Exam5:Professionalism:Accountability:TheConceptofAccountabilityQuestions

Outcomes.

Accountability involves being answerable for the BLANK of a task or assignment.

Care.

Accountability in nursing cannot be achieved without clear definitions of what is an accepted standard of BLANK.

Community.

A consumer is any person or group that uses a service or commodity; thus, a consumer might be an individual, a group of individuals, or even an entire BLANK.

Profit.

A service orientation means that nursing, unlike some occupations, is not primarily driven by considerations of BLANK.

Coordinated, duplication, health, cost

According to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), accountable care organizations (ACOs) are groups of doctors, hospitals, and other healthcare providers that come together voluntarily to give BLANK high-quality care to their Medicare patients. The goal of an ACO is ensuring that patients, especially the chronically ill, get the right care at the right time, while avoiding unnecessary BLANK of services and preventing medical errors (CMS, 2015). The linkage of healthcare institutions through ACOs ensures that healthcare providers in all phases of a patient's care are accountable to the core goal: ensuring the patient's BLANK. Integrative health techniques have a unique ability to serve the three-part aim of ACOs: improving the health of the population, enhancing the patient experience of care, and reducing the per capita BLANK of care. Integrative health strategies focus on the whole person, not just the disease, and emphasize preventive care, thus improving the health of the population. Surveys reveal that they increase patient satisfaction, thus enhancing the experience of care. Furthermore, these strategies reduce the overall cost of healthcare compared with traditional therapies alone, thus reducing the per capita cost of care (CHP Group, 2014). In fact, Davis et al. (2013) have found that "the inclusion of integrative health providers in new delivery systems such as accountable care organizations could help slow growth in national healthcare spending," providing an enticing salve to rising healthcare costs.

Interchangeably. Distinctions.

Accountability and responsibility are words that are often used BLANK. However, they have some important BLANK.

Mentors.

Additional research by Price (2009) further underscores the need for BLANK and peers in nursing.

Sciences, hereditary.

Advances in BLANK and technology greatly affect nursing practice, competence, and accountability. For example, recent progress in the field of molecular genetics has made it possible to identify individuals who are at elevated risk for a variety of BLANK diseases.

A Code for Nursing Students

Advocate for the rights of all clients. Maintain client confidentiality. Take appropriate action to ensure the safety of clients, self, and others. Provide care for the client in a timely, compassionate and professional manner. Communicate client care in a truthful, timely and accurate manner. Actively promote the highest level of moral and ethical principles and accept responsibility for our actions. Promote excellence in nursing by encouraging lifelong learning and professional development. Treat others with respect and promote an environment that respects human rights, values, and choice of cultural and spiritual beliefs. Collaborate in every reasonable manner with the academic faculty and clinical staff to ensure the highest quality of client care. Use every opportunity to improve faculty and clinical staff understanding of the learning needs of nursing students. Encourage faculty, clinical staff, and peers to mentor nursing students. Refrain from performing any technique or procedure for which the student has not been adequately trained. Refrain from any deliberate action or omission of care in the academic or clinical setting that creates unnecessary risk of injury to the client, self, or others. Assist the staff nurse or preceptor in ensuring that there is full disclosure and that proper authorization is obtained from clients regarding any form of treatment or research. Abstain from the use of alcoholic beverages or any substances in the academic and clinical setting that impair judgment. Strive to achieve and maintain an optimal level of personal health. Support access to treatment and rehabilitation for students who are experiencing impairments related to substance abuse and mental or physical health issues. Uphold school policies and regulations related to academic and clinical performance, reserving the right to challenge and critique rules and regulations as per school grievance policy.

Specialty.

As with acute care environments, the field of outpatient care has developed BLANK areas to meet patient needs. For example, there are now outpatient facilities dedicated to such things as oncology symptom management, ostomy care, diabetes management, and palliative care for terminally ill patients.

Internet.

Another factor affecting consumer use of the healthcare system is that today's healthcare consumers are more knowledgeable and vocal about their needs, in part due to the increasing amount of information available on the BLANK.

People.

Another important part of the nursing tradition is respect for the inherent worth and dignity of all BLANK.

Expanding.

As a profession, nursing has a well-defined body of knowledge and expertise that is always BLANK.

Acute, competence.

As a result, while BLANK care remains the primary nursing practice area, more nurses are being employed in community-based health settings, such as home health agencies, hospices, and community clinics. These changes affect nursing education, nursing research, and nursing practice, particularly with regard to the nurse's BLANK to practice within these settings.

Care, accountable.

As another example, suppose a nurse has a patient who will need continued wound care for his left foot after discharge to home. The patient has said that he thinks he understands the procedure for changing his dressing and has promised to call if he needs any further teaching. The nurse knows that the standards of BLANK dictate asking the patient to demonstrate how to change the dressing so that the nurse can evaluate the patient's understanding and ability to care for himself. The nurse must decide whether to allow the patient to go home without seeing him perform the dressing change or whether discharge needs to be delayed until the patient can demonstrate his understanding. In this scenario, the nurse is responsible for upholding the standards of care and is BLANK for making the decision regarding discharge of this patient. Furthermore, if the patient does not perform the dressing care properly at home and is readmitted for complications, the nurse will be responsible for that particular outcome and may be held accountable.

Educating.

As previously mentioned, nurses must provide patients with broad-based information about health, illness, and safety, but they are also accountable for BLANK patients about tests, procedures, diagnoses, treatments, and other self-care measures specific to their condition.

Members

As previously mentioned, the BLANK of a profession—and not outsiders—determine the standards of education and practice for that profession.

Education.

As technologies continue to change, nursing BLANK must also continue to evolve so that nurses have the knowledge and experience necessary to provide safe, effective care.

Telecommunication.

As the internet has evolved, so have various forms of BLANK, or the means by which information is transferred from one site to another via cable, radio, and other systems.

Ethical.

As the needs and values of society change, so do its BLANK codes.

Expand.

As the use of telehealth, the provision of long-distance healthcare through the use of technology such as videoconferencing, computers, or telephones, continues to grow, telenursing, the provision of care via telecommunication systems, will also continue to BLANK.

Freedom.

Autonomy for nurses on an individual level means professional responsibility, accountability for their actions, and the BLANK to do their jobs as necessary while at work.

Socialization.

BLANK into a profession supports accountability because it has consequences for the nurse by instilling critical values and providing opportunities for interactions that support and promote accountability.

Responsibility.

BLANK is the specific obligation associated with the performance of duties of a particular role, and it belongs to the individual performing the duties.

Consumer, integrative.

BLANK needs are a driver for any market or service. For example, the drive for integrative healthcare services is motivated by more than the need to consolidate and lower the costs of healthcare; it is also motivated by consumer interest in the use of BLANK health approaches.

Healthcare, report.

BLANK practitioners in most settings are now expected to learn how to use technologic advances such as sophisticated computerized equipment to monitor or treat patients. They are also expected to be able to use online Electronic Health BLANK Systems.

Interaction, scholastic, perspectives.

BLANK with fellow students is a powerful driver for professional socialization among nursing students. Through this interaction, students naturally and collectively set norms for and determine the direction of their BLANK efforts. They develop BLANK about the situations in which they are involved, the goals they are trying to achieve, and the kinds of activities and behaviors that are appropriate for nurses, and they establish a set of practices in keeping with all of these things.

Simulation.

BLANK-based training activities are increasingly common, and they have been shown to improve clinical decision making and have an overall positive impact on student learning and patient safety.

Technology.

BLANK-delivered education has been shown to augment existing curricula by increasing students' access to clinical experts in specialty areas, thus supporting more efficient use of faculty resources

Teaching.

Because BLANK is a critical nursing function, it too is an important area of accountability—and one that extends to all patient care areas.

Accountability.

Because BLANK is a key aspect of professional nursing, it affects all areas of nursing practice.

Public.

Because everyone has healthcare needs, the consumers of nursing services are the general BLANK.

Leadership Interventions to Establish Evidence-Based Practice:

Because of the continual nursing shortage, healthcare facilities must recruit and retain competent nursing staff, as well as effectively implement evidence-based changes in the practice environment. Studies such as those by Hauck et al. (2013) and Guerrero et al. (2016) provide insight as to the most effective methods for making EBP part of an organization's nursing culture. In doing so, they also highlight strategies that can be used to improve nursing practice and prevent errors—thereby contributing to higher-quality patient care, better nursing retention, and lower costs.

Physical.

Beyond issues of health and wellness, nurses are also accountable for certain BLANK outcomes of patient care. These vary depending on setting, the patient's condition, state nurse practice acts, and healthcare providers' orders.

Consumers.

Changes in health legislation affect not just the nursing profession, but also BLANK.

Antecedents.

Comprehensive educational programs, competent faculty and role models, and adequate field experiences were found to be the BLANK of 4 critical attributes of professional socialization of nursing.

Nursing, 4.

Dinmohammadi et al. (2013) conducted a meta-analysis to clarify the process of professional socialization and to identify its attributes, antecedents, and consequences in BLANK. They argue that professional socialization is a complex process with BLANK critical attributes: learning, interaction, development, and adaptation.

Distant.

Education has also been enhanced by web-based BLANK learning.

Society.

Entering a profession is therefore similar to entering a new BLANK, so it involves a complete socialization process far more extensive than what most nonprofessional occupations require.

True.

Essentially, what affects the healthcare system will affect nursing as a profession, and the reverse is also BLANK.

70

Fewer than BLANK hospitals around the country still offer diploma programs, so the vast majority of new RNs hold either an associate's or bachelor's degree.

Adults.

For instance, by 2012, 81% of American BLANK used the internet, 72% searched the web for health information, and 45% reported owning and using smartphones.

Outpatient.

For many years, the healthcare industry has been shifting its emphasis from inpatient to BLANK care with preadmission testing, increased outpatient same-day surgery, posthospitalization rehabilitation, home healthcare, health maintenance, physical fitness programs, and community health education programs.

Forums.

Furthermore, many Americans regularly logged on to online BLANK surrounding their particular concerns

Itself.

Generally speaking, autonomy means independence or freedom; thus, a profession is autonomous if it is able to regulate BLANK and set standards of practice for its own members.

Some recommended actions for addressing this problem include the following:

Giving nursing students the means to enter and progress through educational programs more rapidly and efficiently Stepping up efforts to recruit young people early in the course of their education (e.g., in middle and high school) Providing greater scheduling flexibility, better rewards for experienced nurses who serve as mentors, more adequate staffing, and increased salaries to improve nurses' work environment Increasing funding for nursing education

Work.

Healthcare systems, policy makers, nursing educators, and professional organizations must BLANK together to fix the nursing shortage problem.

Healthy.

However, the testing of BLANK children for diseases that would develop only in adulthood raises many important ethical, legal, and social questions.

Supplement.

In a 2012 survey, nearly 18% of adults reported using a nonvitamin, nonmineral dietary BLANK.

Role.

In a traditional sense, socialization involves learning how to behave, feel, and see the world in your chosen role as others do in that same BLANK.

Increased.

In both acute inpatient settings and primary care practices, healthcare practitioners have integrated electronic health records (EHRs) successfully and have reported BLANK efficiency in retrieving medical records, storing patient information, and coordinating care and general office operations.

Similar, families.

In many institutions, nurses are responsible for ensuring compliance with this law, as well as with BLANK regulatory requirements. In this way, legislative and other regulatory changes can directly affect the nurse's role in supporting patients and their BLANK.

Readiness.

In order to provide such teaching, nurses must first assess each patient's learning style and BLANK to learn.

Integrity.

In other words, nurses must strive to maintain their BLANK.

Medicare.

In recent years, changes in public and private health insurance programs, particularly BLANK, have affected the demand for nursing care.

Organization.

Professions are different from occupations in that they operate under the umbrella of a professional BLANK.

Trust.

In the years since that report, healthcare organizations have worked hard to regain the public's BLANK.

Internet.

Increased use of the BLANK has dramatically affected healthcare, particularly as more patients become well informed about their health concerns.

QSEN

Indeed, according to BLANK (2014), the six competencies critical to the nursing role are patient-centered care, teamwork and collaboration, evidence-based practice, quality improvement, safety, and informatics.

Voice.

Indeed, encouraging patients to give BLANK to any needs and providing appropriate comfort interventions are major accountability roles for nurses in their own right, and they also help promote a safer care environment.

Stress.

It also means that nurses must address the cognitive, psychologic, and spiritual dimensions of health, examples of which include teaching patients about BLANK management and making referrals to counselors, clergy, and similar resources as needed.

City.

It is now even possible to monitor critical care patients in an ICU in a different BLANK or rural area and to manage patient care from another part of the world.

Prelicensure.

More recently, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation sponsored Quality and Safety Education for Nursing, an initiative to improve quality and safety in BLANK nursing programs. This initiative endorsed the idea that quality and safety education must become core competencies embedded in all programs that prepare nurses for basic practice.

Organizations.

Multiple and ongoing changes in the American healthcare system present challenges to both nurses and the BLANK in which they practice.

Subordinates.

Nurses are accountable for their own actions and behaviors, but they may also be accountable for the actions of others, such as BLANK or trainees.

Own.

Nurses are also accountable for their BLANK ongoing education and professional development.

Self.

Nurses are further accountable for preventing patients from engaging in BLANK-directed violence, which means they must routinely assess patients for factors that may indicate an increased risk of self-harm, suicide, and suicidal intent.

Abilities.

Nurses are responsible for performing their assigned tasks reliably, dependably, and to the best of their BLANK.

Advocate.

Nurses at all levels of practice take accountability for their actions when they BLANK for their own autonomy and for that of their nurse colleagues.

Potential.

Nurses must also continually remain aware of the BLANK for abuse of any vulnerable child or adult with whom they come into contact during their practice.

Technology.

Nurses therefore need to expand their knowledge base and technical skills as they adapt to meet new patient needs emerging out of the expanded use of BLANK.

Accountability.

Nurses' sense of BLANK guides their performance, which ultimately determines patient outcomes.

Factors Contributing to the Nursing Shortage:

Nursing School Enrollment Not Growing Fast Enough -There was a 2.6% increase in entry-level BSNs in 2013, but this was not sufficient to meet demand. -With changes in access to healthcare, more Americans may soon require nursing services. Aging Nurse Workforce -According to a 2015 study conducted by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (2015) and the Forum of State Nursing Workforce Centers, 50% of the RN workforce is age 50 or older. Furthermore, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration (2014) predicts that in the next 10 to 15 years, more than 1 million RNs will reach retirement age and begin to withdraw from the workforce. -New graduates are entering the workforce at an older age and will have fewer years to work. Shortage of Nursing Faculty -U.S. nursing schools turned away more than 79,659 qualified applicants in 2012 due to budget constraints and insufficient faculty and clinical sites. -There is a 12% shortfall in the number of nurse educators needed. Changing Demographics -The number of individuals in the U.S. population age 65 and older is expected to double between 2000 and 2030. -The ratio of potential caregivers to older adults will decrease by 40% between 2010 and 2030. Increased Demand for Nurses -Because of the increased acuity of hospital patients, demand for skilled and specialized nurses is rising. -Shorter hospital stays mean that more nurses are needed to care for patients in long-term care and community settings. Workplace Issues -Inadequate wages and low nurse recruitment contribute to staffing shortages. -Staffing shortages, including insufficient support staff, result in excessive workloads and greater reliance on overtime. -Long hours and task overload cause high nurse turnover and vacancy rates, with many experienced nurses leaving the profession altogether.

Personal.

Nursing as a profession embraces and promotes BLANK and professional accountability.

Aids.

Nursing education BLANK students in the development of individual professional values by helping them clarify and internalize these values.

Delivering.

Nursing has been and continues to be an integral component of the system for BLANK healthcare.

Answerable.

On a basic level, nurses are BLANK for ensuring that patients' essential health and wellness needs are addressed.

Autonomy.

One of the purposes of a professional association is to give its members BLANK.

Care.

Organizations such as The Joint Commission, NLN, and ANA have revised and created standards for nurses to follow independently and jointly to ensure delivery of the safest, most competent BLANK possible.

Writing.

Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA), for example, requires that all competent adults be informed in BLANK upon admission to a healthcare institution about their rights to accept or refuse medical care and to use advance directives.

Legal.

Professional autonomy involves BLANK authority; a professional group is autonomous only if it possesses the legal authority to define its goals and responsibilities in how it delivers its services, describe its particular functions and roles, and determine its scope of practice.

Complex.

Professional socialization is a more BLANK process.

Autonomously.

Professional status for nursing hinges to a large degree on the nursing profession's ability to function BLANK in how it formulates nursing policy and controls its own activity.

Tradition.

Rather, nursing emphasizes service to others as a matter of BLANK and as a basis for accountability.

Concepts Related to Accountability: Safety

Relationship to Accountability The nurse is accountable for keeping patients safe within the healthcare environment, as well as for teaching patients ways to reduce the risk of illness and injury in their daily lives. Nursing Implications: Identify and address safety hazards in the immediate healthcare environment. Assess patients' risk for various types of injury outside the healthcare environment. As appropriate, teach patients about actions that can reduce their risk of injury (e.g., helmet use when bicycling, proper use of child safety restraints.)

Concepts Related to Accountability: Health, Wellness, Illness, and Injury

Relationship to Accountability: The nurse is accountable for assessing the patient's current level of health and wellness, then providing teaching, interventions, and referrals aimed at preserving and/or promoting health and preventing illness. Nursing Implications: Assess patient's current overall health, including biophysical, cognitive, psychologic, and spiritual components. Provide teaching on general health promotion and illness prevention measures beneficial to all individuals (e.g. regular exercise, immunizations), as well as measures specific to the patient's risk factors and lifestyle (e.g. smoking cessation, heart-healthy diet). Refer patients to counselors, clergy, dietitians, physical therapists, support groups, and other outside resources as appropriate.

Concepts Related to Accountability: Trauma

Relationship to Accountability: Patients may present with signs or symptoms of trauma, and/or they may be at risk for abuse or violence. The nurse is accountable for taking action to prevent further harm; in some circumstances, the nurse may also have a legal duty to report. Nursing Implications: Assess for signs of prior physical, emotional, or sexual abuse as part of the admission process. Assess for both risk of abuse and suicide risk as part of the admission process. Be aware of warning signs of abuse or suicide that may be demonstrated or verbalized by patients.

Concepts Related to Accountability: Teaching and Learning

Relationship to Accountability: The nurse is accountable for patient education concerning all aspects of care. The nurse is accountable for staying up to date with the latest evidence for best practices. The nurse is accountable for providing current and accurate teaching to subordinates, especially nursing leaders who are mentoring nursing students. Nursing Implications: Assess patient and family learning needs. Assess readiness for learning. Design and implement appropriate educational interventions. Read current journal articles and attend workshops or seminars that provide up-to-date information about procedures, medications, and other standards of practice.

Concepts Related to Accountability: Evidence-Based Practice

Relationship to Accountability: The nurse is accountable for practice within an EBP environment and for implementing evidence in his or her own practice. Nursing Implications: Develop a clinical question using the format described in the EBP Concept. Conduct a literature search for current evidence. Select appropriate nursing interventions based on evidence from the literature search.

As an alternative to the patient's demonstrating the dressing change, the nurse could opt for one of the following courses of action: order.

Request an order for home healthcare to continue the teaching and follow up until the patient is comfortable on his own. Teach a family member to perform the dressing change in case the patient is not feeling well enough to do it on his own. Arrange for the patient to travel to an outpatient nursing facility for daily dressing changes. Regardless of the chosen method, the nurse is accountable at discharge for ensuring that the patient can get his wound dressed as often as the BLANK advises.

Errors, positive, important.

Research supports the importance of accountability in preventing BLANK as well as after making them. However, if nurses practice in a positive and supportive environment and celebrate accountability for their successes as well as their errors, the culture of the profession will remain BLANK. Thus, focusing on and honoring successes are as BLANK as examining and correcting errors.

Service.

Rules, policies, and codes of ethics guide and shape this tradition of BLANK.

Technology.

Science and BLANK have affected other areas of nursing practice as well.

Safety.

Similarly, all nurses are accountable for promoting patient BLANK.

Doctorate.

Similarly, many bachelor's degree RNs go on to earn a master's or BLANK degree in order to further advance in their careers.

Worse.

Simply put, demand for nurses exceeds supply, especially in specialized areas such as critical care, and this situation is only expected to get BLANK.

Relationships.

Socialization is the process by which individuals learn to become members of groups and society as well as learn the social rules defining the BLANK into which they will enter.

Economics.

Some of the most important factors affecting nursing practice include BLANK, consumer demand, science and technology, information availability and telecommunications, legislation, demographics, and the current nursing shortage.

Professional.

Specialized education is an important aspect of BLANK status.

Public.

The negative image of accountability is what the BLANK tends to see, especially since the release of To Err Is Human (1999), a landmark report by the Institute of Medicine (IOM).

Professional, Joint, measured, failing.

Standards of care, also known as standards of practice, are BLANK standards or guidelines used to determine what a nurse should or should not do. These standards are established by organizations such as The BLANK Commission, the American Nurses Association (ANA), and the National League for Nursing (NLN). They describe the responsibilities for which nurses are accountable, thereby setting a desirable and achievable benchmark against which the performance and care standards of individual nurses may be BLANK. For example, a standard of practice/care for medication administration set forth by The Joint Commission is to require two patient identifiers prior to giving the prescribed dose. A nurse who chooses not to meet this requirement is BLANK to practice at the minimum standard acceptable to the profession and will be held accountable to the patient and the facility for which he or she works.

Answerable.

Still, there are some things for which nurses are nearly always BLANK. For example, in the hospital setting, nurses are typically accountable for ensuring that patients receive appropriate fluids and nutrition, have an environment that permits adequate rest and sleep, maintain appropriate oxygenation levels, and receive assistance with elimination if necessary.

Continue.

Students become bound together by feelings of mutual cooperation, support, and solidarity that BLANK after they graduate and enter the world of professional nursing.

Clinical.

Technologic innovations have also had dramatic effects on nurses' BLANK training.

Bachelors.

The ANA recommends a bachelor's degree to enter professional practice, and many magnet hospitals and academic health centers require that their RNs have at least a BLANK's degree.

Concepts Related to Accountability: Comfort

The Relationship to Accountability: The nurse is accountable for assessing the patient's level of comfort and providing effective interventions to promote or maintain patient comfort. Nursing Implications: Assess patient's reported level of comfort at least once per shift, or more often as indicated by patient's condition. Document patient's comfort level and any nursing interventions provided.

Share, academic.

The nursing code of ethics (described in the module on Ethics), standards of nursing practice (described in the exemplar on Professional Development in this module), and the legal system itself (described in the module on Legal Issues) define specific values all professional nurses should BLANK. The National Student Nurses Association (NSNA) also adopted a code of academic and clinical conduct in 2001 (Box 42-1) that is an integral part of ethical practice. This code addresses students' responsibility in the BLANK environment and to society at large as they learn clinical skills in nursing care.

Current.

The nursing profession continues to grow and develop its body of knowledge over time, maintaining an evidence-based practice based on BLANK research that promotes accountability for safe nursing practice.

Outcome.

The patient must rely on the nurse's judgment for the most favorable BLANK.

Factors, acute.

The present nursing shortage involves multiple new BLANK that did not contribute to previous nursing shortages. For example, even though registered nurses make up the largest group of healthcare providers, fewer nurses are entering the workforce now, and certain geographic areas are experiencing BLANK nursing shortages.

Aspects of the profession that promote accountability include:

The requirement to successfully complete exhaustive, specialized training to acquire the body of knowledge necessary for performance of the role; The direction of the professional individual toward service, whether in a community or an organizational capacity; Allegiance to a code of ethics; The autonomy of the role; and Membership in a professional organization.

Outside.

These questions are further amplified by the fact that genetic testing is now available BLANK the traditional healthcare system, often without the mediation of physicians, nurses, or other healthcare professionals.

Organizational.

This BLANK structure provides governance, which establishes and maintains social, political, and economic arrangements that give professionals the means to control their professional affairs, including their practice, self-discipline, and working conditions.

Injury, comfort.

This encompasses not just maintaining a safe physical environment within the healthcare setting, but also teaching patients about ways to reduce their risk of BLANK in various aspects of their daily lives. Helping patients maintain BLANK (or at least achieve a manageable level of pain) is a related concern.

Evidence.

This encompasses not just meeting state and institutional continuing education requirements, but also taking steps to apply what they have learned via BLANK-based practice.

Violence, state.

This includes known and suspected abuse of children and the elderly, as well as certain categories of BLANK-related injuries (e.g., gunshot wounds); exact requirements vary from BLANK to state.

Research.

This knowledge base is the product of various conceptual nursing frameworks that direct practice, education, and ongoing BLANK.

Physical.

This means the nurse is accountable for providing information about measures that protect and promote patients' BLANK health, such as preventive screenings, recommended immunizations, smoking cessation, adequate exercise, and a healthy diet.

Associate.

Thus, many BLANK's degree RNs later opt to pursue their bachelor's degree, typically through participation in an RN-to-BSN program that builds on their existing knowledge and skill set.

Personal.

To preserve this value, professionals in the nursing field must do what is considered right, even if doing so means they incur a BLANK cost.

Problems.

To promote accountability in the use of ethical behaviors, the nursing profession has developed its own codes of ethics specific to the aims of nursing and the BLANK that nurses typically face.

Entry.

Today, BLANK into registered nursing in the United States is open to any individual who successfully earns either a hospital diploma or an associate's, bachelor's, master's, or doctorate degree in nursing and subsequently passes the National Council Licensure Examination, or NCLEX.

Audio.

Today, videoconferencing, telepractice, telerehabilitation, and virtual visits all allow individuals and/or groups in two or more locations to communicate by simultaneous two-way video and BLANK transmissions.

Negative.

Unfortunately, the term accountability often carries a BLANK connotation.

Healthcare.

Various factors influence nursing as a profession, and because of the integral part nursing plays in the healthcare system as a whole, these factors typically also influence the entire BLANK system.

Costs.

Various models of integrative care have also arisen in an attempt to better control rising healthcare BLANK.

Learning, interaction, development, and adaptation.

What are the 4 critical attributes of professional socialization of nursing?

Blame, failed.

When an error is made, the question "Who is accountable?" often translates into "Who is to BLANK?" The implication is that someone has BLANK.

Health.

With easy access to the internet at home and on mobile devices, ever-greater numbers of patients and caregivers are searching the web for answers to their BLANK questions.

Legal.

With respect to the autonomy of the nursing profession, state Boards of Nursing hold this BLANK authority.

Trauma.

Yet another key area of nursing accountability relates to trauma. Per both legal requirements and the ethical standards of the profession, nurses have a duty to report certain types of BLANK to the proper authorities.