FSE 120 - midterm

micro

"extremely small"

bio

"life"

staphyl

"spherical or ball shape

what is a prokaryote

- do not have a membrane bound nucleus - DNA is localized to nucleoid and is attached to plasma membrane - cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan

what is a eukaryote

- have membrane bound organelles - DNA is held within the nucleus - 10x larger than prokaryote cells - more complex DNA

5 factors that influence effectiveness of chemical agents

1) population size- larger = longer to kill 2) types of species present - multiple species are harder to kill 3) state of development of cell matter 4)temperature of disinfectant during exposure 5) environmental factors - PH, viscosity

describe the process of binary fission

1)Chromosome attaches to special plasma membrane site 2)Cell wall, plasma membrane, and overall volume of cell enlarges 3)DNA replicates into two identical chromosomes and the cell wall/ plasma membrane begin to grow inward or pinch together 4)The cells continues to pinch together and elongate while the chromosomes are pulled apart and the cytoplasm is distributed evenly throughout the two sides of the cell 5)A new cell wall and plasma membrane has been formed between the two cells, dividing into a daughter cell

what percentage of water is the human body

60% water

hypertonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution

Who discovered penicillin?

Alexander Fleming

Saprophyte

An organism that feeds on dead matter

Which bacterium has an optimum pH at pH 1 and where is it located in the human body

Helicobacter pylori is located in the stomach

obligate anaerobe

MUST NOT have oxygen to survive

hypotonic solution

Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water

Sterilization

The process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores.

thermophile

a bacterium or other microorganism that grows best at higher than normal temperatures.

endospore

a bacterium surrounded by a thick, protective membrane

isotonic solution

a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell

facultative

able to adapt to different conditions; able to grow in environments either with or without oxygen

what is the purpose of a capsule on a bacterium

allows the cell to avoid the immune system and stick to surfaces

surfactant

alters surface tension of cell membranes causing cell content to leak killing the cell

vector

anthropod - organism that spreads infections

binary fission

asexual reproduction in which a cell divides into two equal parts

psychrophile

bacteria that prefer cold, thriving at temperatures between 0 C and 25 C.

mesophile

bacteria that prefers moderate temperature between 25 C and 40 C

vegetative cell

bacterium cell that became an endospore changes back into the fully developed bacterium from which it came

selectively permeable

cell membrane is one that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by means of active or passive transport.

strepto

chain

Halogens

chemical disinfectant that oxidizes components of the microbial cells

Quats (Quaternary Ammonium Compounds)

chemical disinfectants that damage cell membranes and denature proteins

iodophore

compound of iodine and surfactant used as a chemical disinfectant

what disease gave milkmaids immunity to smallpox

cowpox

Agonal Algor

decrease in body temperature immediately before death

alcohols

denature proteins and dissolve lipids

Phenol

denatures proteins and disrupts cell membranes; does not kill endospores

antibiotic

destroys microorganism

Disinfection

destruction of pathogenic agents by disinfections inanimate objects

two aspects of the embalming process

disinfection, preservation

name the levels of classification in order

domain, kingdom, division, class, order, family, genus, species

protozoa

eukaryotes with no cell wall and do not cause disease

mycoses

fungal infection

chlorine

gas which is often combine with water

slime layer

glycocalyx is unorganized and loosely attached to the cell wall

agonal fever

increase in body temp immediately before death

aerotolerant

indifferent to oxygen

virus

intracellular infectious parasite that contain one type of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) and must feast on host cells to reproduce

germicide

kill many microbes but not endospores

bactericide

kills bacteria but not endospores

fungicide

kills fungi and their spores

insecticide

kills insects

viricide

kills viruses

thermal death point

lowest temp at which all microbes are killed in 10 minutes

Placing remains in a refrigerated unit slows the growth of which type of bacteria

mesophyllic bacteria

obligate

microorganism MUST have a certain condition to survive

What is the germ theory of disease?

microorganisms cause disease

pathogen

microorganisms that cause disease in humans

thermal death time

minimum times it takes to kill all microbes present

4 types of flagella

monotrichous - one whiplike appendage amphitrichous - one flagellum at with end of cell lophotrichous - two or more flagella at either end peritrichous- flagella distributed all over the cell

obligate aerobe

must have oxygen to survive

what bacterium do not have cell wall

mycoplasmas

viroid

only contains RNA with no protein coat

iodine

oxidizes certain molecules within microbial cells

what are 3 basic arrangements of bacteria

pairs, chains, clusters

scrubbing

physical method of controlling microbial growth (physicalling scrubbing inanimate objects)

what is the structure of a virus

piece of genetic material wrapping in protein, containing one nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)

cyanobacteria

produces 20% of the earth's oxygen

what are the four kingdoms

protista (single cell organisms) fungi (yeasts, molds) plantae (photosynthetic) animalia (animals)

What genus of bacteria is commonly associated with secondary infections in burn patient

pseudomonas

aldehydes

react with proteins and alter their chemical structure

Heterotrophic

require complex organic food from a carbon source to grow and develop

microaerophilic

requires only a small amount of oxygen

antisepsis

sanitation that reduces microbial growth on living tissue

Autotrophic

self nourishing bacteria that obtain nutrients from the carbon in carbon dioxide

fimbriae

short flat straight appendage used for attaching to surfaces in bacteria cells

plasmid

small circle of DNA inside the cytoplasm but separate from the main chromosome

prion

small proteinaceous infectious particles that cause spongiform encephalopathy diseases

tincture

solution of iodine and alcohol used as a chemical disinfectant

what are 3 basic shapes of bacteria

spheres (coccus) rods (bacillus) serial/helical (spirilla)

what can kill endospores

sterilization but not disinfection

three levels of controlling microbial growth

sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis

glycocalyx

sticky gelatinous coating that surrounds cell wall

name the 3 categories of heterotrophic bacteria

strict saprophytes - only survive on dead/decaying matter strict parasites - completely dependent on a living host facultative- bacteria that can adapt to different sources of nutrition

bacteriology

study of bacteria

morphology

study of different shapes, sizes, arrangements of bacteria

rickettsiology

study of rickettsia

Virology

study of viruses

mycology

study or fungi

name 3 types ofmycoses

superficial - occur in outermost layer of skin cutaneous - infections of hair, skin, nails caused by dermatophytes subcutaneous - occurs deep in the skin and tissues

what is the purpose of the cell wall

support and protection from rupturing with changes in osmotic pressure

mutualism

symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship

commensalism

symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

antagonism

symbiotic relationship where one organisms inhibits the growth or the other

synergism

symbiotic relationship with two or more organisms produce an effect neither could produce alone

sporulation

the process of forming an endospore

Microbiology

the study of microorganisms and their effects on living things

decimal reduction time

time in minutes it takes to kill 90% of present microbes

symbiosis

two or more species live together in a close, long-term association

capsule

type of outer coating around cell wall that is organized and firmly attached externally to cell wall

bacteriophage

virus that infects bacteria

name 3 categories of fungi

yeast, mold, dimorphic fungi