European History to the 1600's

great famine

(occasionally dated 1315-1322) was the first of a series of large-scale crises that struck Europe early in the fourteenth century. Most of Europe (extending east to Russia and south to Italy) was affected.[1] The famine caused millions of deaths over an extended number of years and marked a clear end to the period of growth and prosperity from the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries

mos maiorum

1 ("ancestral custom" or "way of the elders," plural mores, with maiorum a genitive plural; cf. English "mores") is the unwritten code from which the ancient Romans derived their social norms. It is the core concept of Roman traditionalism, distinguished from but in dynamic complement to written law 2 92 bc ???? 3 rome 4

Panhellenism

1 (from 'pan': 'all' and 'Hellas': 'Greece') is a modern name for the unity of the Greeks. The Greek poleis (cities with the surrounding countryside) were completely independent from each other. The 'nationality' of a Greek therefore referred to his home town. 2 700's bce ????? 3 Greece 4 Defining the unity between tighter groups lead to a group loyalty mindset

Panhellenism

1 (from 'pan': 'all' and 'Hellas': 'Greece') is a modern name for the unity of the Greeks. The Greek poleis (cities with the surrounding countryside) were completely independent from each other. The 'nationality' of a Greek therefore referred to his home town. 2 700's bce ????? 3 Greece 4 Defining the unity between tighter groups lead to a group loyalty mindset - lead to unity

Investiture Conflict

1 A series of conflicts between the Roman Church and European states over who could legitimately appoint figures within the church, such as bishops; 2 in the 11th century 3 roman emporer vs engald 4victory for pope

Saxons

1 Another successful tribal group- Ethelbert/Kind Alfred 2 thrived until the Norman conquest in 1066 3 today makes up England and Wale 4

Transubstantiation

1 Changing of bread and wine into the body and blood of christ 2 rome 31000s ce 4 In the 11th century, the doctrine of transubstantiation was established in response to Berengar of Tours denying any act need take place to signify the Eucharist.

Donation of Constantine

1 Forged document declaring the Pope recipient of emperor Constantine's crown, cloak, and military rank along with "all provinces, palaces, and districts of the city of Rome and Italy. 2 made in the middle of the 8th century 3 holy roman empire 4 built a case for the church to gain power

Isis

1 Goddess of motherhood, fertility, magic. 2 2000's bce 3 First worshipped in ancient Egypt, but her influence spread to Roman and the Greco-Roman world 4 Isis was worshipped as the ruler of the land and the guider of fate- people had started looking to higher beings for answers

Ultraquism

1 Idea that both bread and wine be served to the entire congregation. Literally means "both kinds" as in the bread and the wine 2 1400 3 Bohemia 4

Romulus

1 In Roman mythology, Romulus and his twin brother Remus were the children of Rhea Silvia and Mars (or in some variations the demi-god hero Hercules). Romulus and Remus are best known for being the founders of the city of Rome. 2 753BC 3 Rome 4 In order to grow in Rome's beginnings, Romulus attempted to capture and rape young men, and women from neighboring villages. They settled on a merger, but not without bloodshed. This story of violence in order to achieve growth, laid the foundation for Rome's incredible expansion in years to come.

reasons of state

1 Issues of land over religion France decided to put political and economic issues above those of Religious ones. 2 16th century 3 france - europe 4

Vulgate Bible

1 Latin translation of the Bible that became, during the 16th century, the Catholic Church's officially promulgated Latin version of the Bible 2 a late fourth-century 3 standard for roman catholics 4

Gratiums Decretum

1 Laws, systematic reorganization of laws of the church, justinian code, used roman system to organize church laws, prestigious law code, organized published and studied and can expect what to happen bc/law. Move away from ordeal, and germanic practices, corrupt to more formal, and literate/ professional; Gratian himself was a lawyer from Bologna 2 1140 3Papal States/modern day Italy 4

Franks

1 One of the most successful Germanic tribes. Ruled by King Clovis (481-511) who converted to Roman Christianity 2 They started becoming civilized at around 500. 3 invaded the western Roman Empire in the 5th century. Dominating present-day northern France, Belgium, and western Germany, 4

Council of Clermount

1 Pope Urban II calls for the first crusade in the city of Clermont. 2 Upon request by Alexius I, byzantine emperor, for mercenary troops to Constantinople, Urban held a council in the French city of Clermont where he claimed fellow Christians were being attacked by Muslims. This preceded the first crusade. 3 1095 4

sola scriptura

1 Relying on the scripture above religious leaders- priesthood of believers 2 1520 3 holy roman empire 4 scripture over leaders

Indulgences

1 Remissions of temporal punishment due to sin. 2 If someone committed a sin, they could receive an indulgence for doing something seen as holy or demonstrating penance (giving money to the church).Was meant to reduce the time spent in purgatory after death. 3 first 1000's 4

12 Tables

1 The earliest attempt by the Romans to create a code of law was the Laws of the Twelve Tables. A commission of ten men (Decemviri) was appointed to draw up a code of law binding on both patrician and plebeian and which consuls would have to enforce. 2 c. 455 B.C 3 Rome 4

Torah

1 The first five books of the Old Testament that are the foundation of Judaism 2 600 BCE 3 Recounted challenges endured by ancient hebrews. Proclamations made by state of israel, oral tradition b4 completed on scroll, ancient hebrews challenges to establish a state and pray to yahweh 4 Sacred text and recognized, torah is 5 books. The Torah is the first part of the Jewish bible. It is the central and most important document of Judaism and has been used by Jews through the ages.

Synod of Whitby

1 There was a diversion in the Celts over when Easter was. The Synod of Whitby decided that the Roman form of Christianity was to be the official kind. 2 664ad 3 whitby (modern day yorkshire) 4

sophists

1 a category of teachers who specialized in using the techniques of philosophy and rhetoric for the purpose of teaching arete—"excellence" or "virtue"—predominantly to young statesmen and nobility. 2 5th century 3 ancient Greece 4 Symbolizes a time when resources and safety were plentiful enough for people to sit and think. Laid the groundwork for many sciences still important today. They were seen as challengers to the customs of society at the time. Innovators in a time when tradition was most popular

sophists

1 a category of teachers who specialized in using the techniques of philosophy and rhetoric for the purpose of teaching arete—"excellence" or "virtue"—predominantly to young statesmen and nobility. 2 5th centuury 3 ancient greece 4

Divine Comedy

1 a long narrative poem about the afterlife by Dante Alighieri 2 begun c. 1308 and completed in 1320, a year before his death in 1321. 3 Florence 4 It is widely considered the preeminent work in Italian literature, and is seen as one of the greatest works of world literature

Punic Wars

1 a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage. The main cause of the Punic Wars was the conflicts of interest between the existing Carthaginian Empire and the expanding Roman Republic. 2 264 BC to 146 BC 3 Sicily, mediterranean, north africa, sardinia 4

Laws of Aethelberht

1 a set of legal provisions written in Old English, is the first Germanic-language law code 2 probably dating to the early 7th century. 3 originated in the kingdom of kent southeast england 4

Constitutions of Clarendon

1 a set of legislative procedures passed by Henry II of England. The Constitutions were composed of 16 articles and represent an attempt to restrict ecclesiastical privileges and curb the power of the Church courts and the extent of Papal authority in England 2 1164 3 england 4

Cuneiform

1 a wedge-shaped system of writing that was considered a script, not a language 2 3000-3500 3 Ancient sumerians in mesopotamia- soon spread 4 Cuneiform was one of the first systems of writings developed and the spread of it indicated a step towards uniting languages

Stoicism

1 an ancient Greek school of philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium. The school taught that virtue, the highest good, is based on knowledge, and that the wise live in harmony with the divine Reason (also identified with Fate and Providence) that governs nature, and are indifferent to the vicissitudes of fortune and to pleasure and pain 2 early 3rd century BC 3 Greek 4 Raised the question if whether or not humans have free will.

Epic of Gilgamesh

1 an epic poem that is considered the earliest surviving great work of literature. In it, Gilgamesh (leader) was unruly and wild, so an equal (Enkidu) is created fro balance. A harlot draws Enkidu out of the roods and into the city 2 2000s BC 3 Uruk 4 The Epic of Gilgamesh was the first piece of literature. In a time when stories told by mouth reigned, it signaled the very first step towards writing becoming a foundation of civilization

Battle of Chaeronea

1 between the Macedonians led by Philip II of Macedon and an alliance of some of the Greek city-states including Athens and Thebes. 2 338 BC 3 near the city of Chaeronea in Boeotia 4

hoplite

1 citizen-soldiers of Ancient Greek city-states who were primarily armed with spears and shields. Hoplite soldiers utilized the phalanx formation in order to be effective in war with fewer soldiers 2 7th- 4th centuries BC 3 Ancient Greece 4 Hoplites were self-made warriors. Common men who simply made enough money to afford nice armor, and practiced was strategies. This is particularly significant because the growing power of hoplites in the time leading up to the Persian Wars ultimately culminated in the adoption of democracy in Athens

Spiritual Franciscians

1 extreme proponents of the rule of Saint Francis of Assisi, especially with regard to poverty, and regarded the wealth of the Church as scandalous, and that of individual churchmen as invalidating their status. They were thus forced into open revolt against the whole authority of the Church and were declared heretical in 1296 by Boniface VIII. 2 1200's 3 Francis began preaching around 1207 and traveled to Rome to seek approval from Pope Innocent III in 1209 to form a new religious order. 4opposition of papacy

Paleolithic

1 means a culture of hunter/gatherers, stone tools, no permanent housing, and less patriarchal. 2 about 50,000 to 60,000 years ago 3 Originated in the Kenyan Valley 4 The first groups of people were all paleolithic, and it was the first step towards civilizations being built

Code of Hammurabi

1 one of the oldest deciphered writings- well-preserved Babylonian law code. In it, he outlines his basis for authority by appealing to all the various deities worshipped in his empire and how they have given him permission to create rule. It was also posted in a public square, and appealed to the "well-being of the oppressed" 2 1754 bc 3 King Hammurabi, Mesopotamia 4 The first written set of laws for a city, indicated move towards becoming more civilized

Zoroastrian

1 one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster 2 Zoroaster 6th century, religion, mid 5th century 3 ancient Iran 4 As the first monotheistic religion, it signaled a shift towards a focus on monotheism one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago, official religion of Persia. As said in the context, it contributed to the creation of Judaism and Christianity

Zoroastrian

1 one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster official religion of persia 2 Zoroaster 6th century, religion, mid 5th century 3 ancient Iran 4 As the first monotheistic religion, it signaled a shift towards a focus on monotheism one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago, official religion of persia

Pontifex Maximus

1 open only to patricians, the head of the principal college of priests 2 200's BC 3 Rome 4

Calvinism

1 the Protestant theological system of John Calvin and his successors, which develops Luther's doctrine of justification by faith alone and emphasizes the grace of God and the doctrine of predestination. 2 1550s 3 Geneva 4

Babylonian Captivity

1 the forced detention of Jews in Babylonia following the latter's conquest of the kingdom of Judah. The exile formally ended in 538 bce, when the Persian conqueror of Babylonia, Cyrus the Great, gave the Jews permission to return to Palestine. 2 late 500's bce 3 Baylon/ Palestine 4

Babylonian captivity

1 the forced detention of Jews in Babylonia following the latter's conquest of the kingdom of Judah. The exile formally ended in 538 bce, when the Persian conqueror of Babylonia, Cyrus the Great, gave the Jews permission to return to Palestine. 2 late 500's bce 3 Baylon/ Palestine 4 Monotheism begins to take hold and how God has chosen people. Contributed to the western view of God.

Pax Romana

1 the long period of relative peacefulness and minimal expansion by the Roman military force experienced by the Roman Empire after the end of the Final War of the Roman Republic and before the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century. 2 55 Ad ?? 3 Rome 4

reconquista

1 the name given to a long series of wars and battles between the Christian Kingdoms and the Muslim Moors for control of the Iberian Peninsula 2 It lasted for a good portion of the Middle Ages from 718 to 1492. 3 iberian peninsula 4

Battle of Kadesh

1 took place between the forces of the Egyptian Empire under Ramesses II and the Hittite Empire under Muwatalli II 2 1274 Bc 3 At the city of Kadesh on the Orontes River, just upstream of Lake Homs near the modern Syrian-Lebanese border 4

Battle of Kadesh

1 took place between the forces of the Egyptian Empire under Ramesses II and the Hittite Empire under Muwatalli II 2 1274 Bc 3 At the city of Kadesh on the Orontes River, just upstream of Lake Homs near the modern Syrian-Lebanese border 4 Was the first recorded peace treaty in history

Truce of God

1 was a movement in the Middle Ages led by the Catholic Church that applied spiritual sanctions to limit the violence of feuding 2 900-1027 (applied) 3 France 4

Ordeal

1Method for settling disputes in a time before written law throughout northern Europe 2Often based on unfair, or unjust strategies; became much less common after Lateran IV where Pope Innocent III prohibited trial by fire or water 3 6th century 4A more primitive attempt at justice that acted as a predecessor to more sophisticated notions of dispute settlement (appearing in the High and Late Middle Ages) under law codes created with clear influence from Greco-Roman and Biblical conceptions of law and justice; e.g. Gratian's Decretum