Fungus

Oomycetes

"water molds" growing as mass of filaments. Biflagelated (posterior and anterior) Cellulose wall

Chitin

A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility

Trehalose

A disaccharide of two glucose molecules, but with a linkage different from maltose. Storage and transport.

appresorium

A flattened hyphal, pressing organ, from which a minute infection peg usually grows and enters the epidermal cell of the host.

heterokaryon

A fungal mycelium that contains two or more haploid nuclei per cell. Formed by fusion.

haustorium

A hypha of a parasitic fungus that enters the host's cells, absorbing nutrition directly from the cytoplasm.

oosphere

A large, naked, non-motile, female gamete.

Exocyst

A protein complex on the plasma membrane at which exocytosis occurs.

gametangia

A reproductive organ that houses and protects the gametes of a plant

Antheridiol

A sex hormonone produced by the female to induce the development of antheridia.

Kinetosome

A short cylindrical array of microtubules found at the base of eukaryotic flagella. It serves as the nucleation site for the growth of a flagella's microtubule core.

diplanetic

A species which produces two types of zoospores and in which two swarming periods occur.

Aplanospore

A spore that is formed during asexual reproduction, which is nonflagellated and nonmotile.

Oogoniol

A steroid hormone produced by male hyphae of several filamentous fungi of the genus Achlya, which stimulates female hyphae to produce oogonia.

holoblastic

A type of cleavage in which there is complete division of the egg, as in eggs having little yolk (sea urchin) or a moderate amount of yolk (frog).

Heterotroph

An organism that cannot make its own food.

Fucosterol

Antheridiol (46) and oogoniol (47) are derivatives of fucosterol (45) (Figure 6) acting as pheromones in the oomycetes of Achlya ambisexualis (water mold). These compounds control sexual morphogenesis.

Mushroom fungu

Ascomycota and Basidiomycota

primary zoospore of an Oomycete

Both flagella on end

Chemotaxis

Cell movement that occurs in response to chemical stimulus

Melanization

Coloring of the new cuticle

Cryptomycota

Earliest-diverging modern fungi. Don't have chitin walls.

sexual reproduction

Female secretes hormone A inducing antheridial growth Male secretes hormone B causing oogonial initials Oogonial produces hormone C directing antheridia at oogonial Antheridia product hormone D causing differentiation of eggs in oogonium

secondary zoospore of an Oomycetes

Flagella located along midline

Sporangiospores

Formed by successive cleavages within a sporangium

Conidiospores

Free spores not enclosed by sac.

meiospores

Haploid, results from meiosis occurring in the sporangia

Paragynous

Incompletely surrounding the oogonial stalk

antheridium

Male reproductive structure in some algae and plants

chitosome

Microvesicles transporting chitin synthases to the growing cell wall

Spitzenkorper

Polarisome, Chitin synthase, exocyst, glutamates synthase

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

Polarisome

Protein complex that plays a role in determining cell polarity by directing the localized assembly of actin filaments at polarization sites;

basidia

Reproductive structures that produce sexual spores

secotioid fruit body

Secotioid fungi are an intermediate growth form between mushroom-like hymenomycetes and closed bag-shaped gasteromycetes, where an evolutionary process of gasteromycetation has started but not run to completion

oogonium

Specialized structure formed by hyphae that produces female Nuclei

basidiospores

Spores produced in the basidia of basidiomycetes during sexual reproduction

Glycogen

Storage form of glucose

Cavitation

The formation of cavities in an organ or tissue; frequently seen in some forms of tuberculosis.

Anisotropic growth

The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size in one or more axes, where the growth rate varies according to the direction of growth. Growth may be limited to a particular axis, axes, or to particular locations on the surface of the cell.

isotropic growth

The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size uniformly in all directions. In general, a rounded cell morphology reflects isotropic cell growth.

Oospore

Thickwalled spore formed in an oogonium by fungus like organisms like the phylum Oomycota.

Ergosterol

What is the major cell membrane sterol found in fungi?

Dimorphic fungi

Yeastlike at 37 C and moldlike at 25 C

Spitzenkorper

a collection of vesicles at the tip of a hyphae

Buller's drop

a droplet of fluid that can be observed to accumulate at the proximal tip to displace a spore

whiplash flagellum

a flagellum with a smooth surface

glucans

a major component of fungal cell walls

zoospore

a motile, swimming spore; possesses cilia or flagella

sterigma

a spike-like structure that supports a basidiospore on the basidium. Part of the bullers drop mechanism.

zoosporangium

a sporangium or spore case in which zoospores are produced.

thallospores

a spore (as a blastospore) developing by septation or budding of hyphal cells

Osmotrophs

absorptive feeding

Mycolaminarin

an energy storage molecule

Chytrids

aquatic and produce flagellated spores; they were the first fungi Has large thallus body

anamorph

asexual form of fungi

mitospores

asexually produced spores produced by mitosis

cyst

bladder, sac

Discharge mechanisms

bullers drop squirt guns eversion catapult cavitation catapult splash discharge

Enteroblastic

conidia in the formation of which the existing inner or neither wall layer of the conidiogenous cells is not directly involved; formed from the inside.

intercalary growth

defined area of cell division not occurring at apical cells

Eversion in fungus

dispersal mechanism

Fungi traits

eukaryotic, cell walls of chitin, perform extracellular digestion (decomposing)

clamydospores

form a thicken wall inside hyphae (asexual)

plasmogamy

fusion of cytoplasm

karyogamy

fusion of nuclei

Sclerotium

hardened mass of mycelium that generally serves as an overwintering stage

coenocytic hyphae

hyphae that contain no septa and appear as long, continuous cells with many nuclei

rhizomorph

hyphae that group into root-like masses in fungus

Arthrospores

hyphal segments that are formed by the fragmentation of hyphae.

Phialidic

is a flask-shaped projection from the vesicle (dilated part of the top of conidiophore) of certain fungi.

ballistospore

is a spore that is discharged into the air from a living being, usually a species of fungus

mycellium

mass of hyphae

hypogeous fruit body

occurring or living below the surface of the ground

oogamous mating

oogamy is the fusion of large, immotile female gametes with small, motile male gametes.

Amphigynous

oogonium grows through the antheridium

Chitosan

polysaccharide derived from chitin

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Puffing

puffball mushroom spore dispersal

tinsel flagellum

pulls organism

polyplanetic

refers to a species of Oomycota in which there are several swarming periods and incidentally only one type of zoospore (monomorphic).

Teleomorph

sexual state of a fungus

sporangiosphores

specialized hyphae that looks like upright stalks. On top, they have sacs called sporangium. Inside these sacs sporangiospores are made.

sporangium

spore capsule in which haploid spores are produced by meiosis

anastomosis

surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another

septa

the cells that make up hyphae are divided by these cross sections

hilar appendix

the divet where the adaxial drop forms

adaxial drop

the drop that bullers drop merges with

spore discharge

the release of spores through active mechanism (water gun)

catapult

to launch; a device for hurling objects, a slingshot

apical growth

when meristematic growth occurs at the tips of stems or roots

thallic development

where first a cross-wall appears and thus the created cell develops into a spore.

blastic development

where the spore is already evident before it separates from the conidiogenic hypha which is giving rise to it

spore dispersal

wind, water, animals