earth science 3

degree, minute

A ____ is divided into 60 minutes. A ____ is divided into 60 seconds.

Map Legend

A box that defines all of the symbols and colors used on a map.

Projection

A cartographer chooses a ____ to minimize the distortion in the areas near where the mapping surface touches the globe

Longitude

A degree of ____ cover shorter distance as you get closer to a pole.

Latitude

A degree of ____ is virtually the same distance anywhere on the earth.

Prime Meridian

An imaginary line connecting the North and South Poles; 0° longitude line

Chart

Aviation maps and maps of the ocean used by sailors; a nautical map.

Semicircle

Half of a great circle.

Spatial

Having to do with space, position, or location.

LIDAR (Light Detecting and Ranging)

Laser sensors on aircraft can also be used to map landforms using a remote sensing system called ____. It uses laser light instead of radio waves.

Shape

Cartographers classify maps by the ___ of the surface which the projection is made.

Cardinal Directions

north, east, south, and west.

Polygons

Points, lines, or areas bounded by straight line segments

Epidemiology

The study of things that affect a population's health.

Political, Geographic, and Topographic

The three types of standard maps..

Acoustic Sensing

___ ___ is used to make 3D images of the sea floor.

Remote Sensing

____ ____ instruments are usually mounted in aircraft or satellites so that they can rapidly and accurately map large areas of the earth's surface.

Prime Meridian

a. Small circles b. Great circles c. Prime Meridian d. Latitude Lines e. Equator

The Poles

a. Small circles b. The poles c. Latitude Lines d. Great circle

Semicircle

a. circle b. sphere c. semicircle

John Snow

An epidemiologist that studied the population's health.

Equatorial Projection

When a projection touches or wraps around the Equator.

Oblique Projection

When a projection touches somewhere between the Equator and a pole.

Conic Projection

When an area of the earth is projected onto a cone.

Latitude Lines

a. Small circles b. Great circles c. Latitude Lines d. Equator

38.5°N 90°N 90°S

- Washington DC is located at latitude ____. - North Pole is at latitude ____. - South Pole is at latitude ____.

Geometer

A person who does geometry.

Map

A simplified image that is a model of part of the earth's surface.

Globe

A special kind of map that show's the earth's surface as it appears from space; a spherical map.

Geographic Grid

A system of crossing vertical and horizontal lines.

Nautical Mile

About 6067 ft. long compared to a statute mile, which is only 5280 ft. long.

Distortion

Alternation of the original state.

Map Scale

Compares the distance represented on a map to the same distance in the real world.

Geographic Information System (GIS)

Consists of digital geographic data, computers and software to use and display the data on maps, and trained people who collect data, create the maps, and make decisions using the maps.

Robinson Projection

Designed for student textbooks because it "looks right."

Topographic Map

Displays elevation and landform information, usually indicated by special symbols, called contour lines, or by landform shading.

Surveyors

Engineers called ___ start from a position with known geographic coordinates.

Position Fix

Finding your latitude and longitude coordinates and then plotting them on a map.

Geographic Map

Focuses on names, symbols, and locations of man-made and natural physical features , such as roads and highways, streams, lakes, coastlines, and oceans.

Layers

GIS' ability to organize data.

Pixels

Images are made of thousands of tiny points of data called ____. It contains sensor data, such as temperature , elevation, and another property of the surface in the image.

Seagoing clocks

Instrument used to determine longitude.

Astrolabes or Sextants

Instruments used to calculate latitude.

Radar (Radio Detecting and Ranging)

It uses radio waves to find distance and directions to objects.

Benchmarks

Known geographic locations used for surveying are called _____.

Cartographers

Mapmakers

Large-scale Maps

Maps with larger scale ratios shows smaller areas.

Small-scale Maps

Maps with smaller scale ratios shows larger areas.

Meridian

Marks the east-west position of the sun; Comes from the Latin word for "midday."

Small Circles

More circles parallel to the Equator; their diameter is less than a great circle's.

International Date Line (IDL)

Roughly follows the 180° meridian, which lies in the western Pacific Ocean.

Oblique View

Showing the earth from a tilted or ___ ___ is a more natural way of viewing a city, as if from a hilltop.

Contour Lines

Shows elevations on the map above some standard height, such as sea level.

Political Map

Shows names, boundaries, and shapes of countries, states, counties, cities, and towns --- any feature established by local, state, or national governments.

Gnomic Projection

Shows the shortest distance between two points, since great circles form straight lines.

Longitude Lines

Specifies the location's distance east or west from an imaginary line connecting the North and South Poles called the Prime Meridian.

Data Types

Standard ___ ___ can be stored in digital computer memory.

Greenwich

The 0° longitude lines pass through ___, England.

disappear, horizon stars, stars, location moon

The Earth as a sphere - Ships far out to sea gradually ___ below the ____. - Some ____ can be seen only from certain parts of the earth at the same time. If the earth were flat, all ____ above the earth should be seen from every ____ on the planet at once. - During a lunar eclipse, Earth's shadow on the ____ is always round.

north, south poles

The ____ and ____ ___ of the earth are 90° from the Equator. They mark where the earth's rotational axis passes through the earth's surface.

Latitude

The equator is 0 degrees ____.

Great Circle

The largest possible circle around a sphere.

Local Noon

The moment when the sun is at its highest point in the sky at the observer's location.

Equator

The most important great circle that divides the Northern Hemisphere from the Southern Hemisphere.

Map Projections

The process of transferring geographic information from a spherical surface to a flat surface.

Lines of Latitude or Parallels

These lines are parallel to the Equator when the globe is viewed from the side.

Horizontal Lines

These lines run east-west.

Vertical Lines

These lines run north-south.

Point Data Type

This data type identifies specific locations, like the position of a well.

Line Data Type

This data type represents features with length, such as rivers.

Polygon Data Type

This data type shows features that cover an area, like a lake.

Geographic coordinates

Together, latitude and longitude are called ____ ____.

US Military and Local Governments

Two uses for the Geographic Information System (GIS).

Sonar

Underwater submarine-hunting technology

Theme

Unifying idea.

Surveying

Until about the middle of the last century, people gathered geographic information only by this method.

Thematic Maps

Uses a theme when plotting the data on a map.

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Uses the signals from twenty-four Earth satellites to provide very accurate geographic positions that can be plotted on map.

Rectangular Grid Lines

Usually used for small-area maps, but don't work on a sphere.

Cylindrical Projection

When a cylinder is wrapped around a sphere. (the globe); may touch the earth along great circles other than the Equator.

Polar Projection

When a projection touches a pole.

Conic Projection

a. Cylindrical projection b. Conic projection c. Gnomic projection

Cylindrical Projection

a. Cylindrical projection b. Conic projection c. Gnomic projection

Gnomonic Projection

a. Cylindrical projection b. Conic projection c. Gnomic projection

Geographic Map

a. Geographic Map b. Topographic Map c. Robinson World Map d. Political Map

Political Map

a. Geographic Map b. Topographic Map c. Robinson World Map d. Political Map

Robinson World Map

a. Geographic Map b. Topographic Map c. Robinson World Map d. Political Map

Topographic Map

a. Geographic Map b. Topographic Map c. Robinson World Map d. Political Map

Large-scale map

a. Large-scale map b. Small-scale map

Small-scale map

a. Large-scale map b. Small-scale map

Equatorial projection

a. Polar Projection b. Oblique Projection c. Equatorial Projection

Oblique projection

a. Polar Projection b. Oblique Projection c. Equatorial Projection

Polar projection

a. Polar Projection b. Oblique Projection c. Equatorial Projection

Equator

a. Small circles b. Great circles c. Latitude Lines d. Equator

Great Circle

a. Small circles b. Great circles c. Latitude Lines d. Equator