspective of cognitive psychology (especially the way the modal model characterized three types of memories), your uncle's memory problems can be localized to:

Individuals suffering from a rare genetic condition called Williams syndrome demonstrate selective impairments in which aspects of cognition?

Which of the following aspects of language is LEAST affected by the critical period effect for second language (L2) acquisition?

In the Karpicke and Blunt (2011) study, four groups of subjects studied a lengthy text in Session 1 and answered verbatim and inference questions about the text a week later (Session 2). The four groups differed only in the way they studied the text in Session 1: Group 1 read the text only once Group 2 read the text once and then read it again Group 3 read the text once and then created a detailed concept map Group 4 read the text once and then tried to recall as much information as possible Which of the four groups were (i) the MOST confident and (ii) the LEAST confident, respectively, about what they learned from the text at the end of Session 1?

(i) the most confident = Group 2; (ii) the least confident = Group 4

Which of the following study strategies were placed in the "strategies with much promise" category? Pick ALLof the strategies placed in this "much promise" category.

-Implementing a schedule of practice that mixes different kinds of problems within a single study session -Explaining steps taken during problem solving

Which of the following statements about metacognition is TRUE?

-Learning is often better when people can decide what topics/questions to study than when no such choices are allowed. -More successful students can more accurately predict their exam performance than less successful students. -Students make decisions about how to go about studying on the basis of their monitoring.

Which of the following statements about metacognition is TRUE?

-Students make decisions about how to go about studying on the basis of their monitoring. -Learning is often better when people can decide what topics/questions to study than when no such choices are allowed. -More successful students can more accurately predict their exam performance than less successful students.

According to the class results from the ZAPS Visual Search experiment, which of the following effects was clearly observed in the CONJOINT (or CONJUNCTION) SEARCH condition?

-The effect of distractor/display size -The effect of target-present vs. target-absent trials

Which of the following findings/demo results discussed during the 10/26 (T) lecture is consistent with the idea that SEMANTIC MEMORY can contribute to false memories? Select ALL options consistent with this idea (you get full credit if you pick all the correct alternatives).

-The sentence recall demo ("The knight rode around the place searching for a place to enter") -ZAPS False Memory experiment -Brewer & Treyens' study about participants' memory of an office

In the "False Photograph" study conducted by Wade, Garry, & Lindsay, participants were exposed to "fake" photographs (e.g., a hot air balloon ride with your father) and asked about their childhood experience about what is depicted in the photographs. Which of the following statements about this study and its results is TRUE?

A fair number of participants developed elaborate false memories surrounding those "fake" photographs. As a result, the rate of recalling events that did not actually happen increased overall from the first interview to the third interview.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding schemas and scripts?

A good example of a script is your memory of a rather unusual sequence of events took place at a particular restaurant you visited in Vietnam last summer

Many researchers think that the results from various cell phone and driving studies discussed in class are consistent with one specific assumption made in Kahneman's capacity theory of attention. Which of the following assumptions is MOST directly supported by the cell phone and driving studies?

A single pool of limited general-purpose resources supports various cognitive activities

The interactive activation model of word recognition is different from the pandemonium model of letter recognition in some important ways (other than the fact that the former is a model of word recognition, whereas the latter is a model of letter recognition). Which of the following statements is TRUE about how the two models differ from each other?

A. Competing nodes try to inhibit one another in the interactive activation model, but not in the pandemonium model C. The interactive activation model has bi-directional flow of information (i.e., both bottom-up and top-down), but not in the pandemonium model

According to the video on the critical period that you watched as part of the pre-lecture assignment for the 11/02 (T) class, adult native speakers of English have developed brain areas specialized for the processing of English "grammatical words." Which of the follow groups of individuals also show evidence of specialized brain areas for the processing of English grammatical words?

A. Fluent bilingual speakers of Chinese (L1) and English (L2) who acquired English as a young child (e.g., 3-4 years old)

Which of the following statements BEST describes the concept of working memory (as opposed to STM)?

A. It is a complex system with four independent "slave" systems specialized for the storage of highly domain-specific information (e.g., verbal, visuospatial) C. Its temporary storage function is for the sake of complex cognition (e.g., reading comprehension, mental arithmetic), rather than for the sake of pure memorization

All of the following statements about mind-wandering is true EXCEPT:

A. Mind-wandering is frequent in actual classroom settings but is quite rare in laboratory settings.

Which of the the following statements is TRUE about the effects of media multitasking on learning?

A. People asked to multitask during a lecture tend to perform worse on a comprehension test of that lecture than those asked to focus on the lecture.

Which of the following types of memory are usually relatively intact in pure cases of anterograde amnesia?

A. Short-term memory B. Procedural memory C. Semantic memory

All of the following findings discussed in class DIRECTLY challenge the view that the fusiform face area (FFA) is dedicated exclusively to the recognition of faces?

A. Some individuals with severe face recognition impairments can have an intact FFA B. FFA is activated when some dog experts view different pictures of dogs

In his article, Dunlosky (2013) speculates on why students aren't learning about best study strategies in school (e.g., middle/high school, even college). Which of the following reasons are the most likely ones suggested by Dunlosky?

A. Teachers' emphasis in developing curricula is on WHAT students need to learn, not HOW they should go about learning that content. B. Currently available textbooks on educational psychology does not adequately cover study strategies, so teachers are not prepared to teach students how to and how not to study. C. Teachers usually don't have much time available to learn which study strategies are effective and prepare for teaching them to their students.

Which of the following approaches to semantic knowledge uses discrete or local (rather than distributed) representations?

A. The hierarchical network model (Collins & Quillian) B. The spreading activation model (Collins & Loftus)

Which of the following effects was clearly observed in the conjoined search condition in the ZAPS Visual Search experiment?

A. The larger the display size (4, 16, vs. 64), the longer the search time B. The search time was longer when the target was absent than when the target was present

Which of the following statements about the visual system is FALSE?

A. The point at which optic nerves cross over to the other side is called the FOVEA. B. RODS are one type of receptor cells in the retina responsible for color sensations

Which of the following statements about the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is TRUE?

A. There are two related ideas behind this hypothesis: linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. B. Linguistic determinism emphasizes within-language effects (e.g., banishing sexist words from a language can lead to elimination of sexism). C. Linguistic relativity is really about cross-linguistic differences, and, in his TED talk, Keith Chen tries to support this hypothesis.

Which of the following is NOT a good way to use flashcards for studying for long-term retention?

A. Using flashcards as the only method for studying B. Dropping flashcards from study after one successful retrieval C. Using only one side of each card and essentially treating flashcards as your notes

A. Your metacognitive judgments are likely inflated right after the learning took place B. You engage in media multitasking during a lecture because it's more fun at the moment than focusing on the lecture C. Right now, you just don't feel like working on an important but challenging task, so you decide to do something more fun instead

A classic auditory selective attention study discussed in class has shown that participants often unconsciously switch to the unattended channel and start shadowing the to-be-ignored message if that information provides a good continuation to the message they had been shadowing. This finding is problematic for which theory of auditory selective attention?

A. early selection theory

One of the 5 strategies for overcoming procrastination recommended in the Bailey article was "Do something --- anything --- to get started." Which of the following techniques discussed in class (specifically during the 08/31 class) is MOST DIRECTLY related to this recommendation?

A. using the 5-second rule B. using the pomodoro technique

One running theme for the Module 1 lectures concerns the contrast between "the present self" and "the future self." Specifically, it seems to be the case that the present self has a strong influence on what you (decide to) do, without much consideration of possible negative consequences on the future self. Which of the following findings and ideas covered in Module 1 is a GOOD example of this strong bias for the present self? A. Your metacognitive judgments are likely inflated right after the learning took place B. You engage in media multitasking during a lecture because it's more fun at the moment than focusing on the lecture C. Right now, you just don't feel like working on an important but challenging task, so you decide to do something more fun instead

All of the above (i.e., A, B, and C are all good examples of the "present self" bias)

Recall the three examples given in the pre-lecture homework assignment for the 09/23 (TH) class (Links to an external site.) for which you had to decide whether each is an illustrative of bottom-up or top-down processing. They are: A. Your perception of the middle letter in each of the two three-letter strings below B. Your use of the picture shown on the lid of a jigsaw-puzzle box as the guide in assembling various pieces C. Your experience of suddenly understanding what the piano is saying as soon as you see the words on the screen (the critical element here is the role of the words shown on the screen). Which of these examples provide examples of top-down processing in action, as per our in-class discussion?

All three (A, B, & C)

Imagine that you are conducting a study in which you present 20 words one by one to healthy participants without any brain damage and, immediately after the presentation, ask them to recall the words in any order they like (i.e., immediate free recall). If you present the words at a regular speed (1 word per second), you will see a familiar U-shaped pattern known as the serial position curve (i.e., normal primacy and recency effects). What would happen if you ask patients with severe anterograde amnesia to do the same thing?

Amnesic patients' primacy effect is greatly reduced, but their recency effect is intact

Which of the following statements BEST describes why writing summaries as you read the text may not necessarily be the best study strategy for students to be using (or for teachers to be teaching their students)?

B. For students to benefit from this study strategy, a substantial amount of training/practice is required. In other words, it is not a user-friendly strategy to master and use effectively.

In a Module 1 lecture, we went over a study that examined the effect of texting (IM-ing) while reading a long passage for comprehension. In this study, a group of subjects focused on reading the passage (Group 1), whereas another group of subjects tried to read and comprehend the passage while exchanging text messages with a confederate (Group 2). The researchers measured the amount of time subjects in each group spent reading the passage (excluding the texting time for Group 2, of course) and then tested their comprehension of the passage at a later time. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the results of this study?

B. Group 2 performed as well as Group 1 on the comprehension test. C. Group 1 spent much less time reading the passage than Group 2 did

Which of the following statements about inattentional blindness and change blindness is TRUE?

B. Inattentional blindness occurs when your attention is highly occupied by some other task

Which of the following statements about the effect of media multitasking is FALSE?

B. Individuals who constantly engage in media multitasking tend to do fine in their course work, as long a they are highly confident about multitasking ability. C. Media multitasking during reading (e.g., texting while reading a text) does not usually negatively impact one's reading comprehension performance, regardless of whether or not time limits are imposed on the reading task.

Which of the statements about Joe --- the split-brain patient you saw in one of the required videos for Module 2 --- is TRUE?

B. Joe can draw different shapes with his two hands without any interference. C. When a word is flashed to the right of the central fixation point (i.e., to his left brain), Joe can say out load what that word is.

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

B. People have conscious access to the content of nondeclarative memory

In the Ross et al. (1994) study, participants first saw a film in which a male teacher or a female teacher was reading a book to children. Later, they saw a film of a different female teacher being robbed by a male robber. Finally, participants saw either a photospread that included both the innocent male teacher and the actual robber or a photospread that included only the innocent male teacher (but not the actual robber). The rate of falsely identifying the innocent male teacher as the robber from the photospread was disturbingly high (>60%) for which of the following groups of participants?

B. The group that initially saw the male teacher and then was later shown the photospread that did NOT include the actual male robber.

The semantic priming effect can be readily explained by which of the following models of semantic knowledge?

B. The spreading activation model

Consider the following quote from William James's (1890) book, The Principles of Psychology: Everybody knows what attention is. It is the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or thoughts of thought. It implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others. Which of the following statements is true about this quote?

B. This quote is about selective attention. C. The second sentence of this quote (italicized) nicely describes a central characteristic of attention known as selectivity.

Imagine that you're trying to learn Spanish vocabulary, and that one of the word you want to learn is "rodilla" (which means "knee" in English). Because "rodilla" sounds like "rodeo," you form a mental image like the following, in which a rodeo's knee is prominently featured. Which of the following statements is NOT true about this learning strategy?

B. This technique has been shown to be highly helpful for language learning, and, due to the involvement of visual imagery, the effect of learning is also long-lasting.

According to Tim Pychyl, a well-known procrastination researcher quoted in the assigned article, procrastination should be viewed as:

B. an emotional reaction to a task you don't want to do

Which of the following phenomena BEST illustrates the idea that speech perception may not be based solely on the auditory processing of the speech input?

B. the McGurk effect

Patients with visual recognition deficits (e.g., associative agnosia, prosopagnosia) can still make "educated guesses" as to what objects or whose faces they are looking it by relying on some unique features of the objects or the individuals (e.g., "it must be an animal because it seems to have four legs," "this person must be Donald Trump because of his hair"). In other words, these patients rely heavily on:

B. top-down processing

Consider the speech of the following two patients. Patient A: "I . . . w-w-w- . . . went . . . um . . . th." Patient B: "Then, the zoo did very wildly to him, and before all he then did again to her. It did too him and her and them and all from here." Patient A probably suffers from damage to __________ resulting in a __________ aphasia. Patient B probably suffers from damage to __________ resulting in a __________ aphasia.

Broca's area, nonfluent; Wernicke's area, fluent

Which statement about visual attention is most accurate?

By priming our detectors, we make expected stimuli more likely to be noticed and remembered.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the modal model, as originally proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)?

By selectively attending information in sensory memory, one can transfer that selectively attended information directly into long-term memory

As part of the homework assignment for the 08/26 (TH) lecture, you were asked to predict the results of the Karpicke & Blunt (2011) study, which concerned the effects of four different ways of studying a text on a later comprehension performance (i.e., studying the text only once; study the text once and restudy it again; study the text once and create a concept map; and study the text once and try to recall the content as much as possible [= retrieval practice]). In that homework assignment, most of you (~90%) predicted that the concept map group would perform the best on a later comprehension test. As shown below, however, the concept mapping group did not do as well as you expected (in fact, that group's performance was about the same as the restudy group). On the basis of what was discussed in the 09/07 (T) lecture, which of the following reasons might be the most likely one for this "surprising" finding?

C. A complex study method like the creation of concept maps requires a substantial amount of prior training before a student can take full advantage of using that strategy.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about chunking?

C. Chunking can increase the amount of information you can retain in STM. D. Chunking can be viewed as a type of elaborative rehearsal done during the encoding of to-be-remembered information.

Which of the following statements about the "reconstructive" nature of human memory is TRUE?

C. Each time we recall an event from LTM, we assemble relevant bits and pieces of information stored in different parts of the brain and reconstruct that episode

For all the exams I give in this class (including mid-term and final exams), I create and make available on Canvas practice exams that realistically simulate the actual exam (e.g., the same number of multiple-choice questions as the actual exam, with the same time limits). Nevertheless, it has been the case that only about 30-40% of the students complete each practice exam at least once. On the basis of what you learned from this article, Dunlosky (2013) is most likely to react to this fact by saying which of the following?

C. It's a shame that only 30-40% of the students take practice exams. Practice testing has been found to be one of the most effective study strategies described in this article. In particular, if you answer a question incorrectly on this practice exam, you will know what topic/material you need to restudy. That is really helpful for students studying for an exam.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about operation span?

C. People's performance on operation span is a better predictor of complex cognitive tasks (such as reading comprehension and reasoning) than their performance on a digit span task.

According to the results of the Karpicke & Blunt (2011) study, which of the following groups performed BEST on the comprehension questions administered a week later?

C. The retrieval practice (test) group

Imagine that you're taking a math test in which you need to solve different types of problems. To do well on this test, you need to be able to identify which kind of problem each question represents and then figure out what specific steps you need to take to solve it. To study for this exam, you should use which of the following study strategies, according to Dunlosky (2013)?

C. interleaving practice

Which of the following questions would lead to the greatest probability of successfully recalling the target word HUNGRY later?

Can you think of a word that is synonymous to the word HUNGRY?

We can talk about what happened in 600 years ago in Spain. This fact provides a nice illustration of the fundamental characteristic of language known as:

Displacement

Which of the following assumptions is NOT part of Kahneman's capacity theory of attention? (i.e., Kahneman's theory explicitly makes all of the assumptions below EXCEPT).

Divided attention implicates rapid switching between two tasks.

Which of the following is NOT a good way to implement some popular study strategies?

Drop flashcards from study after one successful recall attempt

Imagine that you're studying for a Cognitive Psychology exam with a study partner and that she just asked you to justify why "interleaving" (or "interleaved practice") is effective for learning how to solve problems. In this particular case, your study partner is asking you to use which of the following study strategies?

Elaborative interrogation

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Elements of a particular episode are stored in a "file" that separates them from elements of other episodes.

Which of the following is NOT true of the "narrowing" of focus that is often found in memories of emotional events?

Emotion improves memory for peripheral details of events, sometimes at the cost of memory for the central aspects.

Tanaka and Farah's study examined people's ability to recognize individual parts in faces (e.g., Larry's nose) versus objects (e.g., Larry's door) in two conditions: the IN-CONTEXT condition (e.g., recognizing Larry's nose or door in the context of Larry's face or house) and the IN-ISOLATION context (e.g., recognizing Larry's nose or door by just looking at the nose or the door itself). What did Tanaka and Farah find?

Facial features (e.g., Larry's nose) were recognized better in context than in isolation; but, for objects, there was no difference between the in-context and in-isolation conditions

Although the evidence suggests that engaging in media multitasking negatively affects learning and academic performance, this negative impact is limited to those individuals who actually multitask during learning. Students who can see their peers multitask in a classroom but are not multitasking themselves do NOT experience the same negative impact of multitasking on their learning.

False

Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve suggests that forgetting is very slow at first (e.g., within the first 2 or 3 days) but then rapidly accelerates as time goes by.

False

Repeated learning ensures long-lasting memories, as long as you are exposed to the to-be-learned material many, many times.

False

The attenuation theory of attention HAS DIFFICULTY explaining the so-called cocktail party phenomenon.

False

Which of the following statements about metacognition is TRUE, according to the Metacognition chapter?

Feeling highly confident about your guess that Sydney is Australia's capital is a good example of inaccurate metacognition.

In this article, Dunlosky (2013) made all of the following arguments EXCEPT:

Flashcards are not effective ways to study in most circumstances. Students should be advised against using this technique for studying.

During the initial phase of Jacoby's (1983) study, subjects processed the words in one of three ways. In the "no context" condition, subjects saw each word without any context (e.g., "XXXX, DARK") and read aloud the second word. In the "context" condition, subjects saw each word along with its antonym (e.g., HOT, COLD"). In the "generate" condition, subjects were shown only the first word (e.g., "LOW, ????") and had to generate its antonym ("HIGH"). In a later test phase, two different tasks were used to test subjects' memory of the second words: a RECOGNITION test and a TACHISTOSCOPIC IDENTIFICATION test. Which of the following statements BEST describes the results of this study?

For recognition, the accuracy was highest for the "generate" condition and lowest for the "no context" condition; for tachistoscopic identification, the accuracy was highest for the "no context" condition and lowest for the "generate" condition

In Jacoby's study, subjects were initially shown a series of words and, then, their memory for them was tested later. During the initial phase, subjects experienced the words in one of three ways. In the "no context" condition, subjects were shown each word without any context (e.g., "XXXX, DARK") and read out loud the second word ("dark"). In the "context" condition, subjects saw each word along with its antonym (e.g., HOT, COLD") and read aloud the second out ("cold"). In the "generate" condition, subjects were shown the antonym only (e.g., "LOW, ????") and had to say out loud what the second word would be ("high"). In the testing phase, Jacoby used two different measures to test subjects' memory, a recognition test and a tachistoscopic identification test. Which of the following statements correctly describes the results of the Jacoby study?

For the recognition test, the accuracy was highest for the "generate" condition and lowest for the "no context" condition. For the tachistoscopic identification test, the accuracy was highest for the "no context" condition and lowest for the "generate" condition

Which of the following is NOT associated with good academic performance?

Frequent media multitasking during learning

In the Karpicke and Blunt (2011) study, four groups of subjects studied a lengthy text in Session 1 and answered verbatim and inference questions about the text a week later (Session 2). The four groups differed only in the way they studied the text in Session 1: Group 1 read the text only once Group 2 read the text once and then read it again Group 3 read the text once and then tried to recall as much information as possible Group 4 read the text once and then created a detailed concept map Which of the following statements BEST characterizes the accuracy of answering verbatim and inference questions in Session 2?

Group 3 was the best for both types of questions

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Having good background knowledge about the to-be-learned topic is known to facilitate your learning of that topic.

Which of the following statement is TRUE regarding the strategy S.F. used successfully to expand his digit span to over 80 digits?

He used his extensive knowledge of running records to create a meaningful chunk out of every 3 or 4 digits

Both anterograde and retrograde amnesia are likely due to damage to what brain structure?

Hippocampus

Imagine that a friend of yours just learned that you are currently taking a cognitive psychology class and asks you for some advice. He tells you that he always studies diligently by reviewing his notes frequently. As a result, he always feels highly confident of his learning/mastery of the lecture material before taking an exam. To his dismay, however, he often gets very disappointed with his exam scores, which tend to be much lower than expected. If you want to help him, you should encourage him to do all of the following EXCEPT:

If you feel that your studying is going smoothly and comfortably, that's a good thing. If your goal is to maximize your learning, that's the most desirable level of difficulty. So make sure to study more often until the process of learning feels really easy.

Based on past research about explicit and implicit memory, which of the following patterns would you most expect to find?

In a word-stem completion task, people are more likely to produce a word they have recently seen, even if they do not remember seeing it, than an equally plausible word they have not seen recently.

Which of the following statements about working memory is FALSE, according to the textbook?

In models of working memory, the central executive is only a small player compared to the other components of the working memory system.

__________ refers to people's understanding or knowledge about how their cognitive processes operate.

Metacognition

Imagine that, two months ago, you saw a really bad dream that was unusually vivid and real. The next day, you told a few friends of yours about that dream. Two months later, now you think that some of the events in that dream actually happened. This scenario illustrates which of the seven sins of memory proposed by Schacter?

Misattribution

Which of the following statements is TRUE? (a) The misinformation effect illustrates how insufficient or inaccurate INITIAL ENCODING can lead to memory distortions (b) The weapon focus effect illustrates how a vague sense of FAMILIARITY (without conscious recollection) can lead to memory distortions

Neither

Which of the following statement is TRUE about procrastination? A. Impulsive individuals tend to procrastinate less than non-impulsive individuals, because more impulsive individuals act more quickly. B. Trying to temporarily repair your negative mood (e.g., stress caused by a thought on a task that you need to complete) is a good thing to do if you want to reduce procrastination.

Neither A nor B

In the Karpicke & Blunt (2011) study, four groups of participants (the study group, the restudy group, the repeated study group, & the concept mapping group) studied a text in the initial phase. Their understanding of the text was tested a week later. Which of the following two statements about what happened to the concept mapping group is TRUE? Statement A: The concept mapping group performed MUCH BETTER than the repeated studygroup on the comprehension test. Statement B: The comprehension test performance of the concept mapping group was AS GOOD AS the retrieval practice group.

Neither Statement A nor Statement B is true

Which of the following is an example of a prescriptive rule of grammar?

Never end a sentence in a preposition

Prosopagnosia is often called "face blindness." Is it an accurate way to characterize the face recognition difficulties that individuals with prosopagnosia experience?

No. They are certainly not blind, because they can see all the facial features (e.g., eyes, nose, mouth). Nevertheless, they still cannot recognize faces, likely because they cannot holistically analyze the configuration of these facial elements.

Which of the following study strategies/habits is actually HELPFUL in terms of maximizing the effectiveness of your learning? -Listening to music with lyrics while studying for an exam -Constantly checking social media sites during lectures -Engaging in maintenance rehearsal while learning new concepts

None of the above (all the above strategies/habits are problematic)

Which of the following findings does NOT necessarily provide evidence for the idea that humans have biological (even genetic) predispositions for language?

None of the above (i.e., A, B, and C are all consistent with the idea that humans have biological predispositions for language)

Which of the following statements about the principle of good time and motivation management is NOT true? -It is arguably the most foundational of all seven principles of effective learning covered in Module 1 of this course, because, without good time and motivation management, it is difficult to implement various memory principles effectively -Procrastinators tend to impulsively choose short-term pleasure over long-term goals. - Procrastination has a stable, trait-like characteristic that tends to manifest itself in different life domains (e.g., health, financial, academic)

None of the above (i.e., all three statements above are true)

Which of the following statements about the principle of good time and motivation management is NOT true? It is arguably the most foundational of all seven principles of effective learning covered in Module 1 of this course, because, without good time and motivation management, it is difficult to implement various memory principles effectively Procrastinators tend to impulsively choose short-term pleasure over long-term goals. Procrastination has a stable, trait-like characteristic that tends to manifest itself in different life domains (e.g., health, financial, academic)

None of the above (i.e., all three statements above are true)

Which of the following is NOT an example of the top-down effect? The word superiority effect The phoneme restoration effect People often miss typos or errors during proofreading because they know what they wrote

None of the above (i.e., they are all examples of top-down processing)

Which of the following is NOT one of the key characteristics of cognitive psychology?

None of the above (i.e., they are all major characteristics of cognitive psychology)

Which of the following statements is FALSE about automatic processing? -Automatic processes are hypothesized to require few mental resources. -As a task becomes more automatic, it becomes easier to combine that task with another automatic task. -Automatic processing is implicated when people perform familiar and highly practiced tasks.

None of the above (the three statements above are all true)

Which of the following is NOT among the known triggers that makes a task aversive, according to Tim Pychyl?

Not extrinsically rewarding (it doesn't come with sufficient external rewards, such as money and good grades)

Which of these features reliably distinguishes false memories from true memories?

Nothing that we know of reliably distinguishes true from false memories.

According to Loftus's TED talk (part of the homework assignment for the 10/28 class), which of the following statements is FALSE (pay particular attention to the bolded part of each statement)?

Of the cases in which innocent individuals were initially convicted of the crimes they did not commit but were later cleared because of new DNA evidence, about 25% turned out to be attributable to faulty eyewitness memories. It is a relatively small proportion of all the analyzed cases, but it is still nonnegligible.

Which of the following statements about metacognition is NOT true?

One effective way to minimize the inaccuracy of our metacognition is to read the study material over and over so that we become very familiar with the material

Given the current evidence, what is the most likely impact of language on thought?

One's language impacts one's thought indirectly by impacting memory and attention.

Consider the following two statements about mnemonic techniques: Although their applicability to various memorization situations might be limited, mnemonic techniques can be useful for the memorization of certain types of complex material. For example, the method of loci can be used to remember the outline of a talk you need to deliver (e.g., memorizing what you need to say in what order in your talk). A memory principle that is the MOST fundamental to using any mnemonic techniques like the method of loci is retrieval practice, but, in addition, if you want to be competitive at a memory championship, the principle of focused learning also becomes critically important Are these statements TRUE?

Only 1 is true

Imagine that you are conducting a study in which you present 20 words one by one to participants and, immediately after the presentation, ask them to recall the words in any order they like (i.e., immediate free recall). If you present the words at a regular speed (1 word per second), you will see a familiar U-shaped pattern known as the serial position curve (i.e., normal primacy and recency effects). What would happen if you ask participants to engage in immediate serial recall (i.e., recalling the 20 words in the order presented) instead?

Only the recency effect would be reduced

Which condition would produce the most accurate response?

Participants are asked whether they were shown a "d" or "b" when presented with the word "CARD."

Which of the following statements is true regarding the perception of briefly presented words?

Participants are better at recognizing words that were recently seen.

Which group would perform the best on a memory test?

Participants engaged in deep processing without the previous warning of a memory test.

Participants are asked to report the shape of a visual stimulus that appears on the left side of a screen. Simultaneous with the presentation of this target stimulus, a second visual stimulus is flashed on the screen. Based on our understanding of inattentional blindness, which of the following is NOT sufficient to make the participants notice the second stimulus?

Participants' eyes are oriented toward the place where the second stimulus will appear.

The existence of bigram detectors (detectors of letter pairs) helps to explain which of the following?

People are more likely to recognize the letters "TICE" when they are briefly presented than the letters "EITC."

What can we conclude about whether people notice the characteristics of the unattended messages in a selective attention task?

People can sometimes notice the meaning of the unattended message, but this happens only under limited circumstances.

What do patients suffering from unilateral neglect syndrome demonstrate about visual attention?

People have both space-based and object-based attention.

Which of the following about autobiographical memories is FALSE?

People tend to remember themselves as having been very different in the past.

Which of the following is evidence in support of linguistic relativity?

People who speak languages with richer color vocabularies may perceive colors differently (and more accurately).

Which of the following statements is the MOST important take-home message of the 3rd section of the 08/25 (T) lecture about people's intuitions about learning and memory?

People's judgments about their learning are often wrong, especially when they make metacognitive judgments right after the learning took place.

In one experiment, participants were shown a stimulus preceded by a neutral cue, a correct prime, or a misleading prime. For some participants, the primes were usually correct (high validity), and for others they were usually misleading (low validity). Which of the following was NOT a result of this experiment?

Performance in the misled condition differed between high- and low-validity conditions, demonstrating that the expectation-based priming, but not repetition priming, has a cost.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding recall performance?

Physical context is more important in recall than psychological context.

Of the 10 study strategies discussed in the Dunlosky (2013) article, which one(s) were rated as "most effective" ones? Pick ALL the study strategies that received the "most effective" rating.

Practice testing Distributed practice

Serial position effect experiments typically use free recall (= recalling a list of words in any order you like), but what would happen to the serial position curve if serial recall are used instead (= recalling the words in the order of presentation)?

Primacy: unaffected / Recency: reduced

Which of the following is most likely to produce a sense that a stimulus "rings a bell" (is familiar)?

Processing the stimulus is relatively easy.

__________ is helpful in speech perception because it provides cues to important words and emotional context, and can even eliminate garden-path sentences.

Prosody

Which of the following levels of difficulty is considered DESIRABLE in terms of promoting effective and durable learning?

Quite challenging (but still manageable with some effort)

Which of the following is NOT among the tips for optimal implementations for commonly used study strategies?

Reading the text out loud if rereading of a text is necessary

Which of the following is NOT a recommended study strategy, according to the Optimizing Learning in College article?

Retyping your handwritten lecture notes is a good way to review what you learned in that lecture

A study has a "2 x 2" design, in which half the participants read a passage in a boat and the other half read the same passage on a train and then all are tested for recall of the passage in either the environment they learned in or the other environment. Based on previous studies, what results would you expect?

Recall performance would be best for people whose testing environment matched their learning environment.

Which of the following actions does NOT directlycontribute to the reversing of one or more of the seven known triggers of task aversion?

Reminding yourself that impulsivity is a good predictor of procrastination

When you use flashcards for studying for exams, which of the following should you try to AVOID?

Removing a card after recalling it correctly once

Which of the following pieces of evidence would NOT be consistent with claims about the articulatory rehearsal loop?

Repeating a nonsense syllable over and over interferes with the ability to hold a sequence of abstract shapes in working memory.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about elaborative interrogation and self-explanation strategies discussed in the Dunlosky (2013) article?

Research has shown that the benefits of using self-explanation as a study strategy for solving problems are most obvious when students are asked to solve new problems requiring the transfer of what they learned during practice.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about attention?

Research on the effect of cellphone use on driving consistently indicates that using a handheld phone is substantially more harmful than using a hands-free phone.

Which of the following statements about the comparison between STM (as portrayed in the modal model) and working memory (as portrayed in Baddeley's model) is NOT true?

STM is closely linked to LTM, whereas WM is entirely separate from LTM.

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following types of processing is considered the DEEPEST?

Semantic (meaning-based) processing

Since the modal model was originally proposed, various evidence has challenged all of the following ideas proposed by the modal model, EXCEPT:

Sensory memory fades away very rapidly.

Which of the following actions provides the best and most direct illustrative example of one of the strategies for overcoming procrastination recommended in the article, called "Work within your resistance level"?

Set your "pomodoro" timer to just 10 min, instead of the standard 25 min, for a task you find particularly aversive

Listening to a talk radio show is likely to interfere with your reading comprehension than listening to classical music. This difference MOST DIRECTLY reflects which of the key factors affecting the feasibility of divided attention covered in the lecture on divided attention?

Similarity of task domains

During the 08/24 (T) lecture, the instructor argued that it is necessary to learning cognitive psychology if a student wants to become a better, more effective learner. Which of the following statements provides the BEST (or the most compelling) reason for this conjecture?

Students' intuitions (metacognition) about their learning (e.g., how well they learned information, what learning strategies work best) are often wrong. For this reason, their intuitions cannot be used as a basis for effective learning.

During the 09/02 (TH) class, I gave a demo in which you had to make a series of simple judgments (color or shape judgments). Sometimes, the task remained the same from one trial to another (e.g., the shape task followed by another shape task), but, sometimes, you had to switch from one task to another (e.g., the shape task followed by the color task). What you experienced during this demo MOST DIRECTLY illustrates which of the following ideas?

Task switching incurs substantial costs in terms of both accuracy and processing speed

In the Karpicke & Blunt study, four groups of participants studied the test (study, restudy, concept mapping, & retrieval practice). Their levels of confidence was tested right after the learning session, and their retention/comprehension of the information in the text was tested a week later. Which of the following statements about the results of this study is NOT true?

The concept mapping group performed substantially better than the restudy group on the comprehension test a week later

Individuals with a lesion to the parietal lobe perform normally when asked to search for an item with a single feature (e.g., "find the round shape") but have trouble when asked to search for an item with multiple features (e.g., "find the blue, round shape" among other shapes that are blue but not round or round but not blue). What conclusion do these findings support?

The detection of features is separate from the association of those features.

Which of the following is TRUE about language acquisition?

The fact that children start saying "goed" although they already know the word "went" is easily understood in terms of rule learning.

Which of the following is NOT true of speech segmentation?

The gaps between words are easily identifiable in the raw auditory stream.

During the 08/25 (T) lecture, I gave you a in-class memory demo, in which we compared the effectiveness of two memory strategies for learning pairs of words: the repetition method and the imagery method. What did we find?

The imagery method was much more effective for later recall than the repetition method

In one of the Module 1 lectures, I gave you a in-class memory demo, in which we compared the effectiveness of two memory strategies for learning pairs of words: the repetition method and the imagery method. What did we find?

The imagery method was much more effective for later recall than the repetition method

Which of the following statements is the BEST description of Ebbinghaus's famous forgetting curve?

The majority of memory loss occurs in the first 24 hours or so, but some forgetting still occurs gradually after that

Which of the following is the MOST fundamental to the concept of transfer-appropriate processing?

The match between the encoding and retrieval contexts

Based on current knowledge, which of the following is the LEAST well-established reason for a traumatic childhood memory to come to light after many years?

The memory was repressed because it was too painful, but it has now been recovered.

Which feature of the interactive activation model of word recognition is the MOST crucial one to account for the word superiority effect? (Hint: More than one statement is true for the model, but you need to pick the most crucial feature of the model in terms of explaining the word superiority effect.)

The model allows the flow of information from the word level down to the feature level

Imagine that you are testing a split brain patient (someone like Joe in the video). You briefly flashed the word BALL in his left visual field (as illustrated in the picture below). Which of the following statements is TRUE?

The patient CANNOT verbally report what he saw but can still grab the ball on the table with his LEFT hand.

Which of the following statements about changeblindness is TRUE?

The phenomenon of change blindness demonstrates that attention is necessary for conscious perception. You are unlikely to notice the change taking place in the scene unless your focused attention happens to stumble upon it.

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the existing data on face recognition?

The recognition of faces is heavily dependent on orientation.

According to the Karpicke & Blunt (2011) study discussed in class, which of the following groups was MOST confident about their learning RIGHT AFTER the initial learning session was over?

The restudy group

In a word recognition study, participants were briefly shown words that differed in frequency and familiarity. After each word was shown, participants were asked to report aloud what word they had seen. Their accuracy recognizing these words is represented in the graph. Which of the following is the best interpretation of the data?

The results demonstrate both a priming effect and an effect of frequency.

In Collins and Loftus's spreading activation modelof semantic memory, what is represented by the length of lines between concepts?

The strength of associations between concepts

In one of the studies described in the Metacognitionchapter, participants read paragraphs of text on various topics and were asked to write down a few keywords about each text. One group of participants (Group A) wrote down their key words immediately after reading each text (immediate keyword group). Another group of participants (Group B) wrote down their key words about each text after they finished reading all of the texts (delayed keyword group). After this initial reading phase, both groups of participants predicted how well they think they understood each text and took a test about the texts (Test 1). Finally, after Test 1, participants were given the option to restudy as many of the texts as they wanted and, once they completed this restudying, they took a second test about the texts with new questions (Test 2). What did the researchers find in this study, especially about the two groups' comprehension performance at Test 1 and Test 2?

The two groups performed equally well at Test 1, but Group B performed substantially better than Group A at Test 2

If you must generate and maintain a visual image, which of the subsystems of working memory do you need to rely on most strongly?

The visuospatial sketchpad

Which of the following statements on how people direct the "beam" of attention is FALSE?

There are cultural differences in how people direct attention, such that East Asians spend more time looking at individual people than Americans do.

Which of the following offers the most support for the idea that object recognition is viewpoint-dependent?

There are neurons in the "what" pathway that respond most to a certain type of object in a certain position relative to the eyes.

Which of the following is most accurate with respect to our knowledge about the fusiform face area (FFA)?

There is an ongoing debate about the specificity of the FFA to processing faces.

Which of the following statements is the MOST accurate?

There is little or no relation between memory confidence and memory accuracy.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

There is some evidence that supertaskers may exist, but the proportion of such individuals in the general population is extremely low.

In a study of spatial attention, participants were given a neutral, correct, or misleading cue about where on the screen a stimulus would appear. What is the best explanation for what happened on trials with misleading cues?

There were costs because the spotlight of attention had moved to the misled location and had to move back.

In the Karpicke & Blunt (2011) study, participants in the "retrieval practice" group (i.e., read a text and then try to recall as much information from it) performed much better than those in the "restudy" group (i.e., read a text and then read it again) when their learning was tested a week later. How well did the participants in the "concept map" group (i.e., read a text and draw a concept map) do at this later test, especially in comparison to those in the "retrieval practice" group?

They were substantially outperformed by those in the "retrieval practice" group

ZAPS Sentence Verification Learning Check Question: During flu season, people are more likely to ask, "Do you have any Kleenex?" than "Do you have tissues?" This is best explained by the typicality effect.

True

Which of the following findings does NOT support the existence of task-specific mental resources?

Two simple tasks are easy to do simultaneously, while two hard tasks are not.

Which of the following phenomena CANNOT easily be interpreted as an illustration of the idea that human memory is reconstructive?

Using serial recall, instead of free recall, greatly reduces the recency effect

Which of the following situations is the MOST problematic (in terms of your driving safety) if you must use a cellphone while driving (even though you now know that cellphone use while driving is generally a bad thing you should avoid)?

When the conversation requires you to think and thoughtfully respond to what the other person is saying

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion that you can safely draw from the results of Mueller and Oppenheimer's (2014) note-taking study?

When they are explicitly warned against verbatim note-taking, computer note-takers can easily avoid engaging in verbatim note-taking.

The results of Sperling's iconic memory experiment suggest that the whole-report technique would NOT be appropriate for measuring the capacity of iconic memory. Why?

With the whole-report technique, items fade away while participants are reporting earlier items

Which of the following would NOT be due to schemata?

Witnesses to a crime blur together in memory what they saw with what they heard from another witness.

What causes the primacy effect?

Words that get more attention are better encoded into long-term memory.

Which of the following study strategies for textbook chapters are NOT recommended by the authors of the Optimizing Learning in College article?

Write a chapter summary as you read

According to the authors of the Optimizing Learning in College article, which form of note-taking is more effective for learning: typing on a laptop and writing by hand?

Writing by hand

Imagine that you're testing a split-brain patient. If you briefly flash a picture of a "cup" to her RIGHT visual field, can she SAY OUT LOUD what that object is?

Yes, she can

Read the following "joke" about STM loss. In this joke, is the term "STM loss" used correctly, as defined by cognitive psychologists? (In case you can't see this image below, the cartoon below says: I'm having a hard time dealing with my short-term memory loss. And, on top of that, I'm having to deal with short-term memory loss.)

Yes, the STM loss mentioned here indeed reflects a STM problem

Can individuals with anterograde amnesia learn some new skills?

Yes, they can, even when they have NO conscious recollection of performing that task

Suppose that you are looking at a flower garden containing dozens of yellow tulips and one red tulip, which seems to stand out conspicuously. According to Treisman's feature-integration theory, which of the following statements MOST ACCURATELY describes this situation?

Your speed of noticing the red tulip would unlikely be affected much, whether the number of the surrounding yellow tulips is 10, 60, 120, or 200.

The memory principle of transfer-appropriate processingis about improving the long-term retention of information by promoting:

a close match between the encoding and retrieval contexts

Long-term memory is to working memory as __________ is to __________.

a file stored on a hard drive; an open document you are working on

In general, any technique designed to improve memory is referred to as

a mnemonic strategy.

Imagine that you briefly flash the picture below to a split brain patient while she is staring at the central fixation point. If you ask the patient to draw what he just saw using his LEFT hand, what picture is she most likely to draw?

a woman's face

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

a) Engaging in media multitasking during learning promotes forgetting, because divided attention leads to inefficient encoding of what you are trying to learn.

What was the crucial innovation that defined the recognition by components (RBC) model?

an intermediate level of detectors sensitive to geons (geometric ions)

On the basis of this brain-damaged patient's inability to copy simple stimuli (see the figure below), you can conclude that this patient suffers from:

apperceptive agnosia

In a peg-word system, participants help themselves memorize a group of items by

associating each item with some part of an already memorized framework, or skeleton.

The term "categorical perception" refers to the fact that we are

better at hearing the difference between sounds from different categories than we are at distinguishing sounds from the same category.

Consider the Kornell & Bjork (2008) study discussed during in the very first lecture of this course (the one about the learning of the painting styles of different artists using mixed or blocked learning). Right after the initial learning stage, participants (as well as many of you, the students in this class) thought that:

blocked learning would likely be much more effective for learning than mixed learning

Consider the Kornell & Bjork (2008) study discussed during the 08/24 (T) lecture (the one about the learning of the painting styles of different artists). Right after the initial learning stage, participants (as well as many of you, the students in this class) thought that:

blocked learning would likely be much more effective for learning than mixed learning

Which of the following examples/demos given in class MOST DIRECTLY support the idea that mere repetitions or repeated exposures alone are not sufficient for successful later recall?

both (b) and (c)

Explicit memories are revealed by __________ memory tests, such as __________, whereas implicit memories are revealed by __________ memory tests, such as __________.

direct, recall; indirect, priming

In Jacoby's (1983) study, in which he successfully demonstrated a dissociation between implicit memory and explicit memory, participants performed BEST on the RECOGNITION test for words that had been presented in the ________ condition.

generate

How is cognitive economy represented in the following example? The property _____ is stored at the _____ node.

can fly; bird

The MacLeod and Dunbar study discussed in the 09/21 (T) class (the one about repeatedly practicing the name of arbitrary shapes) demonstrates that extensive practice:

can make shape naming more automatic than color naming

When thinking of a list of digits in terms of racing times, one person is found to report up to 79 digits. Evidence suggests that this person

can remember this information due to a unique chunking strategy.

We fail to notice even a blatant change in the environment unless your attention happens to be focused on it. This phenomenon is called:

change blindness

The observation that we are often overconfident about our ability to notice changes occurring in the visual world surrounding us is called:

change blindness blindness

Although the words "pool" and "palace" both begin with the [p] sound, the actual production of the [p] sound is different because the vowel sound that follows the [p] sound is different. This influence of surrounding sounds on speech sound production is known as:

coarticulation.

A "well-formed" letter string is one that

conforms to the usual spelling patterns of English.

The process through which memories are biologically "cemented in place" is called.

consolidation

The existing evidence suggests that one's ability to achieve native-level competency:

declines gradually over a long time period (from 3-4 years of age to 15-16 years) for both syntax and phonology

Having good prior knowledge before studying a topic allows you to engage in more effective ___________ because it makes it easier for you to integrate the new information into your existing knowledge.

deep and elaborative processing

The levels of processing theory is MOST closely associated with which of the following memory principles covered in the Module 1 lectures?

deep and elaborative processing

One way to counter the negative effects of inevitable forgetting of what you learned is to make sure that you learn the information really well when you first learn it. Which of the TWO memory principles covered in Module 1 are MOST directly related to this idea? Make sure that you pick both of the TWO correct alternatives to receive credit for this question.

deep and elaborative processing focused learning

The operations through which we gain new knowledge, retain that knowledge, and later use that knowledge are often divided into three processes. Which of the following is NOT one of those processes?

deliberation

Which of the following tasks is LEAST appropriate as a means of testing implicit memory?

direct memory testing

You decide to order pizza and look up the number for a local pizza place. You repeat the number to yourself, but just before you dial the number, you are interrupted by a text from your friend. You quickly read the text, but then realize you have forgotten the number. The text led you to forget the number because the number was

displaced from working memory.

The fact that we can talk about what the next presidential election in 2024 will be like MOST DIRECTLY illustrates which of the following central features of language?

displacement

The __________ pathway is one of the two main cortical pathways for visuospatial processing that goes from the primary visual cortex to the parietal lobe and processes primarily location ("where") information.

dorsal

The so-called cocktail party phenomenon is considered PROBLEMATIC to which theory of auditory selective attention?

early selection theory

In a study of visual selection, participants were shown a video of people throwing and catching a ball. Some of the people in the video were wearing white shirts and some were wearing black shirts. Participants were asked to attend only to the group of people wearing white shirts and count the number of times they threw the ball. In this study, participants

easily completed the task, but in the process failed to notice some other peculiar events that occurred.

The strategy of answering some comprehension questions about some topic BEFORE you start learning that topic is

effective as a learning strategy by making it easier for students to connect new information to what they already know while reading the text.

Declarative memory consists of:

episodic and semantic memory

Brad's jealous girlfriend Angelina asked him, "Where were you last night?" To answer this question honestly, Brad must use his __________.

episodic memory

Fire alarms are designed to control attention __________, but outside such demanding stimuli, one can often control his or her own attention __________.

exogenously; endogenously

In this class, you answer some in-class quiz questions, take a post-lecture online quiz (like this), a cumulative mid-term exam after every five lectures, and then a cumulative final exam at the end. This schedule requires you to review what you learned multiple times by steadily increasing the time intervals between your successive review sessions. In other words, this schedule takes advantage of __________.

expanding retrieval practice

Someone with anterograde amnesia has no

explicit memory for events after the onset of amnesia.

The way people recognize simple visual patterns (e.g., such as letters of the alphabet) is partially explained by a feature-analysis process, which involves the analysis of combinations of distinctive features. Similarly, the way people recognize complex objects (such as coffee cups) is partially explained by a recognition-by-components process, which involves the analysis of combinations of __________.

geons

Finding Waldo is quite difficult, because his look (e.g., red-white stripes, glasses, hat) share features with many other people and animals depicted in the scene. In other words, you need to rely on attentional ________ to find Waldo and must engage in slow and effortful conjoint search.

glue

In his TED talk, Keith Chen briefly pointed out that the effect of "futured" vs. "futureless" languages goes beyond the saving behaviors he focused on, including:

health behaviors (e.g., obesity, condom use)

One way to reduce procrastination is to develop a "starting ritual" (or "initiation ritual") by using easy-to-implement procedures like the Pomodoro technique and the 5-second rule. These procedures can help you avoid putting off a task by:

helping you overcome the initial resistance you may experience when you think about starting to work on the task

S.F.'s amazing capacity to remember a long sequence of digits after hearing once is possible because of:

his effective use of the chunking strategy

The two principles of effective learning covered during today's lecture --- (a) deep & elaborative processing and (b) focused learning --- are closely related in the sense that both of them are really concerned about how to:

improve the quality of initial encoding of information

When asked "What is the capital of Australia?," many people say "Sydney" and are quite confident of their answer, even though the correct answer is "Canberra." This discrepancy (i.e., being highly confident of a wrong answer) is a reflection of ___________.

inaccurate metacognition

The Magic Singh video clip shown in class (in which you failed to notice some additional changes that took place while you were focusing on the magic trick) is a good demonstration of a phenomenon known as:

inattentional blindness

The memory principles of focused learning and deep & elaborative processing are both about countering the negative impact of forgetting by promoting:

initial better-quality encoding of information

When Jane was attending a lecture on how to become a better learner, she spent a lot of time doing some media multitasking (e.g., sending texts to friends, checking emails). When she had to take an in-class quiz administered at the end of that lecture, she was not able to recall lecture information well, although she thought she was processing some lecture-related information while multitasking. This example BEST illustrates forgetting that occurs due to __________.

insufficient initial encoding

A study found that rugby players' recall of the names of opposing teams suffered based on the number of intervening games, and not based on the mere passage of time. This study demonstrates that

interference is a major contributor to forgetting.

When listening intently to one message, you are likely to detect your name if it is spoken in a different message. This is likely to be because your name

is a stimulus for which you are well primed.

The recognition of faces

is strongly influenced by the face's overall configuration, suggesting that a model based purely on feature detection and feature analysis will provide a poor explanation of how people recognize faces

In the video segment you saw during the 10/26 (T) lecture, the host in the video (Alan Alda) used which of the following analogies to illustrate the process of recalling a specific event you previously experienced?

kaleidoscope

Which of the following is an example of procedural memory?

knowing how to drive a stick shift

If you cannot engage in maintenance rehearsal (e.g., if you have to count backwards by 3's out loud instead), the content of the short-term store (STM):

lasts 10-15 seconds

This question concerns a hypothetical experiment similar to an in-class demo given in class. In this study, subjects are divided into three groups (Groups 1, 2, & 3) and asked to process words in three different ways: Group 1: judge whether each word fits a particular sentence context Group 2: decide whether each word rhymes with some other word Group 3: count the number of letters in each word The three groups of subjects are later given a surprise recall task, in which they have to recall as many words as possible. On the basis of this information, you can confidently say that this study is about which of the following effects/concepts?

levels of processing

According to the ORIGINAL version of the modal model, the mechanism that transfers information from the short-term store to the long-term store is __________.

maintenance rehearsal

Which of the following is NOT among the seven principles of effective learning overviewed in the 08/24 (T) class?

massed learning

The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing does not occur until the information is analyzed for

meaning

Coarticulation

means that phonemes overlap each other

Consider the Kornell & Bjork (2008) study discussed during the 08/24 (T) lecture (the one about the learning of the painting styles of different artists). When participants later performed a test of their learning(i.e., identify the artist for each NEW painting they did not see in the earlier learning phase), the results indicated that:

mixed learning led to much better classification performance than blocked learning

The two key components of metacognition are:

monitoring and control

Memory research has repeatedly shown that elaborative rehearsal is __________ maintenance rehearsal in terms of effective encoding and long-term retention.

more effective than

According to Farah and McCelland's proposal, the knowledge of LIVING things is represented:

much more strongly in the visual system than in the functional system

When the name of a color word is not the same as the actual color (e.g., the word RED printed in blue), people experience great difficulty __________. This phenomenon is known as the Stroop effect.

naming the color of the ink

In Jacoby's (1983) study discussed in a Module 3 lecture, participants' performance was the BEST in the ______ condition when they were tested with thetachistoscopic identification task.

no context

Two of the strategies recommended in the Optimizing Learning in College article are: Answer the "end-of-chapter" questions both before and after you read a chapter; and Ask yourself questions as you read, such as "What did I learn on this page?" Which of the following principles of effective learning covered in Module 1 is NOT directly relevant to these recommended strategies?

none of the above (i.e., all three principles above are quite relevant)

Sperling's partial report procedure provided evidence that:

none of the above (none of the above conclusions can be drawn from Sperling's study and his results)

Most participants in a dichotic listening task are

often able to notice personally relevant words like their names in the unattended channel.

Research about the what and where pathways suggests that the __________ lobe is important for determining the __________ of an object, whereas the __________ lobe is important for determining the __________ of the object.

parietal, location; temporal, identity

Imagine that you are conducting a cross-linguistic study comparing the behaviors of two groups of speakers. Participants in Group A speak a futured language (like English), whereas participants in Group B speak a futureless language (like Chinese). Luckily for you (and your research), these two groups of participants are well matched in terms of various characteristics and share highly similar (almost identical) cultural backgrounds. In such a situation, Keith Chen would definitely predict that you will most likely discover in your study that:

participants in Group B have saved more than participants in Group A

A researcher creates a series of synthetic speech sounds gradually ranging, in uniformly small steps, from a "ta" sound at one extreme to a "da" sound at the other extreme. Participants are asked to identify each of these sounds. The researcher should expect to find that:

participants' perceptions of the sounds show an abrupt transition, with all of the sounds closer to "ta" clearly identified as "ta" and all of the sounds closer to "da" clearly identified as "da."

Consider the following recommendation from the Optimizing Learning in College article (one of the required readings for Week 1): "Be skeptical about what you think you know --- testing yourself can provide a better picture about which concepts you know well and which you might need to study further." The recommendation that you "be skeptical about what you think you know" is based most DIRECTLY on the fact that ____________.

people do not always have good metacognition about their own learning

The Stroop effect refers to the observation that:

people have difficulty naming the ink color when it is incongruent with the color word (e.g., RED printed in blue)

Expectation-based priming suggests that

perception works within a limited-capacity system.

Imagine that a friend of yours recently experienced something really horrible and that, even though she wants to forget that experience, she has been having great difficulty (i.e., that memory keeps coming back to her). Which of the seven "sins" of memory (proposed by Schacter) BEST captures your friend's problem?

persistence

The hierarchy of linguistic units, from smallest to largest, is

phonemes, morphemes, words, phrases

The fact that new words in English very rarely start with sound combinations like "tl" or "ks" demonstrates the

phonological rules of English.

Because of the effects of context-dependent learning, students might find it most beneficial to

prepare for their examinations under conditions similar to the test conditions.

What factor about a person will best predict the long-term recall of newly learned complex information about biology?

previous related biology knowledge

For a procedure that relies on processing fluency, what matters most is that you __________ the test stimulus.

previously encountered

According to the research discussed in class and in the textbook, the act of talking over cellphone while driving is:

problematic because talking over cellphones typically requires idea generation

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of hands-free versus hand-held cell phones found that:

talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent, suggesting that the attentional hypothesis is true

Imagine that you are testing a split-brain patient. You flash the picture shown here (i.e., a face made of vegetables) very briefly to the patient's LEFT visual field (i.e., to the left of the middle fixation point). In this situation, the flashed picture will be:

processed by the right hemisphere, which is dominant for the processing of "global" information

Donovan looks in a mirror and perceives his own face, but he thinks he is seeing a stranger. Donovan most likely has

prosopagnosia

Within working memory, "helpers" like the visuospatial buffer and the articulatory rehearsal loop

provide short-term storage of items likely to be needed soon by the central executive.

Which of the following is NOT associated with implicit memory?

recall or recognition tests

Which testing method mainly targets explicit, rather than implicit, memory?

recall tasks

In the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) procedure, participants are asked to remember a list of words like "bed, snooze, awake, tired, dream, rest," which are all words concerning the topic of sleep, although the word "sleep" is not on the list. After this procedure, participants

recall the word "sleep" being on the list even if they were explicitly warned to be careful.

A question like, "What's the name of the waiter?" requires __________; a question like, "Isn't that the guy we usually see on the bus?" requires __________.

recall; recognition

Which behavior is LEAST likely to be demonstrated by a Korsakoff's patient?

recalling that a sentence was heard earlier in the test but feeling no sense of familiarity about the sentence

Imagine that you attend a lecture given by a guest lecturer. He emphasizes that people can recognize objects (such as cars, briefcases, and chairs) in terms of arrangements of basic 3-D shapes. This lecturer would most likely be a supporter of which of the following approaches to object recognition?

recognition-by-components theory

The composite effect discussed in class (as well as in Chapter 4 of the textbook) provides a nice illustration of the idea that face recognition __________.

relies heavily on holistic analysis

In a basic recall task, participants read a story about a character named Nancy and her behavior at a party. During recall, participants

remembered more details and made more inferences about the story if they received a prologue giving additional context.

The memory principles of spaced learning and retrieval practice are both about countering the negative impact of forgetting by promoting:

repeated strengthening of memory traces

Consider the following recommendation made in the Optimizing Learning in College article (one of the required readings for Week 1): "Instead of writing down a chapter summary as you read, write down what you remember after you read, recalling the details from memory. [...]" This recommendation is most DIRECTLY relevant to which of the following principles of effective learning?

retrieval practice

The phase or stage of memory processes that is most similar to a Google search is

retrieval.

The Brewer & Treyens (1981) study involving participants' memory of an office provide evidence that ________ a source of false memory.

schemas can be

Children's overregularization production errors

seem to be caused by an understanding of rules.

Which event will increase the magnitude of the PRIMACY effect during a free-recall task?

slowing down the presentation of the list

Research conducted to understand animal language suggests that

some animals may be able to use language at a very basic level (akin to that of a 3- or 4-year-old).

Which of the following seven principles of effective learning is the MOST directly relevant to the idea that it is important to avoid cramming?

spaced learning

When asked, "What is the capital of South Dakota?" participants who cannot initially remember the answer often show improved recall when given the prompt, "Is it perhaps a man's name?" This phenomenon is best explained by

spreading activation.

You met an attractive person at a party last Friday, when you were a bit tipsy from too many beers. The next morning, you could no longer remember that person's name. Saturday night, you went to another party and drank a few more beers, and suddenly you were able to remember the name again. This example BEST illustrates which of the following effects or concepts?

state-dependent memory

The results of Mueller and Oppenheimer's (2014) note-taking study discussed in class strongly suggest that laptop note-taking promotes verbatim note-taking. This tendency for verbatim note-taking __________ when participants were explicitly warned against writing down everything verbatim.

still remained strong even

In the absence of attention,

stimuli may not be consciously perceived but can still have an influence on the perceiver.

If you compare students' metacognitive judgments about their exam performance and their actual exam scores, you will most likely find that:

students with high exam scores can make more accurate metacognitive judgments than those with low exam scores

The modal model provided an explanation of the primacy effect based on the notion of maintenance rehearsal (i.e., early items are likely to receive more maintenance rehearsal). More recent research:

suggests an alternative, better way to explain the primacy effect, namely that early items are likely to receive more focused attention or more elaborative/deeper processing than later items

Broca's area is considered to play important roles in:

syntactic processing and speech production

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) research in which the researchers examined the effects of hands-free versus hand-held cell phones on driving performance showed that:

talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent, thus supporting the attentional hypothesis

One important factor contributing to procrastination is ________, which often leads you to seek a temporary repair of your negative mood by engaging in some pleasant task instead (e.g., watching a funny YouTube video). As a result, you end up procrastinating.

task aversion

Divided attention requires enough mental resources to attend to both tasks. These limited mental resources include all of the following EXCEPT

task-general storage space like long-term memory.

While under hypnosis, people

tend to talk more about the event they are being questioned about.

When presented with a list of words along with a theme (e.g., bed, rest, slumber, dream, tired), participants often (mis)recall the theme word as part of the list (e.g., sleep). This procedure is commonly referred to as __________.

the DRM procedure

In a classic demonstration, Claparède showed that

the behavior of a Korsakoff 's amnesia patient can be changed by a recent event even though the patient shows no signs of remembering that event.

In Baddeley's model of working memory, the function of _________ is not only to regulate the overall flow of information within the system but also to play an important role in multitasking and task switching.

the central executive

In Baddeley's model of working memory, which of the subcomponents plays a critical role in regulating the flow of information within working memory as well as in regulating your thoughts and action?

the central executive

The two hemispheres of split-brain patients are no longer connected and hence cannot communicate to each other, because the structure(s) known as ________ has (have) been severed in their brains.

the corpus callosum

Which effect can NOT be explained by feature nets?

the effects of sentence context

Which of the following is NOT an effect demonstrating the influence of implicit memory?

the generation effect

According to the "split brain" video you watched in preparation for the 09/21 (T) lecture, which of the two hemispheres plays a dominant role in finding the cause and effect and making logical inferences/interpretations of events you encounter?

the left hemisphere

In the LaBerge's (1983) classic study, which of the two conditions (letter task vs. word task) produced the results that demonstrated a clear effect of letter positions (e.g., the fastest reaction times for the middle position)?

the letter task condition

The in-class demo you provided during the 10/14 (TH) lecture (e.g., completing a word fragment like _AR_ _ A _ K) was meant to demonstrate the phenomenon known as:

the perceptual repetition priming effect

Suppose you are at a cocktail party conversing with a friend. In this situation, you are LEAST likely to hear whether

the person behind you is speaking intelligently or foolishly.

Suppose that you are listening to a lecture, and another student's chair squeaks loudly during the middle of a word so that the middle of that word cannot be heard. Nonetheless, you do not detect any interruption in the word. This is a good everyday example of the phenomenon known as:

the phoneme restoration effect

The "weapon focus" effect refers to the finding that:

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for the event, especially other non-weapon-related aspects of the event

In a study of free recall (recalling to-be-remembered words in any order), presenting the words much more rapidly than usual (e.g., 3 words per second) greatly reduces:

the primacy effect only

ZAPS Sentence Verification Learning Check Question: According to the network proposed by Collins and Quillian, common characteristics that different breeds of dogs share (e.g., fur, tail, sharp hearing) will appear once and as high up as possible in the network. What is this concept called?

the principle of inheritance

Bottom-up (or data-driven) processes refer to:

the processes for which activity is primarily triggered and shaped by the incoming stimulus information

In a study of free recall (i.e., recalling a list of to-be-remembered words in any order), counting backwards by 3s for 30 seconds after the to-be-remembered words were presented one by one at a natural speed (e.g., 1 word per second) greatly reduces:

the recency effect only

According to the Karpicke and Blunt (2011) study, which of the following study groups indicated the LOWEST level of confidence about their learning RIGHT AFTER their learning session was completed?

the retrieval practice (testing) group

According to the modal model, all of the following are true EXCEPT that

the size of short-term memory can be expanded with sufficient practice.

The claim that "language is generative" is the claim that

the units of language can be combined and recombined to create vast numbers of new linguistic entities.

The short-term storage of verbal materials is often supported by the rehearsal loop. The short-term storage of mental images is accomplished by

the visuospatial buffer.

All of the following contribute evidence for a dissociation between explicit and implicit memory EXCEPT that

there is a dissociation between the primacy and recency effect in the serial position curve.

In the original false-memory study conducted by Roediger and McDermott, participants heard a list of 15 words (bed, rest, awake, dream, etc.), all united by a common theme (i.e., sleep). The list, however, did not include that theme word itself (i.e., sleep). Participants later judged whether or not a particular word was presented in the list. In this original study (after which the ZAPS False Memory experiment was modeled), the researchers found that:

they judged (incorrectly) that "sleep" was in the list almost as often as they judged (correctly) that "dream" was in the list

Imagine that you are putting together a jigsaw puzzle. The lid of the box comes with a picture of the completed puzzle, and you use that picture as a guide for locating relevant pieces and assembling them. In this case, the picture on the lid is acting as a ______.

top-down influence

Most people say that they see the phrase "THE CAT," even though the middle letter is the same (i.e., the middle letter in the top row is perceived as an H, whereas the middle letter in the bottom row is perceived as an A). This observation illustrates the operation of:

top-down influence

Anne is driving down a residential street, thinking that children may be playing outside on such a sunny day. Out of the corner of her eye, she detects movement between two parked cards at the side of the road and immediately presses the brake, interpreting the movement as that of a child. Later she realizes that the movement came from an empty paper bag that is blowing in the wind. Anne's initial perception of the movement as that of a child can BEST be explained through the notion of __________.

top-down processes

Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out that the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by:

top-down processing

Recall the Unnecessary Censorship segment you watched as part of the 11/04 (TH) pre-lecture homework assignment. Your perception of what those bleeped words were illustrates the influence of __________.

top-down processing

If you know exactly how you are going to be tested on an exam (e.g., writing down a definition for each technical term), you should adjust your study method so that the way you study matches the way you recall information at the time of the exam. This idea captures the essence of which of the memory principles covered in the Module 1 lectures?

transfer-appropriate processing

Evidence suggests that

unattended stimuli are more fully processed if the attended input is particularly simple.

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