Gregor Mendel- The father of Modern Genetics
When did Mendel start working with Pea plants specifically?
In the 1800s
Autosomal Recessive Trait
- Skips generations - Will affect males and females equally
Male affected
Filled in square
Male not affected
Not filled in square
Phenotype exmaple
Right handedness
Heterozygous example
Rr
Heredity
The act of passing genes or traits from parent to offspring
Phenotype
The expression of the alleles or genes an organism has for a given trait
Polygenic Inheritance
When a trait is influenced by more than one gene.
Female not affected
Not filled in circle
Female shape
Circle
Female affected
Filled in circle
What did Mendel do to the pea plants?
Mendel bred and cross bred these pea pants and recorded all resulting traits for this generation.
Pea experiment
Mendel crossed pollinated plants with smooth yellow peas and wrinkled green peas ( called the Parent or P generation) ALl of the 1st generation plants ( Called the first filial or F1 generation) were yellow and smooth.
Genotype
The actual genes or alleles an organism has for a given trait. represented by the first letter of the trait.
His conclusions led to....
The rules for genetics that help predict a pattern of heredity.
Dominant genes
The stronger expressed trait.
Genetics
The study of heredity and inheritance of traits
Recessive Genes
The weaker, less often, expressed version of a trait. Most often overshadowed by the dominant trait.
Test cross-
This determines whether a plant or animal is homozygous dominant (purebred) or heterozygous. The individual is crossed with a homozygous individual.
Laws of Segregation 1
When chromosomes split into chromatids during meiosis
Laws of Independent Assortment Example
Allele- dog's eye color does not affect color of dog's nails.
Autosomal Dominant Traits
- Does not skip generations - Also affects males and females equally
Sex-linked traits
- Females can be carriers - Males affected more predominantly over females over females
If some of the offspring display the recessive phenotype the tested individual is ...
heterozygous
Recessive example
rr
Laws of Segregation 2
2 alleles for given trait that separate, gives each sex cell one copy of gene.
Alleles
For each inherited characteristic, an individual has two genes, one from each parent. These are known as alleles. Yellow and green are examples.
Gregor Mendel's conclusion #1
For each inherited characteristic, and individual has two genes, one from each parent.
2nd Filial produced...
3 Yellow smooth peas and 1 Green wrinkled pea
Mendel's ratio
3:1
1st Filial produced...
4 Yellow peas
Pedigree chart -
A chart that is used to map out phenotypes for an organism and its ancestors.
Who was Gregor Mendel?
An Austrian frior that was the 1st person to trace the inheritance of characteristics of plants over successive generations.
Monohybrid punnett square
Cross of one trait
Dihybrid
Cross of two traits
Sex linked traits-
Genes that are located specifically on only the X an Y chromsomes
Gregor Mendel's conclusion #2
He called each of these genes alleles. He also determined that there are different versions of alleles. In case yellow and green case.
Polygenic Inheritance example
Height and Hair Color
Example of sex linked trait
Hemophilia
If the offspring displays the dominant phenotype the tested individual is ...
Homozygous dominant
Homozygous
If an individual has the same allele for a given trait.
Heterozygous
If an individual has two different alleles for a given trait.
What were the seven characteristics mendel analyzed
Plant height, Pod shape, Pod color, Flower position, Seed color, Seed shape, and Flower color.
Laws of Independent Assortment 1
Presence of one trait does not affect expression of another
Mendel breed...
Purebred Yellow Peas and Purebred Green peas
Dominant examples
RR, Rr
Homozygous examples
RR, rr
For the 2nd generation Mendel pollinated
Smooth yellow peas
Male shape
Square
Mendel concluded that....
That there are dominant and recessive traits
Genetic counselors used this information to...
track down and genetic diseases
