Exam 2 BBQ

Based on pre-2017 guidelines hypertension could be diagnosed based on a systolic blood pressure __________ mmHg

140

what's the typical mean arterial pressure in a healthy adult human?

86.6-100

Part T on this curve: a. all of these b. only two of these c. this secondary increase in pressure comes just after closing of the semilunar valves d. is sometimes called a dicrotic notch e. is related to elastic recoil of the arteries

a. all of these

the third heart sound would occur when during the cardiac cycle? a. early filling of the ventricles b. closing of the AV valves c. during late filling of the ventricles d. when there is mitral regurgitation e. closing of the semilunar valves

a. early filling of the ventricles right after the AV valves open

match the description with correct type of muscle: a. started, multinucleated, under voluntary control b. straited, branches, no voluntary control c. unstriated, no voluntary control

a. skeletal muscle b. cardiac muscle c. smooth muscle

Which of the following is/are true about the period of isovolumetric ventricular relaxation? a. the semilunar valves are closed b. the pressure in the ventricle is decreasing c. the AV valves are closed d. the volume of blood in the ventricles is decreasing e. it beings when the second hart sound occurs f. the volume of blood in the ventricle is constant g. the AV valves are open h. the volume of blood in the ventricle is increasing i. the semilunar valves are open j. the pressure in the ventricle is increasing

a. the semilunar valves are closed b. the pressure in the ventricle is decreasing c. the AV valves are closed e. it beings when the second hart sound occurs f. the volume of blood in the ventricle is constant

After collecting data from your subject you find that every heart beat there are about fifty milliliters of blood in the left ventricle at the end of systole, their heart is beating 100 times per minute and their heart is pumping out fifteen liters of blood per minute, which of the following is/are true: a. their ejection fraction is approximately 75% b. their end systolic volume is 100 ml c. their stroke volume is about 100 ml d. their end diastolic volume is 50 ml e. all of these ARE true

a. their ejection fraction is approximately 75%

Which of the following is/are NOT true about baroreceptors? a. they are a type of phasic receptor b. they become reset to a higher pressure in hypertension c. their firing rate is related to both the mean pressure and rate of change in pressure d. they are located in the aorta and carotid arteries e. they send information to the medulla oblongata f. three of the above are NOT true

a. they are a type of phasic receptor

which of the following antibodies could be found in blood type AB-

anti-Rh

which of the following could cause anemia? a. dehydration b. dietary deficiency of folic acid c. lack of intrinsic factor secretion by the stomach d. dietary deficiency or iron e. going to a high altitude

b. dietary deficiency of folic acid c. lack of intrinsic factor secretion by the stomach d. dietary deficiency or iron

which of the following is a property of type IIX fibers? a. low SERCA density b. high LDH activity c. low myoglobin content d. low capillary density e. recruited last

b. high LDH activity

in skeletal muscle, type 1 fibers would tend to have lower concentrations of which of the following compared to type IIX fibers a. the amount of lipid stores b. the amount of glycogen c. the amount of mitochondria d. the amount of myoglobin e. three of the above

b. the amount of glycogen

which of the following fiber types would tend to have the most myoglobin? a. IIC b. IIX c. I d. IIAX e. IIA

c. I

In your subject's capillaries you found the following pressures (all reported in mmHg). Capillary pressure on the arterial side of the capillary was 13. the plasma colloid osmotic pressure was 22, their interstitial fluid was zero, and their interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure was 1. Which of the following is/are true? a. an increase in histamine in this area would increase reabsorption b. there is a net ultrafiltration pressure of 12 mmHg favoring fluid movement out of the interstitial fluid into the capillary c. in the capillary there would be more ultrafiltration than reabsorption d. there is a net ultrafiltration pressure of 12 mmHg favoring fluid movement out of the capillary into the interstitial fluid

c. in the capillary there would be more ultrafiltration than reabsorption d. there is a net ultrafiltration pressure of 12 mmHg favoring fluid movement out of the capillary into the interstitial fluid

which of the following is NOT a property of type IIX fibers? a. low capillary density b. high LDH activity c. low myoglobin content d. recruited last e. low SERCA density

c. low myoglobin content

Which of the following is/are true about nitric oxide? a. It is secreted by endothelial cells b. It results in vasoconstriction c. It increases cyclic GMP in smooth muscle cells d. All of the above e. Two of the above

e. Two of the above

at what time point on this figure would the second heart sound occur? a. at time point W b. between points W and X c. at time point Y d. at time point V e. at time point X

e. at time point X

for a subject with healthy blood pressure (neither hypo-or hypertension), M on this figure would be approximately: a. 80 b. none of these answers c. 90 d. 100 e. >140 f. 120 g. <60

f. 120

Put the following events related to hemostasis in order ultimately ending in formation of a clot (the last answer.... note: not all steps are presented)

1- vascular spasm 2- platelet plug 3- activation of factor X 4- activation of prothrombin to its active form 5- formation of a clot

Based on current (after 2017) guidelines a systolic blood pressure of __________ mmHg would be classified as elevated (more than one acceptable answer)

125 (120-130)

Possible hematocrit in an adult female with secondary polycythemia

68%

which of the following blood types can O- donate to?

A+ B+ O- A- O+ AB- AB+ B-

Which of the following blood types can type O+ receive blood from?

O- O+

which of the following antigens would be found in blood O+?

Rh

If the parasympathetic nervous system is acting on the heart, we would expect to observe which of the following? a. a negative inotropic effect b. none of these answers c. a positive chronotrophic effect d. a positive inotropic effect e. a negative chrontrophic effect

a. a negative chronotrophic effect

filling of the ventricles would take place during what part of this figure? a. between points X and Y b. between points Y and V c. between points W and X d. between points V and W e. between points V and X

b. between points Y and V

According to Poicelle's law, the most important variable influencing resistance to blood flow is a. length of blood vessel b. radius of blood vessel c. viscosity of blood vessel d. the amount of blood flow e. none of the above

b. radius of blood vessel

which of the following is NOT a property of type 1 fibers? a. a lot of mitochondria b. recruited first c. high glycogen content d. high SDH activity e. three of the above

c. high glycogen content

in skeletal muscle, in order to stimulate muscle contraction, calcium concentration in the cytoplasm must increase. When calcium enters the cytoplasm, it binds with ________________, this is the critical step that determines whether or not skeletal muscle contracts a. actin b. ryanodine receptors c. troponin d. myosin e. tropomyosin

c. troponin

Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the least myoglobin? a. IIAX b. I c. IIC d. IIX e. IIA

d. IIX

the part of the EKF that could best be used to determine heart rate is the _______________________? a. QT interval b. TP interval c. QRS interval d. RR interval e. PR interval

d. RR interval

What does the 5th Korotkoff sound sound like? a. none of these answers b. somewhat loud clicking c. muffled tapping d. no sound e. somewhat loud tapping

d. no sound

which of the following events occur when the pressure in the atria is higher than the pressure in the ventricles? a. the period of isovolumeric relaxation b. the ventricular ejection period c. the mitral valve is closed d. two of these answers e. filling of the ventricles f. the aortic valve is open

e. filling of the ventricles

if observed, when does the 4th heart sound occur relative to out other heart sounds? a. just before S3 b. between S1 and S2 c. shortly after S2 d. shortly before S2 e. shortly before S1

e. shortly before S1

There is a brief delay between atrial depolarization and ventricular depolarization. This is important to allow the ventricle to finish filling prior to contracting and ejecting. The ___________________________ is the part of the heart's electrical conduction system that conducts slowly and thus allows for this brief delay. a. SA node b. purkinje fibers c. left and right bundle branches d. common bundle e. interracial pathway f. AV node

f. AV node

Put the following events related to skeletal muscle contraction in order. Note: some events have been skipped and all events are after acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction

1- action potential spreads down sarcolemma 2- activation of dihydophyridine receptors 3- Ca2+ released from lateral sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum 4- tropomyosin slides over, uncovering myosin binding sites on actin 5- "power stroke" of myosin head as myosin head swivels and produces force as Pi and then ADP are released 6- ATP binds myosin head causing myosin to dissociate from actin

Changing from supine to standing causes a specific sequence of cardiovascular events. This question is related to the mechanism by which your cardiovascular system adjusts after the initial change in blood pressure. Please put the following events in order

1- baroreceptors detect change in blood pressure 2- signals are sent to the medulla oblongata 3- increase in sympathetic nervous system activity 4- increase in heart rate and widespread vasoconstriction 5- increase in cardiac output and total peripheral resistance 6- increase in blood pressure

Changing from supine to standing causes a specific sequence of cardiovascular events. This question is related to the mechanism that causes the initial change in blood pressure. Please put the following events in order

1- blood pools in lower extremities 2- venous return decreases 3- end diastolic volume decreases 4- cardiac output decreases 5- stroke volume decreases 6- blood pressure decreases

put the following events related to skeletal muscle contraction in order

1- end plate potential 2- activation of dihydropyridine receptors 3- Ca2+ binds troponin 4- myosin binds with actin ("coupling") 5- ATP binds myosin head 6- myosin dissociates from thin filament

During the diving reflex, what causes the changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Please put the following events in order:

1- signals are sent to the medulla oblongata 2- increase in sympathetic nervous system activity 3- widespread vasoconstriction 4- increase in total peripheral resistance 5- increase in blood pressure not part- increase in cardiac output

Put the following events of ventricular diastole in order (Note: some events are not presented here)

1- ventricular muscle cells begin to replorarize 2- pressure in ventricles fall below pressure in the aorta 3- second heat sound occur 4- pressure in ventricles fall below pressure in atria 5- ventricles begin to fill passively 6- active filling of ventricles

put the following events of ventricular systole in order

1- ventricular muscle cells depolarize 2- calcium enters cardiac muscle cells cytoplasm through dihydrophine receptors 3- calcium enters cardiac muscle cell cytoplasm through ryanodine receptors 4- Pressur ein ventricles becomes higher than pressure in the atria 5- first heart sound occurs 6- pressure in ventricles become higher than pressure in the aorta

During the diving reflex, what causes the changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Please put the following events in order:

1. facial cooling and apnea 2. signals are send to medulla oblongata 3. increase in parasympathetic nervous system 4. decrease in heart rate 5. decrease in heart's oxygen demand 5. increase in blood pressure

put the following events of ventricular systole in order

1. ventricular muscle cells depolarize 2. calcium enters cardiac muscle cell cytoplasm through dihydropyridine receptors 3. calcium enters cardiac muscle cells cytoplasm through ryanodine receptors 4. pressure in ventricles becomes higher than pressure in the atria 5. pressure in ventricles becomes higher than pressure in the aorta 6. ventricles begin to eject blood

your subject has a cardiac output of 12, a heart rate of 116 and a blood pressure of 167/80. What is their stroke volume in ml?

103.5 ± 2

Your subject has a cardiac output of 12.3, a heart rate of 117, and a blood pressure of 167/72. What is their stroke volume in ml? (no units required, use ml, not L)

105.1 ± 2

Your subject has a cardiac output of 12.5, a heart rate of 137, and a blood pressure of 154/84. What is their mean arterial pressure? (no units required)

107.3 ± 2

Your subject has a cardiac output of 13.2, a heart rate of 121, and a blood pressure of 143/73. What is their stroke volume in ml? (no units required, use ml, not L)

109.1 ± 2

Based on current (after 2017) guidelines hypertension could be diagnosed based on a systolic blood pressure __________ mmHg

130

Current guidelines in the United States use an SBP cutoff value of greater than or equal to ____________ to diagnose hypertension. (no units required)

130

Based on pre-2017 guidelines a systolic blood pressure of __________ mmHg would be classified as pre-hypertensive (more than one acceptable answer)

130 (120-140)

Possible hematocrit in an adult female with long term dietary folic acid deficiency

23%

possible hematocrit in an adult female with aplastic anemia?

23%

which of the following is closest to a healthy thrombocyte count for a healthy adult male?

270,000/mm3

if your patient's blood pressure were 106/70, then their pulse pressure would be _________ and their mean arterial pressure would be _____________

36, 82

what is a typical value for cardiac output in a healthy adult human (in L)?

4-6

Which of the following is closest to the average hematocrit for a healthy adult male?

46.5%

What is your subject's cardiac output (use L not ml), if your subject's heart rate is 60 and they have an end systolic volume of 48 and an end diastolic volume of 137? (no units required)

5.3 ± 1%

Which of the following is closest to a healthy erythrocyte count for a healthy adult male?

5.6 million/mm3

What is your subject's ejection fraction, if your subject's heart rate is 78 and they have an end systolic volume of 57 and an end diastolic volume of 137? (no units required)

58.4 ± 1%

What is your subject's ejection fraction, if your subject's heart rate is 79 and they have an end systolic volume of 54 and an end diastolic volume of 133? (no units required)

59.4 ± 1%

What is your subject's ejection fraction, if your subject's heart rate is 73 and they have an end systolic volume of 59 and an end diastolic volume of 151? (no units required)

60.9 ± 1%

if your subject's end systolic volume was 50ml and their end diastolic volume was 150ml, then their ejection fraction would approx:

67%

Possible hematocrit in an adult female who has a kidney tumor that causes an increase in erythropoiten secretion

68%

Possible hematocrit in an adult male who is very dehydrated

68%

Possible hematocrit of a patient with severe obstuctive pulmonary disease whose SaO2% (even with supplemental O2) is usually around 92% the last six months

68%

neutrophils are usually close to this percent of our leukocytes

68%

possible hematocrit in an adult male who has been monitoring climbers at Mt. Everset base camp (17,600 feet) for six weeks

68%

which of the following is closest to a healthy white blood cell count for a healthy adult male?

7,000/mm3

What is your subject's cardiac output (use L not ml), if your subject's heart rate is 78 and they have an end systolic volume of 62 and an end diastolic volume of 155? (no units required)

7.3 ± 1%

What is your subject's cardiac output (use L not ml), if your subject's heart rate is 95 and they have an end systolic volume of 60 and an end diastolic volume of 141? (no units required)

7.7 ± 2%

Based on current (after 2017) guidelines hypertension could be diagnosed based on a diastolic blood pressure __________ mmHg

80

what is a typical value for diastolic blood pressure in a healthy adult human?

80

What is your subject's stroke volume (in ml, not L) if their heart rate is 71, their end diastolic volume is 142, and their cardiac output is 6

85 ± 1%

Based on pre-2017 guidelines hypertension could be diagnosed based on a diastolic blood pressure __________ mmHg

90

which of the following antigens would be found in blood type A-

A

Which of the following blood types can type O+ donate to?

A+ O+ AB+ B+

which of the following blood types can A+ receive blood from?

A+ O+ O- A-

In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that could only have anti-B and anti-Rh antibodies

A-

Match the immage labels with the appropriate terms: (sarcromere)

A- Z line B- width of myofibril C- A band E- length of sarcomere G- Triad

which of the following blood types can type B+ donate to?

AB+ B+

Which of the following blood types can type A- donate to?

AB- A- AB+ A+

in the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that could only have anti-A antibodies

B+

in the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that would only have B antigens and Rh antigens

B+

Which of the following blood types can type B- donate to?

B+ AB+ AB- B-

In our recent lectures we discussed several aspects of muscle performance including force, velocity, power, and muscle length. Which of the following figures best depicts the force-velocity curve during concentric and eccentric actions?

L

in our recent lectures we discussed several aspects of muscle performance including force, velocity, power and muscle length. Which of the following figure best depicts the active tension curve?

M

In our recent lectures we discussed several aspects of muscle performance including force, velocity, power, and muscle length. Which of the following figures best depicts the length-tension Total tension curve?

O

Which of the following blood types can type B+ receive blood from?

O+ B+

Which of the following labels (M-X) and terms are mis-matched x-stroke volume S-isovolumetric ventricular relaxation v-end diastolic volume w-end systolic volume r-closing of AV valves t-opening of the semilunar valves all of the above ARE true three of the above

S-isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

If your subject's end systolic volume was 50 ml and their end diastolic volume was 200 ml, then their ejection fraction would approximately: a. 75% b. 33% c. 25% d. 67% e. 67%

a. 75%

Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the largest twitch time (highest number if we gave it a numeric value)? a. I b. IIC c. IIx d. IIA e. IIAX

a. I

which of the following fiber types would tend to have the greater succinate dehydrogenase activity (SDH catalyzes a step in the citric acid cycle) a. I b. IIAX c. IIX d. IIC e. IIA

a. I

match the following with the appropriate parts of this figure (pressure-loop) a. isovolumeric ventricular contraction b. ventricular ejection c. ventricular filling d. end systolic volume e. stroke volume f. end diastolic volume

a. S b. U c. P d. N e. 60 f. 115

What is/are true regarding skeletal muscle twitches A and B below: a. Twitch B would need to be stimulated less frequently to achieve tetanus b. Twitch A is likely from a slow twitch fiber c. Muscle fiber A likely has more mitochondria d. Twitch B has a shorter relaxation time because it likely has more SERCAs. e. All of the above ARE true.

a. Twitch B would need to be stimulated less frequently to achieve tetanus

if the parasympathetic nervous system is acting on the heart, we would expect to observe which of the following? a. a decrease in heart rate b. none of these answers c. an increase in contractility d. an increase in heart rate e. an increase in AV nodal delay

a. a decrease in heart rate e. an increase in AV nodal delay

Which of the following is/are true about this figure? (frank-starling law) a. all of these are true b. only two of these are true c. if the middle, blue line represents a normal curve, then the bottom, red line depicts what happens to inotrophy in heart failure d. the X axis is EDV and the Y axis is stroke volume e. if the middle, blue line represents a normal curve, then the top, green line could be depicting what happens to inotrophy in a healthy subject with sympathetic stimulation f. it illustrates the frank-starling law of heart

a. all of these are true

If your subject goes up to a high altitude for several weeks, which of the following are likely to occur? Select all that apply (Answer is correct only if all correct answers are selected and no incorrect answers are selected) a. an increase in erythropoieten acting on bone marrow cells b. the kidneys increase secretion of a hormone c. a decrease in resistance to blood flow d. secondary polycythemia e. an increase in hematocrit

a. an increase in erythropoieten acting on bone marrow cells b. the kidneys increase secretion of a hormone d. secondary polycythemia e. an increase in hematocrit

Which of the following are mechanisms by which antibodies can eliminate foreign microbes? a. angulation & precipitation b. stimulation of natural killer cells c. acting as an opsonin (enhancing phagocytosis) d. increasing neutrophil production e. activation of cytotoxic T cells f. activation of the complement system

a. angulation & precipitation b. stimulation of natural killer cells c. acting as an opsonin (enhancing phagocytosis) f. activation of the complement system

The sympathetic nervous system can cause constriction of arteries & arterioles, and also of veins. In all cases, constriction would tend to increase blood pressure, but constriction in these different parts of the circulation increase blood pressure by different mechanisms. Constriction of ---------- would increase total peripheral resistance which would increase mean arterial pressure. a. arterioles b. venules c. veins d. vena cava e. two of the above

a. arterioles

At what time point on this figure would the QRS complex occur? a. at time point V b. at time point W c. between points W and X d. at time point Y e. at time point X

a. at time point V

the animal kingdom provides many examples of outstanding performance that can help us better understand human muscle performance. Match the descriptions below with the animal that best reflects this muscle characteristics: a. outstanding ability to use glycogen metabolism b. ability to turn muscle on and off very rapidly c. not much actin and myosin in their muscle fibers because their flight requires a lot of sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria d. maintains muscle mass and quality fairly well during prolonged inactivity e. very rapid muscle "training" gains after prolonged inactivity f. increases in locomotor speed don't require increases in VO2 because of a great ability to use elastic components of muscle

a. cheetah running muscle b. rattlesnake tail muscle c. hummingbird flight muscles d. 13 lined ground squirrel e. the eared rebels, a migratory bird f. kangaroo

when the parasympathetic nervous system is acting on the SA node it would result in which of the following changes to intracellular signals (2nd messengers)? a. decrease cAMP b. decrease IP3 c. increase cAMP d. decrease DAG e. three of these answers would happen f. increase IP3

a. decrease cAMP

which of the following is NOT a property of type 1 fibers? a. high density of ryanodine receptors b. high lipid content c. all of these ARE properties of type 1 fibers d. a lot of myoglobin e. long twitch time

a. high density of ryanodine receptors

when the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the ventricles it would result in which of the following ionic/permeability changes? a. increase Ca2+ influx b. increase K+ efflux c. decrease Ca2+ influx d. three of these answers would happen e. increase Ca2+ efflux f. increase K+ influc

a. increase Ca2+ influx

at what time point on this figure would we expect to see the T wave start? a. midway between points W and X b. at time point V c. at time point X d. midways between points X and V e. between points V & W

a. midway between points W and X

Dashed line S is cloer to R than O because: a. more time is spent in diastole than systole b. we spend more time in systole than diastole c. none of these d. because most filling of the ventricles is passive e. it is in the wrong place, it should be halfway between R and O

a. more time is spent in diastole than systole

the neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers at the ventricles is __________________ a. this branch of the autonomic nervous system does not innervate this part of the heart b. two of these answers c. epinephrine d. norepinephrine e. acetylcholine

a. this branch of the autonomic nervous system does not innervate this part of the heart

Which of the following is/are NOT true about the zone of overlap between thick and thin filaments in a sarcomere? a. this is where we would find alpha-actinin b. there would be six thin filaments around each thick filament c. there would be three thick filaments around each thin filament d. two of these answers e. it would be in part of the A band

a. this is where we would find alpha-actinin

Which of the following antibodies could be found in blood type B-

anti-Rh anti-A

which heart sound is heard shortly after the AV valves open? a. 4th heart sound b. 3rd heart sound c. two of these answers d. whistle e. Swiss f. 4th korotkoff sound g. 1st korotkoff sound h. 5th korotkoff sound i. 2nd heart sound j. 1st heart soudn

b. 3rd heart sound

Which of the following drugs could be used to block the effects of norepinephrine on the SA Node? a. Dobutamine, a beta adrenergic receptor agonist b. Atenolol, a type of beta1-antagonist (blocker) c. Atropine d. Butaxamine, a type of beta2-antagonist (blocker) e. Curare

b. Atenolol, a type of beta1-antagonist (blocker)

if we increased stroke volume, we would expect which of the following to increase the most? a. T b. Q c. none of these d. R e. N

b. Q

if the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the heart, we would expect to observe which of the following? a. none of these answers b. a positive chronotrophic effect c. a negative chronotrophic effect d. a positive inotropic effect e. a negative inotropic effect

b. a positive chronotrophic effect d. a positive inotropic effect

which of the following is/are NOT true about the A band? a. it is approx 1.6um; the length of the thick filament b. all of these answers ARE true c. in humans, the triads are near the end of the A band where they meet the I band d. the thick and thin filaments overlap for a portion of the A band e. the M line is in the middle zone of the A band

b. all of these answers ARE true

despite its reputation, Athens is not the highest city in the world. The highest city in the world is La rinconada in Peru, which is almost 17,000 feet above sea level. if your subjects spent a month living there, which of the following would NOT be expected? a. secondary polythemia b. all of these changes WOULD be expected c. an increased secretion of the hormone erthropoiten from the kidneys d. an increase in hematocrit e. an increase in red blood cell count f. an increase in hemoglobin concentration

b. all of these changes WOULD be expected

among the blood vessels, ______ serve as a pressure reservoir because______. a. arterioles, they have a lot of smooth muscle b. arteries, they have a lot of elastic tissue c. veins, they are very compliant d. none of the above

b. arteries, they have a lot of elastic tissue

which of the following drugs could be used to block the effects of epinephrine on the SA node? a. atropine b. atenolol, a type of beta1-antagonist (blocker) c. dobutamine, a beta adrenergic receptor agonist d. curare e. butaxamine, a type of beta2-antagonist (blocker)

b. atenolol, a type of beta1-antagonist (blocker)

the ventricles would be ejecting blood during which part of this figure? a. between points Y and V b. between points W and X c. between points V and W d. between points V and X e. between points X and Y

b. between points W and X

if a drug has a positive chronotrophic effect, this means that: a. it increases the strength of cardiac contraction b. it increases heart rate c. it increases the rate of relaxation d. it increases conduction velocity e. none of the above

b. it increases heart rate

____________ are a type of proprioceptor that plays an important role in the reciprocal inhibition of antagonist muscle groups. this receptors detects changes in ____________ a. muscle spindles, tension b. muscle spindles, length of muscle c. Golgi tendon organs, tension d. Golgi tendon organs, lengths of the muscle e. none of the above

b. muscle spindles, length of muscle

which sound do we associate with systolic blood pressure? a. the fifth korotkoff sound b. the first korotkoff sound c. the first heart sound, S1 d. the second heart sound, S2 e. none of these answers

b. the first korotkoff sound

which of the following is/are NOT true about the autonomic system and blood vessels? a. the sympathetic nervous system causes widespread vasoconstriction b. the parasympathetic nervous system causes widespread vasodilation c. norepinephrine causes vasoconstriction by binding with alpha-adrenergic receptors d. an increase in IP3 in a smooth muscle cell would cause vasoconstriction e. all of the above ARE true

b. the parasympathetic nervous system causes widespread vasodilation

Which of the following is/are true about the ventricular ejection period? a. the volume of blood in the ventricle is increasing b. the pressure in the aorta initially increases c. the volume of blood in the ventricle is decreasing d. the pressure in the atria is higher than the pressure in the vetricles e. the AV valves are closed f. the semilunar valves are closed g. the volume of blood in the ventricle is constant h. the AV valves are open i. the semilunar valves are open j. The T wave would start somewhere during this period

b. the pressure in the aorta initially increases c. the volume of blood in the ventricle is decreasing e. the AV valves are closed i. the semilunar valves are open j. The T wave would start somewhere during this period

If your subject had an end diastolic volume of 150ml and an end systolic volume of 50ml, a blood pressure of 200/90, a QT interval of 0.33 seconds, and an RR interval of 0.5 seconds, which of the following is/are NOT true? a. their heart rate is 120 beats per minute b. their ejection fraction is around 33% c. their rate pressure produce is 24,000 d. their cardiac output is 12 liters per minute e. two fo these answers

b. their ejection fraction is around 33%

which of the following best describes the regulation of smooth muscle contraction? a. Ca2+ enters mostly from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca2+ binds with calmodulin, myosin light chain phosphatase gets activated. Myosin light chains get phosphorylated, smooth muscle contracts b. Ca2+ enters mostly from sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca2+ binds with IP3. Myosin heavy chain kinase gets activated. Myosin heady chain gets phosphorylated, smooth muscle contracts c. Ca2+ enters mostly from ECF, binds with calmodulin, myosin light chain gets activate, myosin light chain gets phosphorylated, smooth muscle contracts e. none of the above

c. Ca2+ enters mostly from ECF, binds with calmodulin, myosin light chain gets activate, myosin light chain gets phosphorylated, smooth muscle contracts

which of the following pressures best represents the left ventricular pressure tracing? a. L2 b. M2 c. N d. L3 e. L1 f. M1

c. N

The duration of a ventricular muscle cell action potential would be best estimated by which interval on an EKG? a. PR interval b. QRS interval c. QT interval d. RR interval e. TP interval

c. QT interval

calcium is critical for signaling contraction in all types of muscle. what is true about calcium regulation in cardiac and skeletal muscle? a. only 4 of these are true b. in skeletal muscle, the dihydrophydine receptors work as a voltage sensor c. all of these ARE true d. in skeletal muscle, essential all of the calcium signaling contraction is from the SR. in cardiac muscle, some of the calcium comes from the SR and some from the ECF

c. all of these ARE true

Which of the following is/are NOT true? a. constriction of arterioles increases TPR, which increases arterial blood pressure b. constriction of veins increases venous return, which increases arterial blood pressure c. constriction of veins increases TPR, which increases arterial blood pressure d. constriction of arterioles does not increase venous return e. the sympathetic nervous system causes constriction of both arterioles and veins f. all of the above ARE true

c. constriction of veins increases TPR, which increases arterial blood pressure

If you heard lub dup whistle, the extra, abnormal heartsound would be considered a ____________________ murmur a. good b. positive c. diastolic d. systolic

c. diastolic

if you heard lunch-whistle-dup, the extra, abnormal heartbeat would be considered a __________________ murmur a. positive b. good c. diastolic d. systolic

c. diastolic

In skeletal muscle, when an action potential spreads down the T tubles it activates ____________________, which serve as _____________; this plays an important role in the release of calcium. a. ryanodine receptors, voltage sensors b. SERCAs, calcium pumps c. dihydopyridine receptors, voltage sensors d. IP3, calcium release signal e. dihyrdopyridine receptors, calcium channels

c. dihydopyridine receptors, voltage sensors

the fourth heart sound would occur when doing the cardiac cycle? a. when there is mitral regurgitation b. early filling of the ventricles right after the AV valves open c. during late filling of the ventricles when the atria contract d. closing of the AV valves e. closing of the semilunar valves

c. during late filling of the ventricles when the atria contract

When the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the SA Node it would result in which of the following ionic/permeability changes? a. increase K+ influx b. increase Ca2+ efflux c. increase Ca2+ influx d. increase K+ efflux e. decrease Ca2+ influx f. three of these answers would happen

c. increase Ca2+ influx

which of the following is/are NOT true about the compliment system? a. complement system proteins are made by the liver b. compliment system proteins C5-C9 can form a membrane attack complex c. it is part of our adaptive immune system; it only acts on specific pathogens d. some compliment system proteins can serve as opsonins e. two of the above

c. it is part of our adaptive immune system; it only acts on specific pathogens

The neurotransmitter released by sympatheteic postganglionic nerve fibers at the ventricles is ___________________. a. acetylcholine b. two of these answers c. norepinephrine d. this branch of the autonomic nervous system does nont innervate this part of the heart e. epinephrine

c. norepinephrine

Which of the following are NOT true about Memory Cells of the immune system? a. vaccination increases the number of these cells for a specific antigen which allows for a more potent secondary response to this antigen b. they do not participate in the current immune response, but respond rapidly to produce plasma cells when exposed to the antigen a second time c. they produce antibodies upon the initial exposure to an antigen d. they are a type of B lymphocyte e. three of the above

c. they produce antibodies upon the initial exposure to an antigen

which of the following are true about clotting cascade/pathway? a. when platelets aggregate they form a clot b. prothrombin gets converted to thrombin and trombone forms a clot c. thrombin activates fibrinogen to fibrin and fibrin forms a clot d. plasminogen gets activated to plasmin which increases clot formation e. three of the above

c. thrombin activates fibrinogen to fibrin and fibrin forms a clot

Which of the following is/are true about smooth muscle contraction: a. Unlike skeletal muscle, most of the Ca2+ signaling contraction comes from the ECF b. Phosphorylation of myosin light chains is a critical step in signaling smooth muscle contraction c. When calcium enters the cytoplasm it binds with Calmodulin, and these, in turn activate myosin light chain kinase d. All of the above are true e. Only two of the above are true

d. All of the above are true

myosin heavy chain IIA would be the predominate type of myosin in which fiber type? a. IIC b. I c. IIAX d. IIA e. IIX

d. IIA

If your subjectâ s blood pressure was 130/70, what would be true of their blood pressures: a. Their pulse pressure would be 70 mmHg b. Their pulse pressure would be 200 mmHg c. Their mean arterial blood pressure would be 100 mmHg d. Their mean arterial blood pressure would be 90 mmHg e. Two of the above

d. Their mean arterial blood pressure would be 90 mmHg

Regarding bulk flow, ultrafiltration, and reabsorption in capillaries, which of the following is NOT true a. Ultrafiltration occurs in the proximal end of the capillary mostly because the capillary blood pressure (Pc) is higher than the plasma colloid osmotic pressure (Ï p) b. Reabsorption occurs in the distal end of the capillary mostly because the capillary blood pressure (Pc) is lower than the plasma colloid osmotic pressure (Ï p) c. Ankle edema is a potential symptom of heart failure and it occurs when the venous pressure increases, which increases the capillary blood pressure, which can increase ultrafiltration and reduce reabsorption d. Ultrafiltration is referring to the movement of water into the capillary from the interstitial fluid e. Two of these answers are NOT true

d. Ultrafiltration is referring to the movement of water into the capillary from the interstitial fluid

Muscle architecture influences muscle performance. Which of the following is/are NOT true about how the arrangement of muscle fibers influences force production a. pennate arrangement tends to increase physiological cross sectional area (PSCA) b. fusiform arrangements are associated with long fibers, this arrangement is beneficial for velocity and range of motion c. a muscle with greater physiological cross-sectional area would be stronger than a muscle with small PCSA d. a muscle with longer fibers would be stronger than a muscle with shorter fibers e. three of above

d. a muscle with longer fibers would be stronger than a muscle with shorter fibers

Which of the following is/are true of myocardial ischemia a. it can be caused by a decrease in oxygen delivery to the myocardium b. it can be caused by a failure to increase oxygen delivery to the heart when there is a high myocardial oxygen demand c. the classic symptom of myocardial ischemia is angina pectoris d. all of the above e. only two of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following is/are true of orthostatic hypotension? a. it is when blood pressure drops when changing from a seated/supine position to standing b. it is associated with a reduction in venous return, which leads to a decrease in blood pressure c. a common symptom is lightheadedness d. all of the above e. two of the above

d. all of the above

blood flow to a tissue could be enchained by (for example, how we could increase blood flow to exercising muscle) a. increasing blood pressure b. decreasing resistance c. increasing blood vessel radius d. all of the above e. only two of the above

d. all of the above

if your subject's heart rate was 100 bpm, their EDV was 150 ml and their ESV was 50ml, then which of the following would be true? a. their stroke volume would be 100ml b. their ejection fraction would be 67% c. their cardiac output would be 10 L/min d. all of the above e. only two of the above

d. all of the above

which of the following are true about blood clots and heart attacks? a. a clot associated with the blood vessel wall is called a thrombus b. a free-floating clot is called an embolus c. the process by which a clot becomes free-floating and gets lodged in a blood vessel is called thromboembolism d. all of the above e. two of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following is/are true about the immune response to viral infection? a. interferon is secreted by infected cells and precent viral replication in other cells b. natural killer cells nonspecifically lyse virus infected cells c. cytotoxic cells specifically lyse virus infected cells d. all of the above ARE true e. only two of the above are true

d. all of the above ARE true

which of the following is/are NOT true about passive tension? a. it is created by stretching the elastic components of the muscle b. it contributes to muscle force production during locomotion but does not cost any ATP c. elastin, found in the connective tissue associated with muscle, is an important contributor to the passive tension d. all of the above ARE true e. A & C

d. all of the above ARE true

which of the following is/are true about smooth muscle contraction? a. unlike skeletal muscle, most of the Ca2+ signaling contraction comes from the ECF b. phosphorylation of myosin light chain is a critical step in signaling smooth muscle contraction c. when calcium enters the cytoplasm it binds with calmodulin, and these, in turns activate myosin light chain kinase d. all of the above are true e. only two fo the above are true

d. all of the above are true

which of the following is/are correct? a. during isovolumeric ventricular contraction, both valves are open b. during isovolumeric contraction, the left ventriclular volume is decreasing c. during the filling period, the left ventricular volume is decreasing d. during the ejection period, the left ventricular volume is decreasing

d. during the ejection period, the left ventricular volume is decreasing

which heart sound is associated with closing of the semilunar valves? a. fourth b. third c. fifth d. second e. first

d. second

If a muscle were performing a concentric action, we would expect the following to decrease in length EXCEPT: a. the distance between z-lines b. the H zone c. the I band d. the A band e. two of the above

d. the A band

which of the following is/are true about pennate muscles? a. this fiber arrangement is associated with good range of motion b. two of these c. this fiber arrangement is associated with more sarcoplasmic reticulum d. this fiber arrangement is associated with larger physiological cross sectional area e. this fiber arrangement is associated with high maximal shortening velocities

d. this fiber arrangement is associated with larger physiological cross sectional area

Which heart sound is heard right at the end of the ventricular ejection period? a. 1st korotkoff sound b. 5th korotkoff sound c. 1st heart hound d. 4th heart sound e. 2nd heart sound f. whistle g. two of these answers h. 4th korotkoff sound i. 3rd heart sound j. swish

e. 2nd heart sound

which heart sound is heard near the end of ventricular diastole (but before the ventricles contract)? a. 3rd heart sound b. 4th korotkoff sound c. 1st heart sound d. swish e. 4th heart sound f. 1st korotkoff sound g. 2nd heart sound h. two of these answers i. 5th korotkoff sound j. whistle

e. 4th heart sound

which of the following is/are true about the PR interval? a. it is normally .12-.20 seconds in duration b. an AV block would likely cause it to be longer than .20 seconds c. it is normally .8-.12 seconds in duration d. a bundle branch block is possible reason for it to be longer than .12 seconds e. A & B f. B & C

e. A & B

The size principle is a critical concept for understanding muscle and exercise physiology. Which of the following is/are NOT true related to the size principle? a. the largest motor units would only be stimulated at high intensities (when we need to produce a lot of force) b. we would mostly be using type I fibers at low intensities c. to produce only a little force we would tend to stimulate the smallest motor units d. to produce only a little force, only the lowest threshold motor neurons would be stimulated e. All of the above ARE true f. three of the above

e. All of the above ARE true

Which of the following is/are NOT true about polycythemia? a. it is associated with red blood cell counts above the normal range b. in polycythemia, hematocrit values may be as high as 70% c. in relative polycythemia, the increase in red blood cell counts is associated with a loss of body fluid; such as when dehydrated d. primary polycythemia may occur as a result of bone marrow tumors e. All of these answers ARE true

e. All of these answers ARE true

if _________________ receptors (a type of proprioceptors) are active, they would tend to inhibit the contraction of the muscle where they are located. a. pacinian corpuscles b. Ruffini endings c. group III and IV afferents d. muscle spindles e. Golgi tendon organs

e. Golgi tendon organs

in which parts of a sarcomere would we find the least amount of myosin? Assume the muscle and sarcomere are at optimal, resting length? a. between the H zone and Z line b. A band c. H zone d. two of these answers e. I band

e. I band

which of the following fiber types would be easiest to fatigue? a. IIC b. I c. IIAX d. IIA e. IIX

e. IIX

the neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers at the SA node is ___________________. a. this branch of the autonomic nervous system does not innervate this part of the heart b. norepinephrine c. epinephrine d. two of these answers e. acetylcholine

e. acetylcholine

The sympathetic nervous system can act to increase blood pressure by: a. increasing HR, which increases cardiac output (Q) b. increasing ventricular inotropy, which increases SV and Q c. vasoconstriction of arterioles, which increases TPR d. constriction of veins, which increases venous return e. all of the above f. two of the above

e. all of the above

Muscle contraction requires a lot of energy and we break down a great deal of ATP. We also have multiple mechanisms to generate ATP to meet these energy demands. Which of the following is/are NOT true about ATP production in active skeletal muscle? a. aerobic/oxidative energy systems have the greatest total capacity for generating ATP b. aerobic/oxidative energy systems cannot make ATP as quickly as out other energy systems c. the ATP-PCr system is out fastest means of producing ATP d. the ATP-PCr system can only generate ATP at high rates for 5-10 seconds in most subjects e. all of the above ARE true

e. all of the above ARE true

The size principle is a critical concept for understanding muscle and exercise physiology. Which of the following is/are NOT true related to the size principle? a. the largest motor units would only be stimulated at high intensities (when you need to produce a lot of force) b. we would mostly be using type 1 fibers at low intensities c. to produce only a little force we would tend to stimulate the smallest motor units d. to produce only a little force, only the lowest threshold motor neurons would be stimulated e. all of the above ARE true f. three of the above

e. all of the above ARE true

which of the following is/are NOT true about clotting? a. active factor X activates prothrombin to thrombin b. thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin c. a clot is made up of a fibrin network d. a clot is when antibodies in the plasma bind with antigens on the cells and cause them to clump together e. all of the above ARE true f. two of the above are NOT true about clotting

e. all of the above ARE true

which of the following statements is/are NOT true regarding this figure? a. phase U would be associated with ejection of blood from the ventricle b. phase P would be associated with filling of the ventricle c. the stroke volume would be over 50% d. the ejection fraction would be over 50% e. all of the above ARE true f. two of the above

e. all of the above ARE true

which of the following is/are true about hemorrhage and blood pressure (BP)? a. the loss of blood during hemorrhage would decrease blood volume which would decrease venous return and ultimately BP b. the initial drop in BP during hemorrhage would decrease capillary BP which would decrease ultrafiltration and increase reabsorption, which would increase plasma volume c. in an attempt to increase BP, the medulla would increase sympathetic nervous system activity (SNS) d. in an attempt to increase blood pressure the SNS would constrict arterioles and veins e. all of the above are true f. only two of the above are true

e. all of the above are true

which of the following is/are true about polycythemia? a. Polycythemia is when there are too many circulating erythrocytes b. in primary polycythemia, it can be caused by bone marrow tumors c. in secondary polycythemia, it is a normal response to low pO2 in the circulation (like going to high altitude or in pulmonary diseases) d. in relative polycythemia, there are a normal number of erythrocytes, but the subject has lost plasma (e.g. dehydration) and thus they are more concentrated e. all of the above are true f. only two of the above are true

e. all of the above are true

which of the following is/are NOT related to the refractory period in cardiac muscle? a. the refractory period is much longer than in nerve tissue and skeletal muscle b. the long refractory period in cardiac muscle means that we will not be able to stimulate an extra systole during the beginning or middle of ventricular contraction in our experiment c. the long refractory period means that we cannot observe twitch summation and tetanus in cardiac muscle d. the long refractory period is due to the very long action potential in cardiac muscles e. all of these ARE related to cardiac muscle refractory period

e. all of these ARE related to cardiac muscle refractory period

which of the following is/are NOT true about AB blood? a. their blood cells would have both A and B antigens b. they would have both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their plasma c. they could receive blood from types A,B,O and AB donors d. a&c e. b&d

e. b&d

if your patient's blood pressure was 132/78, which of the following is/are true a. based on new guidelines they have elevated blood pressure b. two of these c. based on new guideline they have normal blood pressure d. based on old guidelines (pre-NOv 2017) they have hypertension e. based on new guidelines they have hypertension

e. based on new guidelines they have hypertension

The sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter that acts on the heart binds with ______________________________ in the SA Node a. nicotinic receptors b. beta-2 adrenergic receptors c. muscarinic receptors d. alpha-adrenergic receptors e. beta-1 adrenergic receptors

e. beta-1 adrenergic receptors

if your subject had aortic stenosis we would hear an extra sound at which point? a. between points X and V b. between points V and W c. at time point X d. at time point W e. between points W and X

e. between points W and X

when an action potential spreads down the T tubule it activates ________________, which serve as calcium channels in the t-tubule of the cardiac muscle cells; this plays an important role in the release of calcium a. ryanodine receptors b. NMDA receptors c. SERCAs d. IP3 e. dihydropyridine receptors

e. dihydrophyridine receptors

which of the following is/are true about the second heart sound? a. it is caused by closing of the AV valves b. it is associated with the beginning of the ejection period c. all of these answers d. only two of these answers e. it occurs when the pressure in the ventricle falls below the pressure in the aorta f. it would be the first sound right after/during the QRS complex

e. it occurs when the pressure in the ventricle falls below the pressure in the aorta

the parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter that acts on the heart binds with __________________ in the SA node a. nicotinic receptors b. beta-2-adrenergic receptors c. beta-1-adrenergic receptors d. alpha-adrenergic receptors e. muscarinic receptors

e. muscarinic receptors

Point O on this figure is the _________ a. diastolic blood pressure b. pulse pressure c. filling of the ventricles d. opening of the AV valves e. systolic blood pressure f. mean arterial pressure g. closing of the AV valves h. 80 mmHg i. dicrotic notch

e. systolic blood pressure

which of the following is/are true about fusiform muscles? a. this fiber arrangement is associated with good range of motion b. this fiber arrangement is associated with high maximal shortening velocities c. this fiber arrangement is associated with larger physiological cross sectional area d. this fiber is associated with more sarcoplasmic reticulum e. two of the above

e. two of the above

at the onset of exercise, the rate of ATP use increases dramatically. which of the following is/are true about meeting muscular ATP demands at the onset of activity? a. resting muscle ATP concentrations are sufficient to meet the needs of the 1st minute of exercise b. resting muscle ATP contractions are low, so we need a rapid mechanism of increasing ATP production c. the phosphocreatine system helps the muscle meet the high ATP demand at the start of exercise d. aerobic metabolism is able to increase to meet the ATP demand within the first few seconds of exercise e. A & C f. B & C

f. B & C

the SA node normally serves as the pacemaker of the heart. Which of the following is/are true about the electrical activity of these pacemaker cells a. they begin go depolarize as soon as they depolarize b. the pacemaker cell begins to depolarize, in part, due to a decrease in potassium permeability c. the pacemaker cells begin to depolarize, in part, due to opening of "funny" voltage gated Na+ channels d. once the pacemaker cells start to depolarize, the permeability to calcium increases, causing further depolarization e. the depolarization phase of their action potential is associated with an influx of calcium, not sodium like most other electrical excitable cells f. all of the above are true g. none of the above are true

f. all of the above are true

when the parasympathetic nervous system is acting on the SA node it would result in which of the following ionic/permeability changes? a. increase Ca2+ influx b. increase K+ efflux c. decrease Ca2+ influx d. increase Ca2+ efflux e. increase K+ influx f. two of these answers would happen

f. two of these answers would happen

in the artherlosclerosis process, when machrophages pick up modified LDLs, they become ________ cells

foam

which heart sound is heard during early filling of the ventricles? a. 5th korotkoff sound b. swish c. 4th heart sound d. 1st korotkoff sound e. 1st heart sound f. two of these g. 4th korotkoff sound h. 3rd heart sound i. whistle j. 2nd heart sound

h. 3rd heart sound

Q on this figure is the ___________________ a. closing of the AV valves b. systolic blood pressure c. filling of the ventricles d. diastolic blood pressure e. 80 mmHg f. dicrotic notch g. mean arterial pressure h. pulse pressure i. opening of the AV valves

h. pulse pressure

Which of the following proteins are part of the thin filaments? Select all that apply

troponin actin tropomyosin