Digestive system
What are hepatic cords?
"Strings" of hepatocytes that radiate away from the central vein
The liver consists of ______ major lobe(s) and ______ minor lobe(s).
2,2
The hepatic lobule is a _____ -sided structure with a(n) _____ triad at each corner and a central vein located in the center of each lobule.
6, portal
Describe a hepatic lobule.
A hexagon-shaped tissue with a portal triad at each corner
What is bile?
A substance produced by hepatocytes from metabolic by-products
Which cell of the duodenum produces digestive enzymes and absorbs food?
Absorptive cells
List blood proteins produced by the liver.
Albumins Heparin Fibrinogen
Describe the functions of hepatocytes.
Bile production Phagocytosis Synthesis of blood components Detoxification
Identify the factors that stimulate bile secretion from the liver.
Bile salts secretin Vagus nerve
What are hepatic sinusoids?
Blood filled channels between hepatic cords
Name the tubular coiled glands found in the submucosa that secrete mucus.
Brunner glands Duodenal glands
What mechanisms regulate the digestive system.
Chemical signals and nervous mechanisms
Name the hormone which inhibits stomach emptying and is secreted in response to lipids and fatty acids in the duodenum.
Cholecystokinin
Identify the components of bile.
Cholesterol Bilirubin Mucus Lecithin Bile salts
Identify the ducts that join to form the hepatopancreatic duct
Common bile duct Pancreatic duct
Identify the ducts that join to directly form the common bile duct.
Cystic duct Common hepatic duct
Feces are eliminated from the body by the process of __.
Defecation
Identify the functions of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
Destroys ingested bacteria Activates pepsin Inactivates salivary amylase
What organs are located behind the peritoneal membrane?
Duodenum, pancreas, and kidneys
Identify the structures that are involved in deglutition.
Esophagus, oropharynx, tongue
True or false: Food regardless of type moves out of the stomach within 1.5 hours.
False
True or false: Most of the nervous control of the digestive system is through the parasympathetic nervous system.
False
Which part of the stomach is superior to the cardiac opening of the stomach? Pylorus Fundus Body
Fundus
What hormone that promotes gastric secretions.
Gastrin
What are Brunner glands?
Glands in the duodenal submucosa that produce mucus
Membrane extending from the stomach to the transverse colon
Greater omentum
Identify the vessels that empty into the hepatic sinusoids
Hepatic artery Hepatic portal vein
Identify the structures that form the hepatic portal triad
Hepatic portal vein Hepatic duct Hepatic artery
Name the cells that produce bile, synthesize blood components, and perform interconversion of nutrients.
Hepatocytes
Acidic chyme in the duodenum stimulates secretion of hormones that inhibit gastric secretions.
Intestinal phase
What phase of gastric regulation inhibits gastric activity.
Intestinal phase
Membrane that connects the stomach and the proximal end of the duodenum to the liver and the diaphragm
Lesser omentum
Which is a membrane that connects the stomach and the proximal end of the duodenum to the liver and the diaphragm?
Lesser omentum
Identify the largest internal organ of the body.
Liver
Associated with the small intestine
Mesentery proper
Identify the features of the small intestine that function to increase surface area and thus enhance digestion and absorption.
Microvilli, villa, and circular folds
Gentle contractions that occur every 20 seconds that proceed from the body of the stomach toward the pyloric sphincter
Mixing waves
What part of the pharynx does not typically function in digestion?
Nasopharynx
What are major neurotransmitters that regulate the digestive system.
Norepinephrine Serotonin Acetylcholine
What parts of the pharynx function in digestion
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx
The serous membrane that covers the interior surface of the abdominal cavity is the ______.
Parietal peritoneum
What movements of the digestive tract will help to propel food from one end of the digestive tract to the other?
Peristalsis Mass movements Deglutition
Identify the types of movements that occur within the small intestine.
Peristaltic and segmental contractions
What is the pyloric pump?
Peristaltic contractions that move chyme through the partially closed pyloric opening
Strong contractions that force chyme near the periphery of the stomach toward the pyloric sphincter
Peristaltic waves
Functions of the liver
Production of blood proteins including clotting factors Production of bile Conversion of amino acids to carbohydrates Detoxification of harmful substances Phagocytosis of worn out red and white blood cells Nutrient storage
Peristaltic contractions that move chyme through the partially closed pyloric opening are called the ______.
Pyloric pumps
Identify the functions of bile.
Raises pH of small intestine Emulsification of lipids
Organs that are located behind the peritoneal membrane are referred to as ______.
Retroperitoneal
Identify the folds of mucous membrane within the lining of the stomach that allow for stretching of the stomach.
Rugae
Identify the secretions of the small intestine.
Secretin Mucus Cholecystokinin Disaccharidases Peptidases
What hormones decrease gastric secretions and gastric motility.
Secretin and cholecystokinin
Segmental contractions are mixing contractions that occur predominately in the _____.
Small Intestine
What organ of the digestive system primarily functions as a storage and mixing chamber.
Stomach
Stomach secretion and stomach motility are controlled by neural mechanisms that respond to ______.
Stomach wall distension
Identify the functions of the gallbladder.
Store and concentrate bile
Serous membranes that secrete a serous lubricating fluid.
The membranes that line the abdominal cavity
How does the muscularis of the stomach differ from the muscularis of the majority of the alimentary canal?
The stomach has 3 layers of muscle in the muscularis and the majority of the digestive tract only has 2 layers of muscle.
Attaches the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall
Transverse mesocolon
True or False: Villi and microvilli of the small intestine serve to increase surface area to allow for greater digestion and absorption.
True
True or false: Both nervous and chemical mechanisms play an important role in regulating the digestive system.
True
Identify the MACROscopic fingerlike projections of the small intestine that increase surface area for increased absorption.
Villi
Name factors that influence stomach emptying.
Volume and type of food
The emulsification of lipids occurs primarily through the action of _______.
bile salts
All of the microvilli on the epithelial surface of the small intestine are collectively called the ______.
brush border
The names of the two minor lobes of the liver are the _______ and ________ lobes.
caudate, quadrate
Hepatic veins are formed when the _______ veins from each lobule unite.
central
The taste, smell, or thought of food stimulates gastric secretions by activating the ______ phase of gastric regulation.
cephalic
Stomach contents are called ______.
chyme
The semi-fluid material within the stomach that is a mixture of ingested food and gastric secretions is called
chyme
Identify the duct leading from the gallbladder.
cystic duct
The elimination of semi-solid waste products from the body is called ______.
defecation
The tongue, oropharynx and mouth are all involved with swallowing or
deglutition
Hepatocytes convert ammonia to urea which is more easily excreted from the body. This is an example of _____.
detoxification
The three sections of the small intestine, listed in order as food passes through, are the _______, _______, and _______.
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
The majority of nervous stimulation of the digestive system comes from the _______.
enteric nervous system
The structure within the mediastinum, anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea is the ________.
esophagus
True or false: Bile contains digestive enzymes.
false
The semi-solid waste products eliminated from the body
feces
During stomach filling the rugae _______.
flatten and allow the stomach to increase in volume
The saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liver is the _______.
gallbladder
The distension of the stomach stimulates gastrin secretion and activates the CNS by activating the _____ phase of gastric regulation.
gastric
Gastric glands are found in ______.
gastric pits
The openings in the mucous membrane of the stomach that contain gastric glands are called
gastric pits
The ______ phase of gastric regulation is initiated when acidic chyme enters the duodenum and stimulates the secretion of hormones and local reflexes that inhibit gastric activity.
gastrointestinal
In the lobule, hepatocytes that radiate away from the central vein to form a structure called ______.
hepatic cords
Identify the one-way valve between the small intestine and the large intestine.
ileocecal
Stretching the stomach wall leads to ______.
increased motility and secretion
Bile helps in ______ the pH of the small intestine to allow for normal function of pancreatic enzymes.
increasing
Cholecystokinin is the hormone that is a major _________ of stomach emptying and is secreted in response to the presence of fatty acids and lipids in the duodenum.
inhibitor
Vitamin B12 absorption occurs when it binds to ______ ______ in the small intestine.
intrinsic factor
Bile is continuously produced by the ______ and stored in the gallbladder. The bile is then released into the ______, where it emulsifies fat and raises the pH.
liver, duodenum
Digestion includes ____________ digestion, which involves mastication and mixing of food and ___________ digestion, which is accomplished by digestive enzymes.
mechanical, chemical
The esophagus is in the ______.
mediastinum
"Connective tissue sheets composed of two layers of serous membranes with a thin layer of loose connective tissue between them" best describes _______.
mesenteries
A connective tissue sheet composed of two layers of serous membranes
mesentery
The movements of the small intestine include segmental contractions which ______ intestinal contents and peristaltic contractions which ______ intestinal contents.
mix, propel
Stomach movements that combine ingested materials and stomach secretions to form chyme are ______ waves and stomach movements that force chyme towards the pyloric sphincter are _____ waves.
mixing, peristaltic
Acetylcholine, norepinephrine and serotonin are ______ that affect digestive tract ______.
neurotransmitters, motility
In the liver excess amino acids can be re-metabolized to produce lipids, glucose or nucleic acids. This is known as _____.
nutrient interconversion
Intrinsic factor is secreted by the ______ cells of the ______.
parietal, stomach
The inflammation of the peritoneal membranes is called _______.
peritonitis
What are gallstones?
precipitates of cholesterol that form in the gallbladder
Heparin, globulins, clotting factors and albumin are ______.
produced in the liver
Which region of the stomach connects to the small intestine?
pyloric canal
The abdominal cavity is lined by _________ membranes which produce a thin, lubricating film.
serous
Secretin, cholecystokinin, and peptidases are secretions of the ______.
small intestine
Intrinsic factor is secreted by the organ called the ________.
stomach
Pepsinogen and gastrin are both secretions of the ______.
stomach
What is the primary function of the stomach?
storage and mixing chamber
The low pH of the the stomach is due to _____.
the action of the proton pump
The central veins from hepatic lobules eventually unite to form _____.
the hepatic veins
The muscularis of the stomach consists of _____ layers; however, the muscularis of the majority of the digestive tract consists of _____ layers.
three, two
Parasympathetic stimulation through the ______ nerve increases bile secretion from the liver.
vagus
The serous membrane that covers the organs of the abdominal cavity is the _______ peritoneum.
visceral
