Dev Psych Exam REVISED

A child therapist believes that it is important to understand all the forces that shape and impact children's lives: individual, family, neighborhood, society, and culture. This therapist subscribes to which approach to development?

Brofenbrenner's ecological system model

In a study of children, let's suppose that researchers founds a positive correlation (r=.63) between creativity and resilience. How is this finding interpretted?

Children who score higher on measures of creativity also score higher on measures of resilience.

what is the difference between anoxia and hypoxia?

Hypoxia occurs when the infant is deprived of adequate oxygen and experiences mild brain damage, while anoxia occurs when the infant experiences total lack of oxygen and experiences severe brain damage

Social cognitive theory proposes that ______, whereas Piaget's theory of cognitive development proposes that ________.

Learning is unique to each person, there are distinct stages of development

A child development researcher established a password for her lab computers. The password, ______, was created in honor of the person who established the first scientific journals that published child development research, and who was also the first president of the American Psychosocial Association.

Stanley Hall

Twelve-month old Dennis accidentally knocks his bowl off the table. The bowl spins on the floor before coming to a stop. Dennis's mom picks up the bowel and places it back on the able, so he knocks it down again to see if ti will spin. Dennis knocks the bowl down each time his mother picks it up. What substage of sensorimotor development does this behavior reflect?

active experimentation

infants develop motor skills in an organized manner, with motor skills developing in a top-down and center-out manner. What two principles describe this process of development?

cephalocaudal and proximodistal development

Many children learn sign language as infants and toddlers. How does this enhance their communication abilities?

children understand more than they can vocalize, and gestures help convey meaning.

A parent tells a school counselor, "I am concerned that my child has developed an inferiority complex, my child feels like he does not measure up to peers". According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, this child may be struggling to accomplish the developmental task of the industry versus inferiority stage of development, which is ____.

competence

When deciding on a restaurant, a friend explains, "I used to enjoy shrimp. Then one day, I ate shrimp, and the next day, I got really sick, like I had a stomach flu. Since then, just the sight of shrimp makes me nauseous" According to Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigin, the shrimp is a _______.

conditioned stimulus

In order to minimize attrition in studies with infants and childrens, researchers are advised to __________.

design the study to be as short as possible

In prenatal education class, an instructor informs parents that their child's development will be influenced by many factors, including biological, cognitive, social, and emotional factors. This instructor is addressing which of Balte's key principles of lifespan development?

development is multidimensional

Teresa believes her cultural practices are the best and right ones, and it is difficult for her to understand the cultural practices of other societies. Tanya expresses an appreciation for cultural differences and a willingness to consider the perspectives of people in other cultures. Teresa's view demonstrates ________, while Tanya's view demonstrates ________.

ethnocentrism, cultural relativity

Children who are seriously reflecting on the future, imagining what they want to be when they grow up and planning what it might take to get there have reached Piaget's ________ stage of cognitive development.

formal operation

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

genotype refers to genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to inherited physical characteristics

which of the sense is the most well-developed in a newborn at the time of birth?

hearing

A client laments to his therapist, "Who I am and Who I want to be dont match up". The therapist, whose approach to psychotherapy is influenced by Carl Rogers, describes this as a state of ?

incongruence

In a study of the effect of playing video games on sleep quality, researchers randomly assigned some participants to play an up-tempo video game for either one or three hours before bed. Other participants had no engagement with electronics in the time before bed. Then, the researchers assessed all the participants' sleep quality during an overnight sleep study. In this experiment, the time spent playing video games is the?

independent variable

What do behavioral geneticists study?

individual differences that occur through the interaction of genes and the environment

A couple arrives at a research lab to participate in a research study of psychosocial factors related to relationship satisfaction. After they learn about the study, they are asked to review a __________, which reviews the procedures to be used in research, any expected risks or benefits, and serves as a contract stating that they agree to participate in research

informed consent statement

Two young adult friends are talking about their dating preferences. One friend says, "I prefer to go to the movies by myself. I believe you have to know yourself and be good company for yourself before you can be good company for someone else." Erik Erikson would agree that we must have a strong sense of self before we can develop successful intimate relationships. This statement describes the key developmental task in which stage of psychosocial development?

intimacy versus isolation

which of the following is true about the effects of alcohol during prenatal development?

it can lead to a spectrum of symptoms that include both physical and behavioral abnormalities

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between sexes and twin type?

monozygotic twins are the same sex, while dizygotic twins can be different sexes

This layer of fatty tissue protects axons and speeds transmission of information from one neuron to another.

myelin sheath

Millenials, those born between 1982 and 2000, are considered tech-savvy because they grew up with technology and rely on it for daily activities. Millenials are defined by characteristics that were formed while growing up with advancements in technology as part of their world and culture. Which of Baltes' contextual influences does this represent?

normative history-graded influences

A theorist proposes that children learn language by observing and imitating their parents, who in turn reinforce the sounds and words their children produce. In the nature versus nurture debate, where does this theorist's proposal fit?

nurture

If Rana, an 8-month-old child, looks for an object that has been hidden behind a screen, Rana is most likely demonstrating a basic understanding of what concept?

object permanence

Infants younger than 5 months old do not search for objects once they have been removed from their sight. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, these infants have not yet developed ________.

object permanence

a pediatrician provides parents with a chart that plots changes in their child's height and weight over time. This growth chart represents ______ in human development.

physical domain

this portion of the brain, responsible for planned decision-making and emotional regulation, is the last to develop in an infant's brain

prefrontal cortex

a counselor is conducting an initial evaluation with a client and asks questions to better understand the client's feelings, relationships, identity, and personality. This counselor is exploring the __________ of human development.

psychosocial domain

A shy student, Lila, shows up for her first day at a new school. She would prefer to slip to the back of the class unnoticed. Instead, a friendly, outgoing student, Alex, approaches Lila and invites her to sit at the same table together. Throughout that day, Lila was much more engaged with other students than she would normally have been. Which aspect of Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory does this demonstrate?

reciprocal determinism

what are low birth weight babies typically unable to do?

regulate their body temperature

Omar, a 6-month-old child, shakes his mother's car keys to hear the sound they make. He likes the sound and wants it to happen again, so he shakes the keys again and again. What stage of Piaget's sensorimotor development does this behavior reflect?

secondary circular reactions

In this type of attachment, a child views the parent as a safe base from which to explore that world around themselves.

secure

8-month-old Marvin cries when his father drops him off at daycare every day, even though they do this every day. What does Marvin display?

separation anxiety

Researchers studied frequency and amount of alcohol use in three groups of students (grades 6 to 8, grades 9 to 10, and grades 11 to 12) over five years. With this ________, researchers can examine age-related changes and changes within the same individuals as they age. In addition, researchers can account for the possibility of cohort and/or time of measurement effects.

sequential research design

Lucy is an overprotective mother, constantly trying to keep her toddler out of potentially dangerous situations, like playing on the slide at the playground. What message does Lucy's overprotective tendency send her child, who is trying to establish autonomy?

shame and doubt

which of the following is true about the effects of heroin during pregnancy?

the baby can be born with a heroin addiction

Zarla and Kalvin recently received the results of the prenatal screening conducted fro their unborn baby. They were provided with a risk score. What does a risk score tell expecting parents about their baby?

the probability of a birth defect being present

Jeanie's infant turns his head toward a hand placed near his cheek. What does this head-turning behavior exemplify?

the rooting reflex

A student is close to mastering a new language skill, but the student needs more practice and assistance before performing the skill independently. According to Vygotsky, this gap between what a student can and cannot do without help is referred to as ________.

the zone of proximal development

what events occurs at the end of the germinal period?

the zygote is implanted into the uterus lining

what is the defining feature of chromosome?

they contain genetic information from each parent

Justin is a very active child, and his mother frequently tries to discourage him from venturing around his play area, instead wanting him to sit still and calmly play with blocks. In what way is this parenting style incompatible with Justin's temperament?

this parenting style is not currently achieving a good fit for the active child.

Dendrites grow rapidly in infancy, making complicated neural networks possible, through a process called ________.

transient exuberance

Brayson's son was diagnosed with having a chromosomal abnormality. If you were Brayson's friend, how would you explain the cause of chromosomal abnormalities?

inheriting too many or too few chromosomes

How would the theory of evolution by natural selection explain the well-developed ability of human beings to seek socialization and to socialize effectively?

it is an ability that has developed over time because it promotes survival

Noam Chomsky believed all children were born with an innate ability to understand any language, as they grow, they specialize in a specific, native language. What neurological construct did chomsky cite as responsible for this ability?

language acquisition device

A therapist, whose approach to psychotherapy is based on Sigmund freud's theory, explains that a patient's problematic behavior is based on?

unconscious motives, fears, and anxieties