GEOG170 Final Exam

Attribute Data

Data that describes the properties of geographic features

Small Scale Map

Shows large area with few details, ex. 1:460,000

GISystem

Techniques and technology

Site

The location characteristics of an item in the image

Buffer

creates a new area within a user-defined distance of an existing point, line, or polygon feature

Spatial Autocorrelation

describes the similarity of a variable at different locations across space.

Neighborhood Analysis

evaluates the characteristics of an area surrounding a specific location/cell/pixel, mostly used in raster data.

Choropleth Map

maps that represent quantitative properties of area features using lightness/intensity of colors.

Flow Map

maps that show movement of things from one place to another using a line symbol with direction.

Proportional Symbol Map

maps that use various symbol sizes to represent the value of the attribute mapped.

Nominal Data

qualitative data that has no order and thus only gives names or labels to various categories.

Spatial Analysis

the process of transforming data into useful information.reassigning values of an existing map based on the classes or values from a specific attribute.

Data becomes information when:

we can interpret them, and information can lead to higher levels of knowledge

Meridian

A line of longitude

Band

A range of wavelengths detected by a remote sensor (e.g. green band, near-infrared band)

Persuasive Map

A type of map intended to convey an idea rather than communicate geographic information

The Equator and the Prime Meridian both have a value of _____________ in geographic coordinate systems. A) Zero B) 30 C) 90 D) 180

A) Zero

How many degrees of longitude does each UTM zone covers? A) 3 B) 6 C) 15 D) 30

B) 6

Scientific method to approach the outside

1. Obtain direct observations 2. Decode observations to data 3. Convert data to information 4. Generate knowledge from all kinds of information

How do you tell if a map is good? A projection?

A "good" map is one that is successfully used for its intended purpose and was created in a precise and accurate manner. A good projection meets the purpose of the map and minimizes distortion in area of interest

Space Segment

A constellation of 24 satellites that broadcast positioning signals. Part of GPS. Signals contain information about position of satellite and precise time

Global Positioning System (GPS)

A geospatial technology that provides highly accurate locational information associated with a particular feature with the aid of satellite systems. A space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. Uses are navigation, location, timing, mapping, and tracking

Scale Bar

A map element used to graphically represent the scale of a map. A scale bar is typically a line or a bar, segmented like a ruler, and marked in units proportional to the map's scale

Ellipsoid

A mathematical figure approximating the shape of Earth where the major axis a (the equator) is larger than the minor axis b (the N-S pole)

Map Projection

A mathematical process of transforming a particular region of the earth's three-dimensional curved surface onto a two-dimensional map. Distortions always occur.

Spatial Resolution

A measure of the smallest object or area on the ground that can be detected by the sensor

Compromise Projection

A projection that maintains a balance between distortions of shape, area, distance and direction, rather than perfectly preserving one geometric property at the expense of others.

Cartesian Coordinate System

A projection that maintains a balance between distortions of shape, area, distance and direction, rather than perfectly preserving one geometric property at the expense of others. (0,0) at lower left, simplifies locating and measuring

Equidistant Projection

A projection that preserves accurate distances from the center of the projection or along given lines. Sea navigation charts, seismic and radio mapping

Equal Area/Equivalent Projection

A projection that preserves the relative size of Earth's regions. Population density, GDP by country, world political maps

Panchromatic Sensor

A sensor measuring the visible portion of the spectrum, which treats the entire 0.4 to 0.7 micrometer range as if it was one band.

Projection Surfce

A simple geometric shape capable of being flattened without stretching, such as a cylinder, cone, or plane.

Raster Data Model

A spatial data model that defines space as an array of equally sized cells arranged in rows and columns

Map

A spatial representation of the geographic information that is presented graphically. A graphic depiction of all or part of a geographic realm in which the real-world features have been replaced by symbols in their correct spatial location at a reduced scale

Attribute Table

A table to store attribute data, where each row represents a feature and each column represents a different attribute of the feature

Conic projections

A type of map projection that projects Earth onto a cone that is either tangent to the Earth at a single parallel, or secant at two parallels. Used in US and and other large countries in which territory stretches more in east-west than north-south. Good for polar regions and aeronautical maps. Not good for displaying large areas because distortion increases as you move from intersection line.

Geoid

A vertical datum and a hypothetical Earth surface that represents the mean sea level, assuming Earth's surface is completely covered by water. Gravitational surface with equal gravitational potential. Geoid very close approximation of Earth

In a UTM zone in the northern hemisphere, the equator has a northing value of _____. A) 0m B) 10,000,000m N C) 500,000m N D) The false northing

A) 0m

GPS (as normally available to the civilian user) provides a nominal fix accuracy of: A) 100 meters with Selective Availability enabled B) 30 meters C) 50 feet D) 1 centimeter

A) 100 meters with Selective Availability enabled The accuracy is about 15 meters when selective availability is off. When Selective Availability is activated, random errors (ie. clock dither) are inserted into the satellite code timing, thereby reducing the accuracy to approximately 100 meters.

Go north 8°42΄53" from 23°34΄32"N. What is your latitude? A) 32°17΄25" B) 32°16΄25"

A) 32°17΄25"

Orthophoto

Aerial photos which have been geometrically rectified, correcting and removing the effects of relief displacement

Equator

An imaginary line (circle) that divides the Earth into Southern and Northern hemispheres; it has an equal distance from both poles.

Geostationary Orbit

An orbit where the satellite travels at the same speed as Earth's rotation, which means it is always monitoring the same region of Earth.

What is the spatial operation that evaluates the characteristic of one area based on the attributes of its surrounding locations? A) Map algebra B) Neighborhood analysis C) Overlay D) Buffer

B) Neighborhood analysis

Which of the following is NOT a form of geospatial technology? A) GIS B) Remote sensing C) JPEG D)GPS

C) JPEG

Tissot's Indicatrix

Circles used to visualize distortions due to map projection. These circles are equal in area before projection, but distorted afterwards.

Suppose you are asked to perform a query in the attribute table of Wisconsin roads. The table contains the following information of each road: "Road_ID", "County", "Width" and "Rank". For each road, "Rank" can take one of the 4 values: 1, 2, 3, 4. If you are only interested in the roads belong to Dane county with rank equal to or higher than 2, how would you construct the query? A) "County" = "Dane" AND "Rank" > 2 B) "County" = "Dane" OR "Rank" >= 2 C) "County" <> "Dane" AND "Rank" >= 2 D) "County" = "Dane" AND "Rank" >= 2

D) "County" = "Dane" AND "Rank" >= 2

What types of features will exist in the result of a union operation over the two layers? A) Agricultural land inside floodplain B) Agricultural land outside floodplain C) Non-agricultural land inside floodplain D) Non-agricultural land outside floodplain E) A, B, and C

E) A, B, and C Only non-agricultural land outside floodplain is not part of the results of union. Union computes a geometric union of the input features. All features and their attributes will be written to the output feature class.

How could GPS be used? A) Navigation B) Locating C) Timing D) Mapping E) All of the above

E) All of the above

Which is (are) the typical data model(s) in GIS to handle geospatial data in a GIS? A) Vector data model B) Network data model C) Tabular data model D) Raster data model E) Geodatabase F) Vector and Raster

F) Vector and Raster

Geographic/Geospatial Information

Information that has location (x,y) component as well as other associated attributes or characteristics

Longitude

Lines that pass through both poles referenced by their angular distance east or west from the Prime Meridian. Range from 180 east to 180 west (east positive, west negative). Line through Greenwich, England currently prime meridian (0 degrees longitude). 15 degrees of longitude = 1 hour time difference.

Point Phenomena

Phenomenon that occurs at a point in space defined solely by a geographic location without width or area at the scale of the map.

Oblique Aerial Photo

Photo taken by a camera at an angle; the camera's axis is inclined away from vertical

Vertical Aerial Photo

Photos taken from an aerial platform (either moving or stationary) where the camera axis is truly vertical to the ground

True Color Photo

Photos that are displayed with red light in red, blue light in blue, and green light in green (how your eyes perceive color)

Low oblique aerial photo

Provides more details about the target objects to be viewed

High oblique aerial photo

Provides more ground area can be covered on a single photo

What type of GIS data model for this project? Analyze the terrain characteristics of Pleasant Valley and study how they are spatially related to soil property.

Raster data model, because we are interested in the continuous variation of terrain characteristics

Panchromatic Photo

Records electromagnetic energy in visible wavelengths and displays it in grayscale/black & white

Association

Relation between an object and other nearby features in an image

Vector Data Model

Represents geographic features with points, lines and polygons -point (vector): a feature in a vector data model represented with a single (x, y) coordinate pair -line (vector): a linear feature in a vector data model, which has a certain length but is too narrow to be shown as an area or polygon -polygon (vector): a feature in a vector data model depicted with a closed loop of (x, y) coordinates, which encloses an area

Lines of Longitude

Run in an east-to-west direction around the globe

Shadow

Shadow is also helpful in interpretation: it can provide an idea of the profile and relative height of a feature, which makes it easier to identify.

Large Scale Map

Shows small area with great detail, ex. 1:2,500

GIStudy

Social implications

Latitude

The angular distance between the Equator and points to the north or south on the surface of the Earth. Known as parallels and 90 degrees go north and 90 degrees go south. Northern latitudes positive, southern negative

Pattern

The arrangement of individual objects may create a distinctive pattern. Man-made features such as cities tend to have very regular patterns, while natural features do not have regular patterns.

Channel

The displayed color (red, green, or blue) on electronic screens. Different bands can be displayed in different channels, as in color composite images.

Easting

The east-west x-coordinate; defined as the distance from an origin in a projected coordinate system. False easting of 500,000m at center line of each zone to ensure no negative values

Map Generalization

The elimination of map details as scale decreases

Principal Point

The geometric center point of the photo

Selective Availability

The intentional degradation of GPS signals by the U.S. military. SA was turned off in 2000.

Great Circle

The intersection of the surface with a plane passing through the center of the planet. It is the shortest path between two points along the surface of a sphere.

Map Scale

The mathematical relationship between distances on the map and their corresponding ground distances

Northing

The north-south y-coordinate in a projected coordinate system. False northing of 10,000,000 given to equator to ensure no negative values

Spectral Resolution

The number of spectral bands -- portions of the electromagnetic spectrum -- that a sensor can collect energy in.

Resolution

The pixel size (in ground units) in a raster data model

Image Interpretation

The process of extracting qualitative and quantitative information from a photo or image using human knowledge or experiences.

Navigation

The process of getting from one location to another based on transportation information.

Trilateration

The process used by GPS to determine the location of a receiver by measuring the distances to three or more satellites.The process used by GPS to determine the location of a receiver by measuring the distances to three or more satellites.

Representative Fraction (RF)

The ratio between map and ground distances. 1/x or 1:x where x is the distance on the ground

Microwave

The region of the electromagnetic spectrum from approximately 1 to 1,000 millimeters.

Tone

The relative brightness or color of objects in an image, help identify object details

Temporal Resolution

The revisit period of a satellite's sensor for a specific location on the Earth. It is also the length of time for a satellite to complete one orbit cycle of the globe.

Geodetics/Geodesy

The science of determining the actual size and shape of the Earth.

Swath

The strip of the Earth's surface from which geographic data are collected by a satellite

Geospatial Technology

The use of a number of different high-tech systems and tools that can acquire, analyze, store, manage, and visualize various types of location-based data

Visible Wavelengths

The wavelengths between 0.4 and 0.7 micrometers; energy at these wavelengths are visible to human eyes.

Pixels

Tiny uniform regions that make up a remote sensing image, each with its own unique value. The smallest cells of equal size which are assigned unique values in a raster data model

Orthophotos

To generate a map-like image while retaining detail

Color infrared sensing

To show dead or withering vegetation

Microwave sensing

To show subsurface characteristics

Thermal infrared

To show temperature differences between land and water

What type of GIS data model for this project? Build a bicycle management system, like Madison B-cycle, to allow people to economically and conveniently avoid road congestion and parking problems, and reduce pollution.

Vector data model, because we are interested in discrete features such as bicycle stations (points), roads and streets (lines), and blocks (polygons).

Absorption

When EM energy is trapped and held by an object rather than passing through or reflecting off it.

Transmittance

When an electromagnetic (EM) wave passes straight through an object

Map Layout

a collection of map elements laid out and organized on a page

Structured Query Language (SQL)

a format used to query a database to find attributes that meet certain conditions.

Legend

a guide to what the map's symbols represent. It usually includes a small picture of each symbol used on the map along with a written description of its meaning.

Isoline

a line that connects points of equal value on a map. Isolines are commonly used to show quantities that vary smoothly over a surface.

Qualitative Map

a map showing the location/distribution of a phenomenon using nominal data

Quantitative Map

a map showing the magnitude/value of a phenomenon using ordinal, interval or ratio data

Qualitative Change Map

a map showing the qualitative change of geographic phenomena/features over time, such as a change in feature category or the change in the location of features.

Standard Distance

a measure of the dispersion of features around their mean center.

Mean Center

a single x,y coordinate value that represents the average x-coordinate value and the average y-coordinate value of all features in a study area.

Median Center

a single x,y coordinate value that represents the median x-coordinate value and the median y-coordinate value of all features in a study area.

Spatial Query

a tool that allows selecting features based on their location relative to other features either in the same or another layer, e.g., finding restaurants within 50 miles of your home.

Fishnet

a type of 3D surface constructed by closely spaced line profiles in two directions. From a perspective view, the height of each grid varies to create an impression of 3D.

Isopleth

a type of isoline, in which the values are ratios that exist over areas, such as population per square kilometer or crop yield per acre.

Topographic Map

a type of map showing topological features including terrain, water networks, boundaries, roads, towns, cities, as well as labels showing the names of important features.

Quantitative Thematic Map

a type of map that describes any magnitude/numerical information about spatial features and their relationships. Such maps answer questions like how much, many, large, wide, fast, high, or deep things are, using interval or ratio data.

Data Query

access a database and select only the records you want from the attribute table.

Union

all features from both layers are combined into a new layer

Symmetrical Difference

all features of both layers are retained, except for the areas they have in common (the result of intersection)

identity

an input layer is specified so that all its features will be retained in the new layer, while all the features from an intersection of this layer and a second layer will also be created in the new layer

Map Algebra

basic operations such as addition, multiplication, and exponents are used to form equations that combine different raster layers

What are the steps for a typical GIS workflow?

collect -> edit -> analyze-> make a map-> decision

Continuous Data

data that represent continuous phenomena which has no defined borders, but which has a smooth transition from one value to another.

Near Operation

determines the shortest distance (within the search radius) from a feature in one layer to the nearest feature in another layer

Line Phenomena

phenomenon that describes a thing that follows a line without width at the scale of the map.

Volume Phenomena

phenomenon that occupies a volume in space (including length, width, and depth) at the scale of the map.

Intersection

results in a new layer that only contains areas that both layers have in common

Inset

smaller maps used to reveal details not shown on the larger map

Spatial Cluster

spatial features that are concentrated in one/a few relatively small areas and form groups.

Geographic vs Spatial Information

-Geographic has to do with Earth, its two-dimensional surface, or its three-dimensional atmosphere, oceans and sub-surface -Spatial has to do with any multi-dimensional frame of reference -Geographic is a subset of spatial

How do you calculate map scale?

1) Measure the distance between any two points on the map. This distance is the map distance (MD). 2) Determine the horizontal distance between these same two points on the ground. This distance is the ground distance (GD). 3) Use the representative fraction (RF) formula, and remember that RF must be expressed as: RF=1/x=MD/GD

A pharmaceutical factory needs to choose a suitable site for its manufacturing building. Considering the possible negative impacts on environment, the new building cannot be located within 100 meters to rivers. However for the convenience of employees it should not be very far from the town (say 5km) and should be close to the main roads (say 200 meters). How would you perform spatial analysis to find a suitable site?

1) build buffer zones around rivers, roads and the town, respectively; 2) intersect the three types of buffer zone to find the suitable site

GPS Positioning Steps

1. Satellites send signals containing location and time to the GPS receiver. 2. The GPS receiver searches and obtains signals from at least three satellites. The more satellites it finds, the higher accuracy it can achieve. 3. The GPS receiver a) calculates its distance to the satellites, and b) determines its location using the method of "trilateration".

Differential GPS

A correction method that uses a series of base stations at known locations on the ground to provide a correction of GPS positional information.

Geographic Information System (GIS)

A database system with specific capabilities for managing geospatial data and a set of operations for working with the data. Software systems with the capability for input, storage, manipulation/analysis, and output/display of geographic (spatial) information

Remote Sensing (RS)

A geospatial technology that uses various sensors to collect visual information about an area without physical contact. The science of obtaining information about objects or areas from a distance, typically from aircraft or satellites

Prime Meridian

A meridian through Greenwich, England, where longitude is defined as 0°

Geographic Information Science

A new interdisciplinary field built out of the use and theory of GIS, which studies the underlying conceptual and fundamental issues arising from the use of GIS and related technologies, such as: spatial analysis, map projections, accuracy, and scientific visualization.

Origin of SPC Zone

A point established to the west and south of the SPC zone with easting and northing values of 0.

Geodetic Datum

A reference base that defines the size and shape of the Earth in order to locate positions and places. Defined by specifying the ellipsoid, coordinates of a base point, and the direction north.

Geographic Coordinate System

A reference system that uses a three-dimensional spherical surface and measures of latitude and longitude to define locations on the Earth.

Coordinate System

A reference system which uses one or more numbers, or coordinates, to determine and represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and observations such as GPS locations within a common geographic reference framework.

Multispectral Sensor

A sensor that collects information across several bands, each of which are broad portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Hyperspectral Sensor

A sensor that collects information across very many narrow, contiguous bands. A hyperspectral sensor could be able to sense over 200 bands.

State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS)

A set of 124 geographic zones or coordinate systems designed for specific regions of the U.S. Each state contains one or more state plane zones, the boundaries of which usually follow county lines. States based on Lambert conformal conic projection (predominantly wider east-west) and Transverse Mercator Projection (states with north-south extent)

Control Segment

A set of ground control stations for monitoring, tracking and correcting signals broadcast by GPS satellites. Part of GPS. Master control station at Schriever Air Force Base, in Colorado Springs

GIS

A technology for managing and analyzing geo-spatial data

Atomic Clock

A timekeeping device that uses an atom's electronic transition frequency in the microwave, optical, or ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum as a frequency standard for its timekeeping element. The most accurate way to keep time, it is used in GPS to ensure accurate positioning.

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

A two-dimensional cartesian coordinate system that records locations on the surface of the Earth. It divides the Earth into 60 zones, with each covering a six-degree band of longitude. It uses a secant transverse mercator projection in each zone. Most commonly used global projected coordinate system

Thematic Map

A type of map especially designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area. A legend showing information with different categories is the best give away that the map is thematic. A type of map showing one or a few themes of information for a specific area, which is often coded, colored, or grouped for convenience. These maps can portray physical, social, political, cultural, economic, sociological, agricultural, or any other aspects of a specific area, such as a city, state, region, nation, or continent.

Cylindrical Projection

A type of map projection that projects Earth onto a cylinder by touching the earth on one line or intersecting the earth through two lines

Conformal Projection

A type of map projection where angles on the globe are preserved (thus preserving shape) on the map over small areas. Navigational and meteorological charts, topographic maps, military maps

Verbal Scale

A type of map scale that expresses the relationship between map distance and ground distance using words

Reference Map

A type of map that emphasizes the location of spatial phenomena with purpose of summarizing the landscape to aid discovery of locations. A type of map showing the simplest properties of the geographic features in a specific area, such as political boundaries, roads, water bodies and cities.

Sun-synchronous Orbit

A type of near-polar orbit where satellites always pass the same location on Earth's surface at the same local time.

Polar Orbit

A type of orbit where satellites pass above or nearly-above both poles of the Earth and make several passes per day.

Passive Remote Sensing

A type of remote sensing technology where the sensor measures EM energy reflected by the target that originates from an external source such as sun or the target itself.

Active Remote Sensing

A type of remote sensing technology where the sensor provides its own energy source for illuminating the target, and then detects the reflected energy.

Which of the following representative fractions on a map would show the largest scale? A) 1:1000 B) 1:15000 C) 1:230000 D) 1:3600000

A) 1:1000 A large scale map is referred as "large" because the representative fraction (e.g. 1/25,000) is a larger fraction than one on a small scale map

How many GPS satellites are there? A) 24 B) 50 C) 10 D) 36

A) 24 There are 21 active satellites and 3 operating spares. The GPS satellites orbit the earth at an altitude of 12,000 miles. They travel in one of six orbits, all inclined 55 degrees relative to the equator, and are spaced 60 degrees apart. Their orbital period is 12 hours. The full set of satellites became operational in 1994.

A hiking trail measures 8 cm on a 1: 50000 map. How long is the hiking trail in km? A) 4 B) 4000 C) 400000 D) 6.25

A) 4 1 cm rep 50000 cm = 500 m = 0.5 km 8 cm rep 4 km

If you are at 40°32' 15" S, 38°12' 6" E, what are the coordinates if you move towards south for 15°? A) 55°32' 15" S, 38°12' 6" E B) 55°32' 15" S, 53°12' 6" E C) 25°32' 15" S, 38°12' 6" E D) 25°32' 15" S, 23°12' 6" E

A) 55°32' 15" S, 38°12' 6" E

A map template provides ____________. A) A pre-arranged way of placing elements on a map B) A blank space that can be used to place items on a map C) A pre-made map that can immediately be printed D) previously created symbology already applied to the map's legend

A) A pre-arranged way of placing elements on a map.

What types of features will exist in the result of an intersect operation over the two layers? A) Agricultural land inside floodplain B) Agricultural land outside floodplain C) Non-agricultural land inside floodplain D) Non-agricultural land outside floodplain

A) Agricultural land inside floodplain Agricultural land inside floodplain, which is the intersect result that both layers have in common.

Distortion is _____________ an unavoidable consequence of making flat maps. A) Always B) Never C) Sometimes D) Most of the time

A) Always

Which of the following is NOT used by GIS systems to display discrete features? A) Angles B) Polygons C) Points D) Lines

A) Angles In a vector data model, points, lines, and polygons are used to represent geographic features.

The Suomi NPP instrument used to study clouds and Earth's climate and temperature, is: A) CERES B) OMPS C) VIIRS D) MODIS

A) CERES CERES is Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System, which is used to study clouds and its impact on Earth's energy.

Which of the following features is the most likely to be represented in a raster data format? A) Elevation shown in a DEM B) Major cities in the US C) Interstate highway network D) County boundaries of Wisconsin

A) Elevation shown in a DEM

What does GPS stand for? A) Global Positioning System B) Government Positioning Satellites C) Going Places Sometimes D) Global Positioning Satellites

A) Global Positioning System To the US Department of Defense, which is responsible for maintaining the system of GPS satellites, GPS is known as NAVSTAR, for NAVigation Satellite Timing And Ranging.

In which type of overlay does the new layer show only the common features of the other layers? A) Intersect B) Identity C) Symmetrical Difference D) Union

A) Intersect Intersect computes a geometric intersection of the input features. Features or portions of features which overlap in all layers and/or feature classes will be written to the output feature class

A flow map is a type of ______. A) Line feature map B) Area Feature map C) Continuous surface map D) Point feature map

A) Line feature map

Which of the following is NOT true about orthophoto? A) Orthophotos still have relief displacement B) Orthophotos are created from vertical aerial photographs with rectification process C) Orthophotos have a uniform scale D) Orthophotos can serve as base maps for other map information to be overlaid

A) Orthophotos still have relief displacement

The geometric center of aerial imagery is A) Principal point B) Flight line C) Nadir D) Sidelap

A) Principal point

Which of the following data classification methods attempts to place an equal number of data elements/features in each class? A) Quantiles B) Standard Deviation C) Equal Interval D) Natural Breaks

A) Quantiles

In a color infrared photo, _____________. A) Red energy is displayed as the color green, green energy is displayed as the color blue, and near-infrared energy is displayed as the color red B) Red energy is displayed as the color red, green energy is displayed as the color green, blue energy is displayed as the color blue, and near-infrared energy is displayed as the color black C) Near-infrared energy is displayed in the color red, while the other colors (red, green, and blue) are displayed with shades of grey D) Only near-infrared energy is displayed, shown in shades of grey

A) Red energy is displayed as the color green, green energy is displayed as the color blue, and near-infrared energy is displayed as the color red

You are visiting Seattle and receive a map from the Seattle Visitor's Bureau showing the streets of downtown Seattle and points of interest. You are looking at a: A) Reference Map B) Thematic Map C) Choropleth Map D) Normalized Map

A) Reference Map

GIS data queries are composed in which computer language? A) SQL B) FORTRAN C) C+ D) Assembly

A) SQL

_________ measures the level of dispersion of features from the center. A) Standard distance B) Median center C) Cluster distance D) Spatial autocorrelation

A) Standard distance

Which of the following is NOT a form of geospatial data? A) The assessed value of a particular house B) Boundaries of housing parcels in a subdivision C) The distribution of salary ranges in a particular county D) The exact address of a house in Biloxi, Mississippi

A) The assessed value of a particular house The assessed value of a particular house is attribute data instead of spatial data

Which is true about the differences between the vector data model and the raster data model? A) The raster data model views the world as a continuous surface; the vector data model views the world as discrete objects with definable boundaries. B) The raster data model represents the world using points, lines or polygons; the vector data model represents the world using mosaics of pixels . C) The raster data model stores multiple attributes of a geographic feature (e.g. a city) using multiple columns in an attribute table; the vector data model stores multiple attributes of a geographic feature using values in the corresponding pixels. D) Spatial overlay using the raster data model is performed in an "object-by-object" fashion; spatial overlay using the vector data model is performed in a "pixel-by-pixel" fashion.

A) The raster data model views the world as a continuous surface; the vector data model views the world as discrete objects with definable boundaries.

GPS requires use of: A) Three satellites for an earth surface fix (locating a point on the earth surface) B) Four satellites for a 3D fix (locating a point in the 3D space) C) Both

A) Three satellites for an earth surface fix (locating a point on the earth surface) At least 3 satellites required for 2D fix, which means locate a point on the earth surface. However, 4 satellites should always be used. The 4th satellite used to compensate for inaccurate clock in GPS receivers. With the fourth satellite, it can yield much better accuracy and provide 3D fix, which means that it can determine the current position of a flying aircraft.

A satellite in geostationary orbit rotates at the same speed as Earth. A) True B) False

A) True

A satellite with a four-day temporal resolution passes over your house on January 2. The next day the satellite passes over your house will be January 6. A) True B) False

A) True

A smartphone with a navigation application such as Google Maps belongs to the user segment of the GPS system. A) True B) False

A) True

A topographic map is a type of reference map. A) True B) False

A) True

Air photos are taken with overlaps both along a flight line and between flight lines. Generally speaking, there are 60-80% overlaps along a flight line and 20-30% overlaps between two adjacent flight lines. A) True B) False

A) True

An aerial photo is an example of raster data. A) True B) False

A) True

Attribute data in vector data model are typically stored into tables, while attribute data in raster data model are stored as values associated with each cell. A) True B) False

A) True

Google Earth presents a 3D representation of Earth. A) True B) False

A) True

Hyper-spectral imagery is made possible by a sensor capable of sensing hundreds of bands of energy simultaneously. A) True B) False

A) True

IKONOS has lower spatial resolution compared with Quick-bird. A) True B) False

A) True

In passive remote sensing, the sensor simply measures reflected or emitted energy. A) True B) False

A) True

In visible spectrum, blue light has lower wavelength than red light. A) True B) False

A) True

Infrared light is invisible to human eyes. A) True B) False

A) True

Persuasive maps are intended to convey an idea rather than communicate geographic information. A) True B) False

A) True

Reference maps show simple themes of geographic properties, such as political boundaries, roads, and cities. A) True B) False

A) True

SPC zones are formed by following state or county boundaries. A) True B) False

A) True

Spatial queries are different from attribute data queries in that spatial queries select features by location. A) True B) False

A) True

Suomi NPP's overall mission is to examine global environmental phenomena and to advance knowledge and understanding of Earth's systems as a whole. It is the first satellite launched to build the next-generation satellite system to take over Earth Observation System (EOS) A) True B) False

A) True

The major difference between nominal and ordinal data is that the values of ordinal data are associated with order or rank. A) True B) False

A) True

The vast majority of the electromagnetic spectrum is invisible to the human eye. A) True B) False

A) True

True or False: Conceptually, the classification of a geographic feature (such as a city park) as point, line or area is in part determined by the scale of the map. A) True B) False

A) True

Vegetation reflects most of the near infrared radiation from the sun. A) True B) False

A) True

A satellite with a four-day temporal resolution passes over your house on January 2. The next day the satellite passes over your house will be January 6. A) True B) False

A) True 2 (Jan 2) + 4 (4 day temporal resolution) = 6

Measurements made from one datum may not precisely match the measurements made from another datum. A) True B) False

A) True Different datums approximate the shape of the Earth in different way, so it is possible that measurement based on two different datums are different.

Negative values can be used when making measurements ______ of the Equator and/or ____ of the Prime Meridian. A) south; west B) east; north C) north; south D) west; north

A) south; west

Which of the following map scales is the smallest? A) 1:50,000 B) 1 inch equals 2 miles (you can approximately use 1 mile = 60,000 inches) C) 1 centimeter = 1 kilometer (1km = 1000m, 1m = 100cm)

B) 1 inch equals 2 miles (you can approximately use 1 mile = 60,000 inches)

How many wavelengths can the Landsat 7 satellite sense simultaneously? A) 3 B) 7 C) 10 D) 14

B) 7

What is the angle between the prime meridian and the line of 30º N latitude? A) 30º B) 90º C) 0º D) 60º

B) 90º

Which of the following is a satellite of NASA's Earth Observation System? A) MODIS B) Aqua C) GOES D) Sentinel-2A

B) Aqua

Which graphic element carry magnitude information and can be used on quantitative maps? A) Shape B) Color value C) Orientation D) Color hue

B) Color value

he Master Control station for the U.S. GPS is located in: A) Hawaii. B) Colorado C) Washington, D.C. D) South Dakota.

B) Colorado The master control station is located at Schriever Air Force Base, in Colorado Springs

The UTM coordinate system uses _______ projections. A) Conic B) Cylindrical C) Planar D) Spheric

B) Cylindrical

The use of a base station or other earth-bound source to transmit a correction signal to a GPS receiver refers to _________. A) CORS B) DGPS C) WAAS D) MSAS

B) DGPS

A planar projection can preserve both direction and shape. A) True B) False

B) False

Color saturation (or color intensity) is a visual variable that is suitable to show dramatic variation in quantities. A) True B) False

B) False

Discrete data is usually stored in a raster data model, while continuous data is usually stored in a vector data model. A) True B) False

B) False

Healthy vegetation will have a weak reflection of near-infrared energy and a strong absorption of green energy. A) True B) False

B) False

In a "color infrared" photo, energy in the red wavelengths is displayed as red. A) True B) False

B) False

In remote sensing, the energy source to illuminate the object can only comes from the sun. A) True B) False

B) False

Maps show spatial data, but CANNOT show non-spatial data. A) True B) False

B) False

Moderate Resolution Imaging SpectroRadiometer(MODIS) imagery can be used to map individual house and city blocks. A) True B) False

B) False

Qualitative data describes the magnitude of features with numbers, while quantitative data portrays the category or type of features. A) True B) False

B) False

Relief displacement gets worse as the altitude of the sensor/camera increases. A) True B) False

B) False

The visual variable "shape" can be easily used to represent quantitative data. A) True B) False

B) False

To display a geographic feature on a map, it is always the best choice to group its values by equal intervals, regardless of the nature of the feature. A) True B) False

B) False

In the space segment of the GPS system, an individual satellite transmits the position of the satellite, the precise time of the signal, and the current position of nearby satellites to the GPS receiver (user segment). A) True B) False

B) False An individual satellite does not transit the current position of other nearby satellites; each satellite transmits its own position only.

GIS is unable to use non-spatial data. A) True B) False

B) False GIS can manage non-spatial data using tables, aka, attribute table

Landsat 5 is still in operation as of today. A) True B) False

B) False Landsat 5 retired in 2013

Green wavelengths are absorbed by leaves, which is why they appear green to our eyes. A) True B) False

B) False Leaves appear green because they REFLECT green wavelengths, not absorb them.

A Moran's I value of 5 means highly positive correlation of geographic features. A) True B) False

B) False Moran's I ranges from -1 to 1 and does not extend past 1.

Both SQL and spatial queries can select features by their spatial relationship to other features. A) True B) False

B) False Only spatial queries can select features by spatial relationships.

It is okay to compute standard deviation using ordinal data. A) True B) False

B) False Standard deviation cannot be computed using ordinal data which only contain the information of order (deduction and average operator cannot be applied).

A remote sensing image with a lower spatial resolution allows the eye to see more detail. A) True B) False

B) False The term low spatial resolution means that one pixel value in the image represents a large area on the earth, which means a lot of details have been lost.

One can measure the width of a Line symbol on a map and tell the actual width of the corresponding line feature on the ground. A) True B) False

B) False The width of a line symbol is rarely used to indicate the actual width of the corresponding line feature on the ground. Instead the width is usually used to differentiate the classes of line features (e.g. mainstream vs tributaries)

Since UTM has global coverage, it is suitable for mapping areas with a large spatial extent; for example, a map covering a nation or the entire globe. A) True B) False

B) False This statement is not correct. Although UTM has a global coverage, it is not a single projection, but a group of projections centered at different regions of the globe. It is not right to say UTM is suitable for global-level mapping.

UTM is designed for areas which have large E-W extent. A) True B) False

B) False UTM is designed for areas with primarily N-S dimension

Generally, vector data model is suitable for representing continuous geo-spatial data while raster data model is suitable for representing discrete geospatial data. A) True B) False

B) False Vector data model is more suit for representing discrete geospatial data, such as a point, a line or a polygon. Raster data model is more suitable for representing continuous geo-spatial data, such as terrain surface.

Which of the following questions needs to be solved using "Spatial Statistics"? A) For the counties of Wisconsin the public health agency would like to find that whether drinking more coffee causes less heart diseases. B) For the counties of Wisconsin the public health agency would like to find that whether the occurrences of heart disease are spatially clustered. C) For the counties of Wisconsin the public health agency would like to find that which county consumes the largest amount of coffee per year. D) For the counties of Wisconsin the public health agency would like to find that which county reported the least number of heart disease occurrences in 2013.

B) For the counties of Wisconsin the public health agency would like to find that whether the occurrences of heart disease are spatially clustered.

Which statement would you use to query for the countries with per capita GDP lower than $8,000? A) GDP = 8,000 B) GDP < 8,000 C) GDP > 8,000 D) GDP <> 8,000

B) GDP < 8,000

Which of the following global satellite navigation systems is NOT run by the U.S.? A) NAVSTAR B) GLONASS C) WAAS D) GEOS

B) GLONASS

Which statement about Differential GPS (DGPS) is true? A) It is only available to professionals. B) It uses a network of fixed, ground-based reference stations to broadcast the difference between the positions indicated by the satellite systems and the known fixed positions. C) It is less accurate than GPS. D) It can improve the accuracy of normal GPS to about 15-meter level in case of the best implementations.

B) It uses a network of fixed, ground-based reference stations to broadcast the difference between the positions indicated by the satellite systems and the known fixed positions.

What is the status of Landsat 5? A) It continues its mission today without any issues B) It was decommissioned and permanently shut down in 2013 C) Its TM sensor failed in 2003 and needed to be replaced with a new one to continue its mission D) It was successfully replaced in the Landsat program by Landsat 6

B) It was decommissioned and permanently shut down in 2013

With a large-scale map (e.g. 1:5,000) you could: A) Plan a trip from Madison, WI to Houston, TX B) Locate a building in the UW Madison campus C) Locate both Australia and Mexico D) Track the path of a hurricane

B) Locate a building in the UW Madison campus

MODIS has _____ spatial resolution and _____ temporal resolution. A) Moderate, low B) Moderate, high C) Very high, low D) Very high, high

B) Moderate, high MODIS has moderate spatial resolution (500m-1km) and very high temporal resolution with a revisit time of only 2 days.

With a small scale map you could: A) See buildings close up B) Plan a long drive C) Plan a short walk D) See the details of your neighborhood

B) Plan a long drive A small scale map shows a large area with few details. A large scale map shows a small area with more details

A point-feature thematic map that varies the size of each symbol based on the value of the mapped geographic variable is best described as a _______. A) Prism map B) Proportional/graduated symbol map C) Dot density map D) Choropleth map

B) Proportional/graduated symbol map

The means of data classification that creates a relatively even distribution of ranges (similar numbers of features in each class) on a map is the: A) Natural breaks method B) Quantile method C) Equal interval method D) Standard deviation method

B) Quantile Method

The model used to represent continuous fields in GIS is the _________, which represents data in a set of ________. A) Vector data model; polygons B) Raster data model; grid cells C) Infinity model; coordinates D) Trilateration model; time zones

B) Raster data model; grid cells

In a standard false color composite image (near-infrared light in red gun, red light in green gun, green light in blue gun), healthy grass is displayed as ___________ while water is displayed as _________. A) Green; blue B) Red; black C) Red; white D) Blue; red

B) Red; black

An element on a map shows that 1 centimeter is the equivalent of 40 miles. Which element are you looking at? A) Legend B) Scale bar C) Reference point D) Directional indicator

B) Scale bar

A conformal map projection preserves ___? A) Area B) Shape C) Distance D) Direction

B) Shape

Flow maps mainly use _______ to show the magnitude of flows. A) Shape B) Size C) Color hue D) Texture

B) Size

Which of the following is NOT an example of geospatial data? A) The dimensions of a lake B) The length of a piece of wood C) The measurement made between two road intersections D) The size and shape of the continent of North America

B) The length of a piece of wood

In SPC, states of greater north-south extent use which projection? A) Lambert conformal conic projection B) Transverse Mercator projection

B) Transverse Mercator projection

Which are qualitative? A) Degree of temperature B) Racial composition of a country C) Population density of a city D) Rank of GDP of a country E) Land cover types

B, D, E: racial composition, rank of GDP and land cover types

Please order the wavelengths of the spectral bands in an ascending order (short-->long) to form the electromagnetic spectrum.

Blue, Green, Red, Near Infrared, Mid-Infrared, Thermal Infrared

What is the minimum number of GPS satellites you need to receive information from in order to get a fix on your horizontal position? A) 1 B) 5 C) 3 D) 2

C) 3 1 GPS satellite will just tell you your distance from that particular satellite. 2 GPS satellites gives a circle of possible places you could be located. 3 GPS gives you two points which differ greatly in latitude and longitude. If you know your approximate latitude and longitude, you can figure out which point you're at. 4 GPS satellites are necessary to accurately determine altitude. In general, the more GPS satellites your receiver can get a fix on, the more accurate your location will be.

The spatial resolution of Landsat 8 (in visible and near IR) is _____. The revisit time (temporal resoltuion) is _____. A) 30 m, 8 days B) 500 m, 2 days C) 30 m, 16 days D) 1.56 m, 3 days

C) 30 m, 16 days

Two bus-stops 800 m apart measures 2 cm on a map.The map scale is 1: n. What is the value of n? A) 400 B) 4000 C) 40000 D) 250000

C) 40000 2 cm rep 800 m = 80000 cm 1 cm rep 40000 cm

A degree is composed of ____ minutes, and a minute is composed of ____ seconds. A) 10; 30 B) 40; 90 C) 60; 60 D) 90; 180

C) 60; 60 A degree is composed of 60 minutes, and a minute is composed of 60 seconds

A reference surface or model of Earth, used for plotting locations across the globe, is called a(n): A) Geoid B) Ellipsoid C) Datum D) Model

C) Datum

When making measurements on a sphere, the distance between two points is referred to as the: A) Prime distance B) Equatorial distance C) Great circle distance D) Circumference

C) Great circle distance

If you want to know the meaning of symbols on a map, you should look for the map's ______. A) Type B) Labels C) Legend D) Scale bar

C) Legend

Which of the following is NOT a type of distortion when projecting the 3D earth surface to a 2D map? A) Shape B) Area C) Location D) Distance

C) Location

Which of the following is NOT a Suomi NPP instrument? A) ATMS B) VIIRS C) MODIS D) OMPS

C) MODIS

Which of the following is NOT a type of data classification commonly used by GIS in creating maps? A) Quantile B) Equal interval C) Median D) Standard deviation

C) Median

UTM coordinates are measured in: A) Degrees, minutes, and seconds B) Miles C) Meters D) Feet

C) Meters

Most maps have a graphical device that looks like a compass pointing in one specific direction. Which direction? A) East B) West C) North D) South

C) North

In a multi-band composite image, where near infrared is shown in red channel, red band in shown in green channel, and green band in shown in blue channel, which color would the dense forest in the image show? A) Green B) Yellow C) Red D) White

C) Red Vegetation reflects most of the near infrared radiation.

Remote sensing is actually capturing: A) Reflected Vegetation B) RGB Color Space C) Reflected Light D) Infrared Energy

C) Reflected Light

The tendency for tall objects in aerial photos to lean away from a center point and toward the edges of the photo is: A) Orthorectification B) Visual skewing C) Relief displacement D) Panchromatic distortion

C) Relief displacement

The information handled by GIS is primarily: A) Financial B) Personal C) Spatial D) Comparative

C) Spatial. Being able to handle spatial data is the uniqueness of GIS compared with other information system

Which of the following is NOT a basic function of GPS? A) Locating B) Mapping C) Spying D) Navigation

C) Spying

Which type of overlay eliminates the areas that the layers have in common? A) Intersect B) Identity C) Symmetrical Difference D) Union

C) Symmetrical Difference When executing symmetrical difference features or portions of features in the input and update features that do not overlap will be written to the output feature class.

Which of the following is NOT true of satellites? A) They are constantly orbiting the Earth B) They can image much larger areas than single aerial photos can C) They are restricted to geographic boundaries, much the same way that aircraft are D) They are, in general, superior to aircraft in terms of their ability to capture images on Earth

C) They are restricted to geographic boundaries, much the same way that aircraft are Satellites have much larger geographic than aircraft, which is restricted to local area.

Which statement about the UTM system is true? A) It records the location of features in degree B) Each zone is projected in a lambert conformal conic projection C) Two false origins are established for each zone number D) Zone boundaries coincide with state and national borders

C) Two false origins are established for each zone number

GIScience

Concept and theory

The shore length of Lake Mendota is about 35km. What is its shore length if you measure on a a 1:70,000 map? (note: 1km = 100,000cm) A) 5cm B) 500cm C) 70cm D) 50cm

D) 50cm

Which is not a commonly used projection surface? A) A cylinder B) A cone C) A plane D) A sphere

D) A sphere

The type of remote sensing in which the sensor generates its own energy, casts it at a target, and then measures the return of that form of energy, is: A) Infrared remote sensing B) Passive remote sensing C) Ultraviolet remote sensing D) Active remote sensing

D) Active remote sensing

Which is NOT a component of visual image interpretation? A) Shape B) Tone C) Shadow D) Aspect

D) Aspect

Conformal projections are typically used in: A) Weather maps (for showing the local direction in which weather systems are moving) B) Topographic maps and cadastral (land parcel) maps C) World political maps which much be accurate in the relative sizes of countries D) Both A and B

D) Both A and B A conformal projection preserves angles on the globe (thus preserving shape) on the map over small areas, the projection is called

Which of the following is NOT a level of measurement? A) Nominal B) Interval C) Ratio D) Categorical

D) Categorical

Which of the following is NOT a possible application of Landsat images? A) Monitoring deforestation rate in Brazilian Amazon B) Detecting forest wildfire and burned area in the Yellowstone National Park C) Mapping urbanization of the Pearl river area in China D) Conducting a real estate survey in a neighborhood in San Francisco by outlining the area and shape of each building or house

D) Conducting a real estate survey in a neighborhood in San Francisco by outlining the area and shape of each building or house Only a very high resolution commercial satellite can conduct a real estate survey in a neighborhood in San Francisco by outlining the area and shape of each building or house, such as GeoEye -1.

Which of the following indices is NOT used for measuring spatial autocorrelation? A) Moran's I B) Geary's C C) Ripley's K D) Correlation Coefficient r

D) Correlation Coefficient, r r is used to measure how TWO variables related to each other but not for measuring how ONE variable SPATIALLY related to itself

The key reference point for lines of latitude is the: A) International Date Line B) Greenwich Mean C) Prime Meridian D) Equator

D) Equator

Which portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is located just beyond the visible wavelengths (the wavelength are longer than the visible lights): A) Gamma rays B) Radio waves C) Ultraviolet rays D) Infrared light

D) Infrared light

State Plane Coordinate (SPC) system uses _________ Projection. A) Lambert conformal conic B) Transverse Mercator C) Universal Transverse Mercator D) It depends on the shape of a State

D) It depends on the shape of a State

Which of the following is NOT true of the Landsat program? A) It has been providing data for over 40 years B) Landsat 8 provides medium spatial resolution imagery to the scientific community C) Its satellites have carried the MSS, TM, ETM+, and OLI sensors D) Its data is invaluable to aquatic ecosystem researchers

D) Its data is invaluable to aquatic ecosystem researchers Landsat data is not so useful to aquatic ecosystem researchers; it doesn't collect much data about water.

The map element that serves as a guide to the various colors and symbols on the map is the: A) Scale Bar B) North Arrow C) Graticule D) Legend

D) Legend

Which of the following bands would be the MOST useful to identify vegetation from other features? A) Green B) Thermal infrared C) Microwave D) Near-infrared

D) Near-infrared Vegetation reflects lots of near-infrared energy, making it easy for satellites to pick up.

Which of the following is NOT a map symbol visual variable? A) Shape B) Size C) Color D) Placement

D) Placement

Which of the following is TRUE? A) The data model (vector or raster) that we choose never influences GIS operations B) A raster data model uses points stored by their real coordinates C) GIS usually use only one data model, vector or raster. The two data models are seldom used simultaneously in a GIS project. D) Raster data model is especially suit for modeling geo-spatial phenomenon which varies continuously over geographic space

D) Raster data model is especially suit for modeling geo-spatial phenomenon which varies continuously over geographic space

In a color infrared photo, near infrared signal is displayed in _____ channel. A) Green B) Blue C) Black D) Red

D) Red

A graphical representation of the equivalent ground distances of a map can best be shown with a ______. A) North arrow B) Labels C) Legend D) Scale bar

D) Scale bar

Which of the following is a satellite that was designed to monitor the Earth's terrestrial environment? A) Aqua B) MISR C) Aura D) Terra

D) Terra

Which of the following statement about Isoline map is NOT true? A) The data values on an isoline are the same. B) Isoline map is suitable to present geographic features that are continuous rather than abrupt C) It is IMPOSSIBLE that both sides of an isoline are higher than the values on the isoline itself D) The intervals between two adjacent isolines can vary on the same map

D) The intervals between two adjacent isolines can vary on the same map. There are two important rules of isoline maps: 1) the intervals between isolines are equal 2) there is always a high and low side of a particular isoline.

Which of the following is NOT a principle of good map design? A) The map's purpose should be clear. B) The map should be easily readable. C) The map should be well designed. D) The map should make use of as much color as possible.

D) The map should make use of as much color as possible. Too much color could be a problem

What are the information the GPS receiver need to calculate its distance from the satellite? A) Time delay B) The location of the satellite C) The speed of signal D) Time delay and speed of signal

D) Time delay and speed of signal An GPS receiver calculates the distance from its location to each satellite using the equation below: Distance = time delay * speed of light (i.e., signal)

Imagine you are working for a retail company that has recently begun to use a GIS system. Which of the following applications does NOT reflect the uniqueness of GIS? A) To find new retail locations B) To analyze the spatial distribution of competitors C) To analyze the relationship between retail performance with traffic flow D) To analyze customer preferences according to their in-store purchasing records

D) To analyze customer preferences according to their in-store purchasing records

Spatial Data

Data indicating the location of geographic features, usually expressed in geographic coordinates

Please select the necessary component(s) of GIS. A) Hardware B) Software C) People D) Data E) All of the above

E) All of the above

Please select the question(s) which can be answered using GIS: A) How will the path of Superstorm Sandy affect voter turnout in the 2012 US presidential election? B) Where are the famous dishes at restaurants and bars in Belo Horizonte, one of the host cities for the 2014 World Cup? C) What are the factors leading to the habitat loss of elephant in Africa? D) How do technical, educational, and financial assistance to land managers in Wisconsin help reduce soil degradation? E) All of the above

E) All of the above

Which ones of the follow are examples of GPS application? A) Enhanced 911 system can determine your position when you use a cellphone to call B) USDA researchers collect data of crop type, watering level in the field with precise location information C) A wildlife protection NGO researcher tracks endangered animal D) Delivery company checks if their fleets or vehicles deviate from their routes E) All of the above

E) All of the above

What types of features will exist in the result of a symmetrical difference operation over the two layers? A) Agricultural land inside floodplain B) Agricultural land outside floodplain C) Non-agricultural land inside floodplain D) Non-agricultural land outside floodplain E) B, C, and D

E) B, C, and D When executing symmetrical difference features or portions of features in the input and update features that do not overlap will be written to the output feature class. Therefore, only the overlap (agricultural land inside floodplain) is not included.

What types of features will exist in the result of an identity operation over the two layers? The floodplain layer will serve as the base layer where all of its features will remain. A) Agricultural land inside floodplain B) Agricultural land outside floodplain C) Non-agricultural land inside floodplain D) Non-agricultural land outside floodplain E) Both A and C

E) Both A and C Both agricultural land inside floodplain, and non-agricultural land inside floodplain are correct! since the floodplain layer is the base layer over which we want to know its identity in terms of agriculture.

What are the advantages of using mimetic symbols compared with geometric symbols and pictographic symbols? A) They are the simplest symbols and take least effort to draw on maps B) They are self-explained and require little work on building map legend C)They are attractive and can leads us think of real-world features immediately D) They can be either simple or complex when representing real-world features E) Both B and D

E) Both B and D

When making dot density maps, which aspects of dots can be modified to change the display of the map? A) Dot size B) Dot color C) Dot value D) Dot shape E) Dot location

E) Dot location

Select the levels of measures are qualitative A) Ordinal B) Nominal or Categorical C) Interval D) Ratio E) Ordinal and Nominal/Categorical

E) Ordinal and Nominal/Categorical

In a project, scientists made a map indicating the melting of Greenland glaciers based on the data from 50 GPS stations planted along the Greenland coast. What functions of GPS were used in this research? A) Tracking B) Mapping C) Timing D) Navigation E) Tracking and Mapping

E) Tracking and Mapping

What are the components of GPS system? A) User segment B) Space segment C) Master segment D) Control segment E) User segment, space segment, and control segment

E) User segment, space segment, and control segment

Relief Displacement

Effect seen in photos where tall objects (such as cliffs, towers) have a tendency to bend outward from the principal point towards the edges of the photo

GPS

GPS can be used to acquire geospatial coordinates of a location

User Segment

GPS receivers for receiving signals. Part of GPS.

Graticule

Grid of orthogonal lines formed by latitude and longitude, show location through geographic coordinates

The question in today's lecture: What clues enable you to identify the following features: 1) Houses 2) Walkways leading to houses 3) Cars in parking lot 4) Parking spaces in parking lot 5) Factory building on west side of photo

Houses: pattern (regularly-spaced) Walkways leading to houses: size, shape and association Cars in parking lot: pattern, shape, association Parking spaces in parking lot: association Factory building on west side of photo: size (large size buildings), association (large parking lot)

Vertical aerial photo

Looks like if we look straight down from aircraft

Color Infrared Photo

Photos that display near infrared light in red, red light in green, and green light in blue. In these photos green plants look red

Geographic Problems

Problems that involve an aspect of location, either in the information used to solve them, or in the solutions themselves.

Shape

Refers to the general form, structure, or outline of individual objects. Man made tend to have straight lines, sharp edges, and regular forms. Natural features are more irregular

Sinusoidal Projections

Sinusoidal projections are often used in countries whose territory extends further in the north-south direction than the east-west direction. Type of equal area projection

Projections can be classified by:

Surface (cylindrical, conical, planar) or geometric distortion (conformal, equivalent, equidistant, azimuthal/zenithal, or compromise)

Texture

The frequency of change and arrangement of tones in particular areas of an image. Water bodies are typically fine textured, while grass is medium (homogeneous grassland exhibits a smooth texture), and brush is rough (e.g., coniferous forests usually show a coarse texture), although there are always exceptions

Infrared

The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum from approximately 0.7 to 100 micrometers

Geography

The study of Earth's surface as the space inhabited by the human population.

Geographic Information Studies

To understand the social, legal and ethical issues associated with the application of GI Systems and GI Science.

Planar Projection

Type of map projection that projects Earth's surface onto a flat plane by placing the plane at a point on the globe.

Moran's Index

a standard measure of spatial autocorrelation which varies from -1 (perfect negative correlation) to 1 (perfect positive correlation).

Cartogram

a type of map that distorts area (size and geographic borders) in proportion to the magnitude of an attribute (such as population) in order to add visual contrast to the data and and show its distribution.

Prism Map

a type of map that shows the magnitude of an attribute by varying the heights of areas.

Dot Density Map

a type of map that uses dots to represent data values associated with a polygon. It is only used with polygons/areas. In dot density maps, each dot represents more than one feature, and the total number of dots within a polygon represents the polygon's data value.

3D Perspective Map

a type of map that uses the vertical height of each cell in a fishnet to represent quantitative variables that vary smoothly across a surface.

Continuous Surface Map

a type of map used to show quantitative variables that vary smoothly over a surface.

Discrete Data

data that represent discrete phenomena or an object with distinct boundaries. These phenomena/objects usually belong to a class (e.g. soil type), a category (e.g. land-use type), or a group (e.g. political party), which have definable boundaries.

Graduated Symbol Map

maps that use symbols with various sizes to represent different groups of values, which means the quantitative values are grouped into intervals and all the features within an interval are shown with same sized symbol.

Area Phenomena

phenomenon that occupies an area on the map; depending on the scale, this could include a house, a forest, a lake, a county, or even buildings.

Ordinal Data

qualitative data that includes values with order, which allows comparisons of the degree between two values.

Interval Data

quantitative data that consists of numerical values on a magnitude scale that has an arbitrary zero point. Those numerical values can order from low to high with a numeric difference between the classes, but with no absolute value for the numbers and an arbitrary zero point.

Ratio Data

quantitative data that consists of numerical values on a magnitude scale. However, in contrast to interval-level data, the zero point is not arbitrary: there is a clear definition of the zero point. Typically, the zero point denotes absence of the phenomenon.

Map Reclassification

reassigning values of an existing map based on the classes or values from a specific attribute.

Geographic distribution

the arrangement of features on Earth's surface

Data Classification (Mapping Attributes)

the process of arranging attribute data into a few classes or categories to simplify and clarify presentation

Symbolization

the process of choosing the symbols (a combination of shape, size, and color) to represent features, attribute values, or classes of attribute values

Overlay

when two or more layers sharing the same boundaries (but with different properties/attributes) are combined to create a new map.

To design a good map, one must use the compromise projection to consider the effects of all types of distortions. A) True B) False

B) False

Since panchromatic photo receives all wavelengths of visible light, it is is colorful. A) True B) False

B) False A panchormatic image is black and white

Even if you use two different datums, identical latitude and longitude coordinates will point to the exact same place on Earth's surface. A) True B) False

B) False Different datums means geographic coordinates (latitude, longitude) point to different places on Earth's surface

The Earth is a perfect sphere. A) True B) False

B) False Earth is a spheroid, not a sphere

The best projection has no geometric distortion in area, shape, distance, and direction. A) True B) False

B) False Every projection distorts at least one aspect of the real world - shape (Conformal), area (size), distance, or direction (Local angles)

In a long wavelength, waves occur more frequently. A) True B) False

B) False In a long wavelength, wave has low frequency and occur less frequently

Lines of longitude are also known as parallels. A) True B) False

B) False Lines of latitude are often called parallels

All data have a geospatial aspect. A) True B) False

B) False Not all data have a geospatial aspect. One example: the ISBNs of books on the shelves in a Library do not have a geospatial aspect.

Orthographic projections have a "light source" at the Earth's center. A) True B) False

B) False Orthographic projections view the globe with a light source from an infinite distance away

Radar is a good example of passive remote sensing. A) True B) False

B) False Radar provides energy source by itself and therefore is a good example of active remote sensing

SPC uses DMS (Degree, Minute, Second) for its measurements. A) True B) False

B) False SPC uses feet, UTM uses meters, and latitude/longitude (geographic coordinate system) uses degrees.

Acquiring real-time location information from a series of satellites in Earth's orbit is the goal of ___________. A) Remote Sensing B) GPS C) GIS D) Cartography

B) GPS

Which of the following is the science of determining the actual size and shape of the Earth? A) Geomatics B) Geodetics C) GPS D) Geology

B) Geodetics

How is DGPS different from normal GPS? A) It is only available to professionals B) It uses two receivers, one at a known location and one at an unknown location C) It is less accurate than GPS D) All of these

B) It uses two receivers, one at a known location and one at an unknown location DGPS uses two receivers. One is set up at a known location, and gathers information from the GPS satellites constantly. From this, the receiver calculates the error in the GPS satellite signal, and then transmits it to the receiver located at an unknown position. That receiver is then able to correct for the error in the GPS satellite signal, and arrive at an even more accurate and precise location

GIS, RS, and GPS are three important components of geospatial technology. While they are very powerful, it is very difficult to for them to be used together for a specific application. A) True B) False

B) False

GPS has no use in recreation activities. A) True B) False

B) False

Geospatial technology is often used for environmental monitoring but rarely used for people-centric activities like law enforcement or health and human services. A) True B) False

B) False

What is used to ensure that UTM measurements of the southern hemisphere have a positive value? A) A false northing value B) A false easting value C) A false southing value D) A false polar value

A) A false northing value

Which of the following is an example of spatial information, but not geospatial information? A) Medical images reference to the human body B) Population density of a city C) Height of the a mountain D) Sea level along the coastline of US

A) Medical images reference to the human body

In general, geospatial data and non-spatial data cannot be linked in useful ways. A) True B) False

B) False

People can use GPS to do anything they want without concerning about privacy issues. A) True B) False

B) False

A regular aerial photo has a uniform scale over the area it covers. A) True B) False

B) False

An orthophoto can be accurately used as a map. A) True B) False

B) False

Earth is perfectly round A) True B) False

B) False

The minimal distortion in UTM is along a parallel. A) True B) False

B) False

Which one is not an advantage of remote sensing? A) Capable of collecting information of the whole globe B) Provide frequent and repetitive looks of the same area C) The cost of data collection is less per unit area compared to traditional measurement D) Can extract any information you want from any location on the Earth

D) Can extract any information you want from any location on the Earth Not capable of doing this

Geography is the study of ______________. A) Earth, which makes geography a synonym for geology B) Tectonic forces and weather patterns, including natural disasters and climate C) Place names and political forces that create boundaries between nation-states (e.g., the United States and Canada) D) The spatial characteristics of Earth, and the relationships between people and these spatial characteristics

D) The spatial characteristics of Earth, and the relationships between people and these spatial characteristics Geography is the study of the spatial characteristics of Earth, and the relationships between people and these spatial characteristics