Genetics Final Exam Study

In both progeria and Werner syndrome, cells are switched from a growth to a maintenance mode, halting ____________________.

(Cell) divisions

Instead of a(n) ____________________ group to link nucleotides together, the modified nucleotides used during automated DNA sequencing have only an -H.

-OH

About ____ percent of all newborns are affected with an abnormal karyotype.

0.05

Approximately what percentage of the human genome encodes proteins?

1

In a DNA profile analysis using two loci, the chance of a match between two unrelated individuals at one locus is 1 in 400, and 1 in 1000 at the second locus. Therefore, the overall probability that two unrelated individuals will match at both loci is ____________________.

1 in 400000

In humans, hair texture is an incompletely dominant trait. Curly is the dominant genotype, wavy is heterozygous, and straight hair is recessive. What is the probable phenotypic ratio for a cross between a man with wavy hair and a woman with curly hair?

1/2 wavy hair, 1/2 curly hair

About ____ percent of children with Down syndrome are severely intellectually disabled.

10

According to data from the Human Genome Project, the number of genes in the human genome is estimated to be between _____.

20000 and 25000

There are ____________________ autosomes present in a human sperm cell.

22

One goal of the Human Genome Project was to sequence the ____________________ (number of) chromosomes in the human genome, including all autosomes and the sex chromosomes.

24

The chance of a child having albinism when both of his parents are heterozygous for the disorder is ____ percent.

25

In June 2001 an announcement was made that a draft sequence of the ____________________ nucleotides in the human genome had been finished.

3.2 billion

In crosses involving complete dominance, the F2 genotypic ratio is 1:2:1 and is expressed as a phenotypic ____________________ ratio (express as x:x).

3:1

The karyotype designation for an infant with a deletion in the short arm of chromosome 5 (cri du chat syndrome) is ____________________.q

46, del(5p)

The karyotype designation for a female with X chromosome trisomy is ____________________.

47, XXX

Approximately ____ Y-linked genes have been discovered.

60

More than ____________________ percent of processed foods in supermarkets contain ingredients from transgenic crops.

70

During meiosis in an organism where 2n = 8, how many chromatids will be present in a cell at the beginning of meiosis II?

8

More than ____ percent of couples decide to terminate a Down syndrome pregnancy.

90

Since mice are over _____________________% genetically similar to humans, they are appropriate models for studying human conditions.

90

There are ____________________ chromosomes in a human tetraploid cell.

92

Polyploidy is characterized by ____.

A chromosomal number that is a multiple of the haploid chromosomal set

To create a mouse model of the human disease Hemophilia A, in which a nonfunctional factor VIII protein results in a blood clotting deficiency, _____.

A cloned mutant FVIII gene is inserted into fertilized mouse eggs, which are then transferred to a foster mother for gestation and birth

The initial circumstance that led some to believe that Abraham Lincoln had Marfan syndrome was that ____ had the disease.

A descenden of Lincoln's skull determined that he

Most often, genomic library screening uses ____.

A lableled, complementary single-stranded RNA or DNA molecule called a probe

Huntington disease is _____.

A model of a single gene defect affecting behavior

In the cell cycle, the G1 phase represents ____.

A period of growth

Researchers have found that schizophrenia may be caused by multiple genes, each contributing equally to the behavioral phenotype. This is an example of _____.

A polygenic additive model

The process of meiosis results in ____.

A reduction in the chromosome number

A DNA microarray is ____.

A series of short nucleotide sequences placed on a solid support and has several uses

Transgenic mice carrying a mutant human SOD1 gene are used as models to study _____________________.

ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis)

It is clear from current research on human behavior genetics that _____.

Abnormal behaviiors are not due to single-gene effects

A chromosome whose centromere is placed very close to, but not at, one end is called a(n) ____________________ chromosome.

Acrocentric

Carbohydrates ____.

Act as energy sources for cells

_____________________develops from physiological adaptations that change brain function when exposed to certain environmental triggers.

Addiction

_____________________ can be defined as compulsive and repetitive behavior which can lead to impairment.

Addictive behavior

The use of ____________________ or ____________________ for stem cell therapies offers alternatives to the destruction of human embryos that occurs when embryonic stem cells are harvested.

Adult stem cells, iPS cells

In a pedigree, a person whose symbol is filled in and who is associated with the Roman numeral II is ____.

Affected by the trait and in the second generation

What is the greatest risk factor for cancer?

Age

If both parents are homozygous for a disease-causing recessive gene, ____________________ of their children will be affected.

All

Autosomes represent ____.

All chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes

If nondisjunction occurs during meiosis I, ____.

All gamets will be abnormal

Mitochondria are transmitted from mothers to ____.

All of their children through the cytoplasm of the egg

Before Mendel, most people would have predicted that a cross of a red rose with a yellow rose would produce ____.

All orange roses

Alternate forms of a gene are called ____.

Alleles

Amyloid plaques are routinely found in the brains of individuals affected by _____________________, where they cause nerve cell degeneration and death.

Alzheimer disease

Individuals homozygous for the APOE*4 Apolipoprotein E allele are ten to fifteen times more likely to develop _____________________.

Alzheimer disease

Free fetal DNA (ffDNA) originates from the breakdown of fetal cells and their nuclei in the ____________________.

Amniotic fluid

Phenotype is ____.

An observable property or expression of an trait in an organism

To clone an animal by embryo splitting, ____.

An unfertilized egg is collected from a donor mother and then fertilized in a dish by vitro fertilization

In meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate in ____.

Anaphase I

In meiosis, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the spindle during ____________________.

Anaphase II

After completion of a genome sequencing project, the DNA sequences are analyzed to locate and identify genes in a process called _____.

Annotation

Symptoms of methylmalonic acidemia are similar to those seen in ____________________ poisoning.

Antifreeze

The mouse is a particularly useful model for studying human disease because _____.

Approximately 90% of human disease-associated genes are present in the mouse genome

Plant and animal food sources have been improved by ____________________ for thousands of years.

Artificial selection

Proteins function ____.

As component parts of enzymes

In meiosis, cells become haploid ____.

At the end of telophase I

Common recessive alleles present in a family can result in a pedigree that looks like ____ inheritance.

Autosomal dominant

Almost all cases of cystic fibrosis, a(n) ____ genetic disorder, are the result of mating between two unaffected parents.

Autosomal recessive

One goal of pedigree analysis is to discover whether the gene in question is located on an X or a Y chromosome or on a(n) ____________________.

Autosome

The first organisms used in recombinant DNA technology were ____________________.

Bacteria

A restriction enzyme is a ____.

Bacterial enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sites

The DNA components adenine, thymine, guanine, ad cytosine are examples of ____.

Bases

An ALDH2 allele results in slow alcohol metabolism, leading to an accumulation of acetaldehyde. Therefore, individuals with this allele tend to _____.

Be protected against alcoholism

Individuals with nicotine acetylcholine receptors that bind tightly to nicotine are more likely to _____.

Be vulnerable to nicotine addiction

Camptodactyly causes ____.

Bent, immobile little fingers

The field of ____________________ develops software to efficiently store, analyze, present and access genomic sequence date.

Bioinformatics

The different proteins characteristic of breast cancer subtypes can be used as _____ for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Biomarkers

Some strategies for protecting endangered species include the use of DNA profiling to identify illegally traded animal parts and assisted reproduction techniques to help boost population numbers. These techniques are examples of _____.

Biotechnology

The use of recombinant DNA technology to produce commercial products is known as ____________________.

Biotechnology

Embryonic stem cells are harvested from the inner cell mass of an early stage embryo called a(n) ____________________.

Blastocyst

The observation that schizophrenia is associated with duplications of a certain copy number variant (CNV), while autism spectrum disorders are associated with deletions of the same CNV, suggests that _____.

Both disorders share common developmental

The first genetic trait described in humans was ____.

Brachydactyly

Which of the following sequences indicates the promoter region of a gene?

CAAT

Transgenic mice engineered to contain the mutant versions of the huntingtin gene with various numbers of _____________________ repeats have phenotypes similar to humans affected by Huntington disease.

CAG

Repeating DNA regions of at least 1000 base pairs known as ____________________ can affect gene expression.

CNV (Copy Number Variants)

According to results from genome wide association studies, at least seven _____________________ are linked to both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

CNVs (Copy Number Variants)

In the U.S., the ____________________, a standardized set of thirteen STR alleles, is used to generate DNA profiles for legal cases.

CODIS (Combined DNA Index System)

Embryonic stem cells derived from blastocysts are pluripotent, and therefore useful in stem cell research because they ________.

Can form all cells, tissues, and organs of the human body

Macromolecules including sugars, glycogen, and starches composed of sugar monomers linked and cross-linked together are known as ____.

Carbohydrates

Y-linked traits are ____.

Carried only by males and transmitted only to males

The topic of ____, the idea of the fundamental unit of living organisms, raised several questions in Mendel's mind about inheritance.

Cell theory

Distances on genetic maps are measured in ____________________ and distances on physical maps are measured in ____________________.

Centimorgns, base pairs

Spindle fibers attach to the ____ of a chromosome during cell division.

Centromere

The chromosomal structure that anchors the spindle fiber to the chromosome is known as the ____________________.

Centromere

Although artificial selection may seem slow and unreliable, ____________________ observed that after only a few generations, breeders produced many varieties of pigeons and minks.

Charles Darwin

One important difference between amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling is that ____.

Chrionic villus sampling can be done earlier in the pregnancy than amniocentesis

Karyotypes prepared from chorionic villus cells can be used to identify many ____________________ abnormalities.

Chromosomal abnormalities

A set of genetic markers located close together on a single ____________________ is called a haplotype.

Chromosome

One technique for chromosome analysis is called ____________________, which uses chromosome-specific DNA sequences attached to fluorescent dyes to target specific chromosomal regions.

Chromosome painting

Gregor Mendel ____.

Claimed that each individual carries a pair of "factors" for a given trait

A yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) is a ____ that can accommodate large DNA inserts and uses the eukaryote yeast as a host cell.

Cloning vector that has telomeres and a centromere

The field of ____________________ investigates similarities and differences in the genomes from different species.

Comparative genomics

The gene responsible for Marfan syndrome encodes a protein associated with ____.

Connective tissue

A marriage between two related individuals, such as first cousins, is called ____________________.

Consanguinity

Autism, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia are all associated with ____.

Copy number variants

Changes in the number of copies of chromosomal DNA segments and the genes they contain are called ____________________.

Copy number variants

A deletion in the short arm of chromosome 5 is associated with ____ syndrome, which causes intellectual disability, defects in facial development, and an abnormal larynx.

Cri du chat

A centromere is least likely to ____.

Cross over during prophase I of meiosis

If two phenotypically normal parents have six children, and two daughters and two sons have the same genetic disorder, that disorder is most likely to be ____.

Cystic fibrosis

The phenotype of ____ does not develop until adulthood.

Cystic fibrosis

Mucus production that blocks ducts of certain glands and lung passages is a symptom of ____________________.

Cystic fibrosis`

____________________ is the branch of genetics that is used to map genes and study chromosome structure and abnormalities in chromosome number and organization.

Cytogenetics

In cell division, toward the end of nuclear division, the cytoplasm divides by a process called ____________________ to produce two identical cells.

Cytokinesis

The ability to isolate and produce many copies of specific ____________________ molecules had a great impact on many areas of genetic research.

DNA

After a restriction enzyme cuts DNA into fragments and the fragments pair with complementary bases, the enzyme ____________________ is used to seal the gaps in the phosphate backbone.

DNA ligase

In recombinant DNA techniques, the gaps in the paired DNA fragments are closed by ____.

DNA ligase

Detecting single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), fusion genes, and mRNAs for alternative splicing are three applications of ____________________.

DNA microarrays

New technology has made it possible to screen an individual's entire genome, instead of testing for one genetic disorder at a time. This technology uses ____________________ that carry DNA from the entire human genome.

DNA microarrays

One finding of the Human Genome Project was that mutations in _____ can cause mutations in distant regions of the genome, which can result in cancer.

DNA repair genes

Vectors can transfer ____.

DNA sequences into bacterial host cells for cloning

The two types of nucleic acids are ____________________ and ____________________.

DNA, RNA

In the mid-twentieth century, researchers discovered that genes are made of ____________________ and that this molecule is part of cellular structures known as ____________________.

DNA, chromosomes

Hemophilia is characterized by ____.

Defects in the mechanism of blood clotting

During the Southern blot technique, the cut DNA in the gel is ____________________ to single strands to enable a labeled probe to bind to complementary sequences of interest in the fragments.

Denatured

Hereditarianism is the idea that all human traits are ____.

Determined only by genes

During in vitro fertilization, the fertilized egg ____.

Develops in a Petri dish to form an embryo containing four to eight cells

The main purpose of preparing karyotypes is to ____.

Diagnose or rule out certain genetic disorders

Mendel called crosses involving two traits ____________________ crosses.

Dihybrid

The condition in which each chromosome is represented twice as a member of a homologous pair is called ____________________.

Diploid

The fusion of gametes during fertilization restores the ____________________ number of chromosomes.

Diploid

Before Mendel began his pea plant experiments he wondered if traits in offspring result from blending of parental traits or it they are inherited as ____________________ units.

Discrete

In addition to the promise of disease therapies, the uses of stem cells in medical research include the study of how _____.

Diseases develop and progress before phenotypes are visible

Most triploid zygotes probably arise from ____.

Dispermy

In DNA profiles, the pattern of bands is _____.

Due to variations in STR alleles between individuals

As the first steps in creating recombinant DNA molecules were taking place, scientists immediately realized that modifying the genetic information in ____________________, a bacterium from the human gut, could be potentially dangerous.

E. Coli

Within the Human Genome Project, the program named ____________________ considers how the project affects individuals and society.

ELSI

A rare genetic disorder called Gaucher disease may strike as many as one in 450 people of ____ descent.

Eastern European

During the process of gel electrophoresis, the DNA fragments migrate due to the effects of ____.

Electrical charge

Almost all chromosomally abnormal embryos and fetuses are ____________________ as pregnancy progresses.

Eliminated

During DNA sequencing, a laser beam scans the fragments on the electrophoresis gel to identify the ____________________.

End nucleotid by the color it fluoresces

A study revealed differences in DNA methylation patterns between monozygotic twins, only one of whom was affected by a schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. This suggests a role for ____ in mental illness.

Epigenetics

_____________________ is defined as the interaction of two or more gene variants to produce a certain phenotype.

Epistasis

An example of ____________________ occurs in a rare condition called the Bombay phenotype, where a mutation in an unrelated gene prevents expression of the A and B blood phenotypes, making those with this condition phenotypically blood type ____________________.

Epistasis, O

The _____________________ movement overemphasized the role of genetics in human behavior, leading to the forced sterilization of those who were considered genetically inferior based on personality traits.

Eugenics

One characteristic of an autosomal dominant trait is that ____.

Every affected individual has at least one affected parent

It is difficult to assign a precise phenotypic definition to alcoholism because _____.

Excessive consumption of alcohol

The portion of the genome that encodes proteins is called the ____________________.

Exome

DNA sequences comprising open reading frames (ORFs) correspond to the coding regions of genes called ____________________.

Exons

In a typical application, a DNA microarray is used to compare the ____________________.

Expression of genes in two different tissues

Consumer fears and uncertainty about the safety of cloned milk and meat have prevented these products from being sold in stores even though the ____________________ has ruled that such food is safe.

FDA (Food and Drug Administration

Alzheimer disease has two forms: the early onset _____________________ form with a strong pattern of familial inheritance, and the late onset _____________________ form.

Familial, sporadic

The basic method of genetic analysis in humans requires a(n) ____________________ of several generations.

Family history

Since the whole genome sequencing method eliminates the need for constructing physical and genetic maps, this method is _____.

Faster than the map-based sequencing method

____________________ is a symptom of Gaucher disease (indicate any one).

Fatigue

The major physical symptom associated with Klinefelter syndrome is ____.

Fertility problems

The offspring of a parental cross (P1) are called the F1, or ____________________.

First filial

There are ____ basic patterns of Mendelian inheritance.

Five

The FRAX A site near the tip of the long arm of the X chromosome is associated with a form of intellectual disability known as Martin-Bell syndrome, or ____________________.

Fragile-X syndrome

Population geneticists are interested in the forces that change the ____________________ of genes in a population.

Frequency

The three parts of interphase, in order, are ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.

G1, S, G2

Fragile sites appear as ____________________ or ____________________ at specific sites on a chromosome.

Gaps, breaks

To make a typical Southern blot, genomic DNA is extracted and cut into fragments and the fragments are separated by ____________________.

Gel elctrophoresis

The fundamental unit of heredity is called a(n) ____________________.

Gene

DNA cloning techniques have made it possible to locate ____________________, map them, isolate them, sequence them, and transfer them between species.

Genes

What Mendel called "factors", we now call ____.

Genes

Family, twin, and adoption studies have revealed a(n) _____________________ component to mental illnesses, such as bipolar disorder.

Genetic

In 2005, professional basketball player Eddy Curry was traded by the Chicago Bulls to the New York Knicks for refusing to submit to a DNA test associated with a cardiac condition. If this had occurred after 2008, the ____ may have protected him from losing his position with the Bulls.

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act

The ____________________ provides protection from discrimination based on one's genetic information.

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act

Sister chromatids are joined by a common centromere and each carries identical ____________________.

Genetic information

____________________ is used to diagnose and treat genetic disorders.

Genetic testing

The variable phenotypic expression shown in camptodactyly results from the interaction of ____________________ and ________________factors.

Genetic, nongenetic

____________________ could one day be used to screen an individual's genome to reveal genetic predispositions to diseases.

Genome scanning

A collection of clones containing all the DNA sequences carried by an individual is called a(n) ____________________.

Genomic library

A human ____________________ can be carried in just over 3,000 YACs.

Genomic library

To summarize the conclusions of modern human behavioral genetics research, behavior is influenced by _____________________, _____________________, and _____________________ factors.

Gentic, environmental, epigenetic

The heart of a microarray is a small piece of ____________________ on which single-stranded fragments of DNA are attached at a spot called a field.

Glass

Individuals with Pompe disease are unable to metabolize _____, and are treated with a human enzyme produced by _____.

Glycogen, transgenic hamster cells

The series of flattened sacs and associated vesicles in the cytoplasm of a cell is the ____________________.

Golgi complex

A set of SNPs close together on a chromosome is called a(n) ____________________.

Haplotype

When determining whether a relative is a proper match for organ or tissue donation, three sets of HLA alleles - inherited together - must match those from the intended recipient. These allele sets are known as _____.

Haplotypes

Before biopharming technology became available, human proteins used in treatment of diseases were _____.

Harvested from slaughterhouses, donated human blood, or cadavers

A cell in G0 state ____.

Has entered a resting stage and is not actively dividing

An advantage of YACs over other vectors in cloning human genes is that they ____.

Have a higher capacity for carrying long DNA fragments

Monozygotic twin concordance values are less than 100% in both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. This suggests that these disorders ____.

Have environmental components

Approximately 40% of all children with Down syndrome have congenital ____________________ defects.

Heart

Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Queen Victoria's granddaughter, Alix, were the parents of a son with the genetic disorder affecting the mechanism of blood clotting called ____________________.

Hemophilia

Genetics is defined as the scientific study of ____.

Heredity

To quantify the environmental contribution of a behavioral trait, scientists turn to ____.

Heritability

The offspring (F1) resulting from the cross between two red flowered plants are 3/4 red and 1/4 white. The most likely genotype of both red flowered parental plants (P1) is ____.

Heterozygous

The phenotype in homozygous dominant individuals affected with an autosomal genetic disorder is often more severe than the ____________________ phenotype.

Heterozygous

When members of the gene pair carried by an individual are not alike, the individual is said to be ____________________.

Heterozygous

If a man expresses an X-linked recessive trait, ____.

His mother was heterozygous or homozygous for the trait

Identical gene loci are located on ____________________.

Homologus chromosomes

Pure-breeding individuals always have the ____________________ genotype.

Homozygous

Data gained from the Human Microbiome Project could help scientists understand _____.

How changes in the microbiome can led to disease

In genetics, a chi-square test can be used to determine ____.

How closely actual results of a cross match the expected results

When Louis Kunkel discovered the gene associated with Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy in the 1980s, he then needed to determine _____.

How the mutant gene produces the disease phenotype

Results from the ____________________ and the development of new technologies have revolutionized the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.

Human Genome Project

Transgenic animal disease models are engineered to display disease symptoms similar to those observed in ____________________.

Humans

The normal _____________________ protein binds to hundreds of other proteins to facilitate synaptic function, cell signaling, intracellular transport, and transcription.

Hungtingtin

For which of the following diseases would animal models likely yield the most information?

Huntington disease

During PCR, ____________________ takes place when primers for DNA replication bind to complementary regions on the single-stranded DNA fragments.

Hybridization

During the denaturation step of PCR, ____ bonds are broken when DNA is heated.

Hydrogen

A trait shows ____ if the phenotype of that trait is present in less than 100% of those with the related genotype.

Incomplete penetrance

When two traits are analyzed separately, then the frequencies of each are combined to yield the observed phenotypic ratios, this confirms the principle of ____________________.

Independent assortment

Historically, inheritance of _____ was used to study the genome organization, as well as biological processes such as metabolism and development.

Induced and spontaneous. Mutations in lab animals

Transmission genetics studies the pattern of ____________________ as traits are passed from generation to generation.

Inheritance

Gene therapy can best be described as the ____.

Insertion of normal genes to act in place of mutant genes

Lipids are a class of cellular macromolecules that are ____________________ in water.

Insoluble

Recombinant DNA technology has been used for over 30 years to produce ____________________ in bacteria for the treatment of diabetes.

Insulin

The first commercial product made with recombinant DNA techniques was ____________________.

Insulin

Mendel's experiments on pea plants showed that genes are passed ____________________ from generation to generation and that traits are not ____________________.

Intact, blended

Eugenics ____.

Is a dubious method for improving the human species through selective breeding

The only gene that has been positively identified with the onset of Alzheimer disease encodes a protein that _____.

Is involved in cholesterol metablism

Deletion of an entire autosome ____.

Is lethal

What is the function of a normal MAOA protein?

It breaks down neurotransmitters in the synapse

The decline of the eugenics movement in the U.S. in the early 20th century resulted from ____.

Its misuse for social and political purposes by the Nazis

Amniocentesis collects cells from the fluid surrounding the fetus in order to prepare a(n) ____________________.

Karyotype

Opponents of the use of recombinant DNA technology in agriculture argue that the FDA should require the _____ of food containing transgenic ingredients.

Labeling

What is an example of basic research?

Learning how plants turn carbon dioxide into sugar

Genes on the same chromosome are said to show ____________________.

Linkage

Linkage between two genes can be determined by studying inherited traits in multi-generational families; however, when this data is not available, the probability of linkage is estimated by the ____________________.

Lod method

The gene associated with aggressive behavior in different studies is called _____________________.

MAOA

Cells are largely constructed from four classes of large molecules called ____________________.

Macromolecules

Large cellular polymers assembled by chemically linking monomers together are called ____.

Macromolecules

The finding that mutations in synapse genes are associated with many genetic disorders that have a behavioral component suggests that _____.

Malfunctioning synapses are associated with abnormal behavior

Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are caused by _____.

Many genes, plus environmental triggers

A mutation in the gene that codes for a connective tissue protein called fibrillin causes ____________________.

Marfan syndrome

Positional cloning is used to link the inheritance of a disease in a pedigree to the inheritance of _____.

Marker sequences produced by restriction enzymes

In the attempt to identify the remains thought to be that of Czar Nicholas Romanov II and his family, _____ was used to determine that the skeletons were not only related members of a family, but were also related to living Romanov relatives.

Maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA

Although phenotypes may not follow predicted ratios, genotypes do obey the principles of ____________________.

Mendelian inheritance

In mitosis, chromatids separate and move to the center of the cell during ____________________.

Metaphase

One possible explanation for why ____________________ is a primary risk factor for autosomal trisomy is that oocytes remain in meiosis I until ovulation, which could take place many years after birth, making them more susceptible to damage.

Meternal age

A chromosome that has a centrally-placed centromere is called ____________________.

Metracentric

Cytoplasmic organelles that convert energy from food molecules in ATP and are transmitted from mothers to all their children through the cytoplasm of the egg are called ____________________.

Mitochondria

The only cytoplasmic organelles in animal cells aside from nuclei that contain DNA are ____________________.

Mitochondria

Genetic diseases transmitted only by a mother to both sons and daughters result from ____________________ genes.

Mitochondrial

Ancestry can be traced by maternal lineage using ____________________, and by paternal lineage using ____________________.

Mitochondrial DNA, Y chromosome DNA

The methods of ____ have had the greatest impact on human genetics in recent decades.

Molecular genetics

Transgenic crops are planted in _____ countries, with the amount of land dedicated to such crops _____ every year.

More than 25, increasing

Researchers have suggested that all live-born infants with Turner syndrome are actually ____________________, with both 46,XX and 45,X cells present in their bodies.

Mosaics

Color blindness is an inherited disorder passed from ____________________ to child.

Mother

If a man expresses an X-linked recessive trait, his ____________________ was either homozygous or heterozygous for the trait.

Mother

Mitochondrial gene defects most often affect the ____________________ and the ____________________.

Muscles, nervous system

Individuals with Marfan syndrome experience an eyesight problem called ____________________.

Nearsightedness

Since adult mouse models of Huntington disease (HD) contain a mutant HD allele, they show symptoms of cell death in the ____________________ system.

Nervous

Research using transgenic animal models of neurodegenerative diseases not only helps scientists understand the disorders, but also may lead to _____.

New drugs and treatments

The genotypes of two F1 plants are SsYy, with S and Y alleles dominant to s and y. If fertilization occurs at random ____________________ (number) genotypes and ____________________ (number) phenotypes will result in the F2 generation.

Nine, four

According to data from the Human Genome Project, 98.9% of the human genome is composed of ____________________ DNA sequences.

Noncoding

In his monohybrid crosses, Mendel deduced that one trait was recessive because that trait was ____.

Not present in the F1 and reappeared in the F2

DNA is a helical molecule consisting of two strands of ____________________ that is the primary carrier of ____________________ information.

Nucleotides, genetic

A trait is a(n) ____________________ property of an organism.

Observable

Rape (the plant from which canola oil is produced), sunflowers, and soybeans have been genetically modified to enhance production of ____________________ fatty acids.

Omega

If two genes have a lod score of 1.2, this indicates that they are most likely_____.

On separate chromosomes

In meiosis of oogenesis, how many mature eggs result?

One

OMIM is an acronym that stands for ____________.

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man

A technique called the ____________________ has revolutionized molecular biology because it is not as labor intensive or time consuming as DNA cloning techniques.

PCR

To create a DNA profile from scarce quantities of DNA, such as a fossil or a single hair, the ____________________ technique is necessary to obtain enough DNA for analysis.

PCR

Ockham's razor could also be called the principle of ____.

Parsimony

The most common use of DNA evidence in civil legal proceedings is ____________________.

Paternity testing

In the case of John Moore, whose excised spleen was used by UCLA researchers to establish patented cells lines and ultimately commercially valuable products, the California Supreme Court ruled in 1990 that _____.

Patients do not have property rights over cells or tissues removed from the body and used to develop commercial products

The probability that a disease phenotype will appear when a disease-related genotype is present is called ____________________.

Penetrance

A cell that cannot form spindle fibers cannot ____.

Perform mitosis nor meiosis

Some people are unable to properly metabolize the drug Purinethol, which is given to patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia; therefore, such patients must be first tested for the associated genetic variant to determine proper dosage of the drug. This scenario best illustrates the use of _____.

Pharmacogenomics

The nucleotide sequence encoded in a gene defines the ____ that make up proteins.

Phosphate groups

Which biomolecule is most associated with the structure and function of cell membranes?

Phospholipids

What is one advantage of using transgenic plant cells to produce human proteins for hormone replacement therapy?

Plant cells are less expensive to grow than other cell types

There are two cellular domains: the ____________________ and the ____________________.

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm

The X and Y chromosomes ____.

Play major roles in determining the sex of an individual

Because embryonic stem cells can form any tissue in the human body, they are termed ____________________; adult stem cells, on the other hand, are ____________________, since they can only form a limited number of cells types.

Pluripotent, multipotent

The ____________________ of STR alleles reveals how often they are observed in a population.

Population frequency

A method used to link genetic markers with specific genes on chromosomes is called ____________________.

Positional cloning

Diet supplements that promote the growth and metabolic activity of beneficial bacteria are known as ____________________.

Prebiotics

When a nerve impulse travels from neuron 1 to neuron 2, neuron 1 is known as the _____.

Presynaptic neuron

During PCR, ____________________ serve as a starting point for the synthesis of the new DNA strand.

Primers

In spite of the benefits offered by genetic screening for newborns, critics charge that patients' ____________________ rights are violated because the programs are mandatory.

Privacy

Mendel analyzed his pea plant data using the principles of ____.

Probability

The first affected family member who seeks medical attention for a genetic disorder is called the ____________________.

Proband

Genes isolated from mice or rats can often be used as ____________________ to identify and isolate the human version of the same gene.

Probes

Individuals suffering from Crohn disease or irritable bowel syndrome may benefit from ____________________.

Probiotics

Transgenic Bt crops have been genetically modified to _____.

Produce an insecticide

Induced pluripotent stem cells are ____.

Produced from normal body cells

Which genetic diseases involve defects in DNA repair that affect cell division?

Progeria and Werner syndrome

____________________ molecules are responsible for the phenotype of an organism.

Protein

Ribosomes are organelles that are involved in ____.

Protein synthesis

Chemical subunits called amino acids combine to make ____________________.

Proteins

The field of ____________________ involves the identification of disease biomarkers and protein targets for drug development.

Proteomics

Pedigrees ____.

Provide information on the patterns of inheritance of a trait

The long arm of a chromosome is called the ____________________ arm.

Q

If an autosomal ____________________ allele is very common in a population, there is a chance that it will enter the pedigree from outside the family.

Recessive

People with albinism carry two copies of the ____________________ allele (aa) and cannot make a pigment called ____________________ which is the principal pigment in skin, hair and eye color.

Recessive, melanin

In a(n) ____ translocation, two nonhomologous chromosomes exchange parts and no genetic information is gained or lost from the cell in the exchange.

Reciprocal

A series of techniques in which DNA fragments from an organism are linked to self-replicating vectors to create recombinant DNA molecules, which are then replicated in a host cell, is called ____________________.

Recombinant DNA technology

The development and use of ____ ushered in the era of genomics when geneticists began planning ways to sequence the 3.2 billion nucleotides in the human genome.

Recombinant DNA technology

The process in which genes move from one chromosome to another is called ____________________.

Recombination

Genetic maps are constructed by estimating the distances between linked genes based on the calculation of ____________________.

Recombination frquencies

The most common forms of color blindness result in the inability to properly perceive the colors ____________________ and ____________________.

Red, green

Someone who steps on a sharp nail will quickly lift their foot away. This quick reaction is known as a(n) _____________________.

Reflex

Probes can come from a variety of sources, such as ____________________.

Related genes from other species

A human pedigree ____.

Represents the inheritance of a trait through several generations of a family

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) are produced by _____.

Reprogramming adult cells by transferring certain master control genes into the cells' nuclei

The discovery that some bacteria ____ using enzymes that cut the viral DNA into pieces was one of the first steps in the development of recombinant DNA technology.

Resist viral infection

Nuclear transfer is a preferred method of cloning over embryo splitting because it ____.

Results in a larger number of cloned offspring

The simplest type of variation in a genome sequence is a single nucleotide change called a(n)

SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism)

The separation of members of a gene pair from each other during gamete formation is called ____________________.

Segregation

Independent assortment means that the ____.

Segregation of one pair occurs as if no other gene pair was present

Eugenics is the attempt to improve the human species by ____________________.

Selective breeding

What was the primary goal of the Human Genome Project?

Sequencing the genomes of humans and common lab organism

The inheritance of human traits is predictable because the genes controlling them exhibit the principles of both ____________________ and ____________________ during meiosis.

Sgregation, independent assortment

In the creation of a DNA profile, _____ are typically used.

Short tandem repeats

The private attempt to sequence the human genome, coordinated by Celera Corporation, used a method called ____________________ cloning.

Shotgun

Easily observable examples of incomplete dominance in human are rare, but ____________________ is one example.

Sickle cell anemia

Clones are genetically identical molecules, cells, or organisms, all derived from a(n) ____________________.

Single ancestor

PCR uses two components: ____________________ that serve as templates and primers that bind to regions on either side of the template to be copied.

Single strands of DNA

When constructing a karyotype, the chromosome images are arranged in pairs according to ____________________ and ____________________.

Size, centromere location

A new treatment for burns involves using skin biopsies to generate ____________________, which are sprayed onto the burned area and form a new layer of skin.

Skin stem cells

In Mendel's pea plant experiment, the trait of pea shape was represented by the two variations ____________________ and ____________________.

Smooth, wrinkled

The problem with defining abnormal behavior is that ____.

Some behaviors are not abnormal, but simply variants

During spermatogenesis in meiosis II, ____ form(s).

Spermatids

In a cross between a true-breeding plant bearing the dominant traits of smooth, yellow seeds and a true-breeding plant bearing the recessive traits of wrinkled, green seeds, the offspring (F1) are all smooth and yellow and their genotype is ____.

SsYy

The letters G, Q, R, and C, used to describe the appearance of chromosomes, refer to the ____.

Staining precedure used to reveal the bands

In 1927, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the right of states to use ____________________ as a means of preventing reproduction by those deemed "unfit."

Sterilization

A branch of genomics that generates three-dimensional structures from their amino acid sequences is known as _____.

Structural genomics

Transmission genetics ____.

Studies the pattern of inheritance associated with a trait as it passes through several generations

Each nucleotide in a strand of DNA is composed of a(n) ____________________, a(n) ____________________, and a(n) ____________________.

Sugar, base, phosphate group

The axon of one neuron is functionally connected to the dendrite of an adjacent neuron by the _____________________.

Synapse

Regions at the ends of chromosomes that prevent chromosomes from sticking to each other are called ____.

Telomeres

There are _____ microbial cells living on and in our bodies compared to the number of our body cells.

Ten times more

Research on transgenic Drosophila models of Huntington disease has found that ____.

The NUB1 protein decreases levels of mutant huntingtin protein and thereby, cell death

Studies of sex chromosome aneuploidy reveal that ____ necessary for survival.

The Y chromosome is not

The underlying problem in Gaucher disease is ____.

The accumulation of fat in the white blood cells

What were the results of DNA profiling on the remains of the last czar of Russia (Czar Nicholas Romanov II) and his family?

The czar and all of his family were accounted for in the remains

The DNA sequencing reaction uses the enzyme DNA polymerase, a primer, and ____________________.

The four deoxynucleotides found in DNA

A locus is ____.

The location of a gene on a chromosome

DNA fingerprints, such as those first used by Alec Jeffries, reveal variations in _____ between different individuals.

The locations of restriction enzyme recognition sites

Why is the most damage to the brains of Huntington disease patients observed in the striatum?

The mutant huntingtin protein becomes toxic when bound to the Rhes protein, which is abundant in the striatum

The Hayflick limit describes ____.

The number of divisions a cultured cell can undergo

In a P1 cross involving incomplete dominance, ____.

The phenotypic ratio and genotypic ratio in the F1 are identical

In codominant inheritance, ____.

There is full phenotypic expression of both members of a gene pair in the heterozygous condition

Mendel selected pea plants for his experiments because ____.

They can be self-fertilized or artificially fertilized by hand

In humans, the gene for blood type has ____________________ (number) alleles and the A and B alleles are ____________________.

Three, codominant

The mutant huntingtin protein is _____________________, meaning that it kills cells, such as those in the brain and nervous system.

Toxic

A transgenic crop is created by _____.

Transfer of a genetic trait from a different species into the plant's cells

What is one concern with the use of genetically-engineered, herbicide-tolerant crops?

Transfer of herbicide resistance to weeds

Southern blot is a method for ____.

Transferring DNA fragments from a gel to a membrance filter and used in hybridization experiments

A(n) ____________________ organism is one that carries a gene that has been transferred to it from another species.

Transgenic

The union of research and medicine that seeks to quickly translate research findings into methods for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases is called ____________________.

Translational medicine

Part of a chromosome moves to another, nonhomologous chromosome during ____________________.

Translocation

Some forms of methylmalonic acidemia can be ____.

Treated successfully if the condition is detected early

One type of polyploidy is ____.

Triploidy

The most common type of polyploidy in humans is ____.

Triplpoidy

In autosomal dominant inheritance, ____.

Two affected individuals may have unaffected children

In a monohybrid cross with complete dominance, the F2 offspring should contain ____.

Two different phenotypes and two different genotypes

A condition in which both copies of a chromosome are inherited from one parent is called ____________________.

Uniparental disomy

Stem cells are _____.

Unspecialized

The polymerase chain reaction allows DNA to be copied in a test tube without using a ____________________ or a host cell.

Vector

A mutation in the MAOA gene is associated with ____ behavior.

Violent

Because golden rice was developed to deal with problems of ____________________ deficiency, it is considered a(n) ____________________.

Vitamin A, functional food

Carrie Buck is significant in the history of genetics because she ____.

Was sterilized after the U.S. Supreme Court determined she was feebleminded

The risk for Down syndrome increases ____.

When the mother is over 35 years old

One goal of pedigree analysis is to determine ____.

Whether a gene has a dominant or recessive pattern

The confirmed diagnosis that Baby T had Bartter syndrome was based on the use of ____, which sequenced only the protein coding regions of the genome.

Whole exome sequencing

The immune system ____

Works by attacking anything recognized as foreign.

When affected males produce all affected daughters and no affected sons, the pattern of inheritance is likely to be ____________________.

X-linked dominant

Early investigators associated the tendency to violent criminal behavior with the ____________________ karyotype, but there is no evidence of a direct link between the two.

XYY

If a pedigree of several generations shows only females affected by a particular trait, it cannot be a(n) ____ trait.

Y-linked`

The neurotransmitter _____________________ functions in the areas of the brain associated with mood, attention, arousal and memory, and is associated with nicotine addiction.

acetylcholine

Ribosomes are most closely associated with ____.

the cytoplasm and rough endoplasmic reticulum