Com 115 Quiz #2, Public Speaking Com 115 Quiz #1
Suggestion for enhancing informative speaking?
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What role does the audience play in informative speeches?
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what organizational patterns are best for an informative speech? and examples
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importance of listening in public speaking?
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Stages of Tension
1. Anticipatory Stage 2. Confrontational Stage 3. Adaptation stage 4. Release Stage
Strategies to Reduce Apprehension
1. Complete Public Speaking Course 2. Focus on Audience 3. Reframe Your Message 4. Prepare 5. Take Several Deep Breathes 6. Realize that you're your worst critic 7. Gain skills and confidence 8. Visualize your success 9. Release tension
Types of Analogies
1. Figurative 2. Literal
Steps for Preparing A Speech
1. Select and Narrow a audience- centered topic 2. Develop content through research and sound support 3. draft the introduction, body, and conclusion 4. develop a language and presentation aid 5. rehearse and deliver speech
Process of Communication
1. Sender/Receiver (image and meeting needs) 2. Receiver/Sender (feedback) 3. Message (clarity, meaning-centered) 4. Channel (medium message is send thru) 5. Feedback (immediate, delayed) 6. Noise (physical, physiological, psychological, and semantic) 7. Occasion (time, pace, etc.) 8. Cultural Context ( norms,. rules, values, feelings)
General purpose of a speech
1. To inform 2. To perusade 3. To entertain
When audience stops listening?
1. attention drifts 2. when we are distracted 3. when we have pre conceived notions 4. when we disagree 5. when we are prejudicial or inflexible. 6. when faced with abstractions and forms own opinions.
types of technology-based presentational aid
1. audiotape/CD/ipods 2. videos/ DVD/ online media sharing sites
guidelines for writing survey question
1. avoid leading question 2. avoid ambiguity ( word without multiple meanings) 3. ask everyone the same questions. 4.be aware of time constraints
guidelines for constructing speaker notes
1. avoid overload 2. include only necessary information 3. reduce sentence to key phrases 4. include transitions and abbreviation 5. notes must be legible
options of displaying 2D presentation aid
1. chalk board/ dry erase 2. poster boards 3. flip chart 4. repositional note pad
effective informative speeches?
1. consider your audience needs and goals 2. consider your audience knowledge level 3. capture the attention and interest immediately 4. sustain audiences attention and interest 5. cite your oral sources accurately 6. signpost main ideas 7. relate the new with the familiar 8. use repetition 9. offer interesting visuals
Principles for using presentational aids
1. don't let your presentation aid distract your audience 2. make aware of timing and pauses 3. make sure equipment is working , prepare for failure. 4. use multimedia presentation only wit careful planning/ practice
What is supporting material?
1. facts. 2. statistics 3. examples 4. analogies 5. testimonies
Types of Questions in Questionnaire
1. fixed-alternative questions 2. scale questions 3. open-ended questions
Ways speaker can access audience information?
1. fixed-alternative: limited response 2. scale question: type of fixed alternative question that asks people to respond to question set up along a continuum. 3. open-ended question: audience member can respond however they wish.
Ways speaker can create a speaker-audience connection?
1. get to the point quickly. 2. have confidence 3. be of the people, not above the people 4. using humor 5. getting personal 6. encourage participation 7. examine other situational characteristics 8. learn as you go
what makes a topic relevant?
1. hasn't been over used. 2. new creative approach to it. 3. if topic relates to audience background
Parts to a speech
1. introduction 2. body 3. conclusion
whats kinds of criteria are important when using computer-generated aid
1. purpose, occasion, and audience 2. emphasize only relevant points 3. use rule of six 4. select appropriate design elements 5. don't let presentational aid upstage you 6. preview and practice.
4 steps for selecting main point?
1. select the main point 2. support the main point 3. choose the best organizational pattern 4. create unity throughout the speech.
Main types of informative speeches?
1. speeches of description (ex. paint a clear pictures) 2. speeches of explanation (ex. ideas, theories, and principles) 3. speeches of demonstration (ex. gradual change to a result)
importance of public speaking?
1. valuable activity 2. influences success in college 3. teaches critical thinking skills 4. influences career and community success 5. keys to leadership 6. skills complement technology 7. apart of domestic tradition
criteria for presentation aid
1. value to presentation 2. item safety 3. ease of transportation 4. size of object and audience
Types of transitions
1.internal preview: tells in general terms what is next. 2.internal summary: follows a main point and act as a reminder.
how fast do people typically talk
150 words per minute
how long is an attention span
20 seconds.
how many words per minute can a person process
400 words a minute
disadvantages and advantages of presentation aid
ADVANTAGES: available, engaging, persuasive, entertaining, memorable, increase clarity, make abstract ideas concrete, and help organize ideas. DISADVANTAGE: access, impersonal, time consuming, death by powerpoint, and potential for reduction.
Psychographics
Behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values of your listeners.
what ethical issues should the speaker be concerned with when giving speech?
Bias sources, unreliable, calculated ambiguity, outdated information, not enough information, omitting relevant information, and taking information out of context.
What are the two main types of audience analysis?
Demographic: age, gender, race, education, group affiliation, socioeconomics, religious background, geographic identities. Psychographic: behaviors, life choices, attitudes, beliefs, and values.
Different type of charts
FLOW CHART: display steps or stages in a process. ORGANIZATIONAL CHART: organized according to official hierarchies that determine the relationships of people at work.
Communication Apprehension
Individuals level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with others.
Adaption in audience analysis
Makes message relate to the listeners
Whats a planning outline? Whats the 4 min components? requirements?
Planning outline: full content outline (not every word) 4 main components: parallelism ( how you construct your sentences), coordination ( main points), division (points and sub points) requirements: indent correctly, quotes (word for word), moves from general to specific.
difference in instrumental and terminal?
Terminal: those we would like to achieve within our lifetime. (ex. job) Instrumental: helps us achieve the terminal values. (ex. ambition)
Critical Thinking
The application of the principles of reasoning to ideas of you and others. It enables you to evaluate your world and make choices based off what you've learned.
Communication
The exchange of information between people
Topical
The nature and scope of you topic
Specific Purpose. Different from a thesis statement?
The precise response you want from your audience. Thesis is what you want to say and specific sets the goal
Audience-Centered
What is public speaking?
five goals for informative speech
accurate, objective, clear, meaningful, and memorable.
Presentation Aid
actual objects, three-dimensional models, two-dimensional reproductions (photographs, drawing/ diagrams, maps, tables, charts, graphs), food, youtube videos.
what is a signpost?
beginning of speech: tell listener how many points and support. during the speech: transition for next information.
What is ethnocentric?
belief that ones own culture is superior to others.
Values
deep-seated abstract judgements about what is important to us.
advice for fine tuning listening
get ready to listen, minimize personal barrier, leave distractions behind, don't rush to judge, listen for content then delivery, effective note taker, active listener, and provide feedback.
hearing v. listening
hearing: physical ability to hear sound. Listening: attending, receiving, interpreting, and responding to messages.
thesis statement
identifies the main ideas of your speech
Demographics
inclusion of age, gender, race, and ethnicity. Things you are affiliated by
General Purpose
inform, persuade, or entertain the audience without saying it.
how does informative, persuasive, and entertainment differ? How in specific purpose?
informative: you enlighten your audience- increase understanding/ awareness, new perspective persuasive: influence your audience to agree with your point. entertainment: commemorate, inspire, or amuse your listeners.
Three main purposes of an introduction/ conclusion?
intro: captures attention/ interest of audience, establishes credibility, and previews speech topics. conclusion: reinforces message, summarize main points, provide a closure that relates to audience lives.
difference between introduction, body, and conclusion
intro: supports the body and captures audience attention. body: main points and supporting material that reinforce specific purpose and thesis. conclusion: support the body, reinforce the message, and bring your speech home.
why is repetition so important in informative speaking?
it helps reinforce the main points through summaries and paraphrasing.
Why is speaker word choice important
it reflects who you are
Outline v. notecards
layout and a piece of paper.
Beliefs
mental and emotional acceptance of the information
Spatial
moves from one physical pain to another physical point. ex. England to London
Rule of six
no more tha six word per line and no more with six lines per slide.
five general criteria for apply to evaluating speeches
organization, research/support, analysis, language, verbal and non verbal delivery.
difference in physical, psychological, behavioral manifestation.
physical: rapid pulse, dry mouth, increased sweating, shallow breathing, shaky hands, and knees. psychological: fear of criticism, forgetting, embarrassment, failure, and the unknown. behavioral manifestation: volume, pitch, rate, pause, vocal variety, eye contact, gesture, and body movement.
Attitude
predisposition that influence your response.
Problem and Solution
present a problem and examine 1+ possible solutions. ex. Children and public speaking
Chronological
relations in time 1. past-present-future 2.step-by-step
states of listening
sensing(to become aware of or to perceive), interpreting(attach meaning to a speaker words), evaluating(assessing the worth of the speaker ideas and its importance to you), and reacting/responding(providing feedback to speaker message)
What does it mean to be audience-centered and why?
shows your audience your understanding of their needs and you want to help then achieve their goals. its important because it ensures audience to listen and for a effective presentation.
Specific purpose
statement of intent
What is a subpoena and its purpose in an outline?
subpoint: helps with the division of the points. including supporting material, examples, and greater detail.
Cognitive dissonance, how it affects listener and reduces?
tendency to agree with ideas that fit our values and disagree with others that conflict with them. It causes mental stress and leaves when overall impression is consistent.
importance of relating the new with the familiar?
to connect eh new information with the information the audience already knows. Analogies makes it easier for the audience to understand the speakers.
What are the two types of connections in a speech?
transitions: verbal bridges between ideas. (clarifying direction of speech)
What's plagiarism? and why is it unethical?
use of other word, ideas, work without saying its their to advance your ideas.
Guidelines of using aid
value, safety, redundancy, design, focus of the speaker doesn't equal the slides, be familiar with the presentation aid, video/ volunteers.
Cause and effect
why something happened and what was the consequences. ex. alcoholism damages American families.
advice for note taking
write down questions, apply speakers comments to your own experience, identify the thesis and main points, decide if you agree or disagree.
Do speaker state purpose in the speech?
yes