High Middle Ages

How did one get training for a work skill?

Apprentice Journeyman Master

Why were universitas formed?

As educational guilds (schools) for learning/education

Why did trade collapse during the early Middle Ages?

The fall of the Roman Empire caused the fall of centralized government (Urban ---> Rural) with self-sufficient manors instead of towns...no towns to trade with

Give the dates, causes, and who won from the Hundred Years' War.

1337 - 1453 Edward III of England wants to gain control of French area against the appointed Philip VI of France (Battle for the French Throne) England wins battles but France wins the war

When did the Black Death occur (dates)?

1347 -1351

Give the dates, causes, and who won from the War of the Roses.

1455 - 1485 Battle for the English Crown between the Houses of York (white rose) and Lancaster (red rose) Henry Tudor (House of Lancaster) defeated Richard III (House of York); Henry VII married Elizabeth of York to unite the families and strengthen the monarchy

What was the domestic system? Give an example.

A manufacturing system with many people involved at their houses; the woolen industry- an individual would buy wool and hand it out to several workers completing different tasks until the owner collected the finished cloth and sold it at the highest possible price

What was the Great Schism? When did it occur?

A period in church history when several popes were ruling with one in Rome and one in Avignon 1378 - 1417

What is Romanesque architecture? Where was it used? List characteristics. Be able to identify from a picture.

A style of architecture used in the 10th century Cathedrals with cross shaped floor plans with alcoves and an altar Rounded arches, barrel vaults, thick walls, darker and simplistic interiors, small windows at the top of the wall

What is Gothic architecture? Where was it used? List characteristics. Be able to identify from a picture.

A style of architecture used in the 12th century Cathedrals in France with cross shaped floor plans with an altar (Ex: Notre Dame Cathedral) Pointed arches, flying buttresses, stained glass windows, elaborate and ornate interiors, taller and more airy, lavish sculptures

What was the Hanseatic League? Why was it formed? Where was it located?

A trading league that regulated and encouraged trade in Northern Europe Traded with different places (weak central government couldn't control trade) Centered in Flanders (especially Germany)

What was a troubadour? Why was he important in medieval society?

A traveling bard (storyteller) Passing down history, imparting languages, and entertaining in a time without a lot of it

Who was Joan of Arc? How did she help the French? Why was she made a saint?

A woman who helped Charles VII of Orleans become King of France against the House of Burgundy with English help She had visions from God that Charles VII should rule and became an inspiration for French soldiers (dressed up as one herself) She was martyred by the English for her faith in visions from God (accused of witchcraft)

Who wrote The Divine Comedy? What is it about?

Dante Alighieri Visiting heaven, hell, and purgatory

How did the revival of trade lead to the domestic system, a banking system, and the investing of capital?

Domestic System = needed to make own goods and it was the easiest system (did not want to import) Banking System = needed to exchange money at fairs in that certain country's currency Investing of Capital = needed to make money on certain ventures

Which brand of Turks waged the Crusades?

Seljuk

What were the four rights of a townsperson?

1) Freedom 2) Exemption 3) Town justice 4) Commercial privileges

When were the Crusades waged? (start and finish dates- don't have to know individual Crusade dates)

1096 - 1212

What was the Black Death? How did it spread?

A Bubonic Plague that killed one third of Europe's population during the Middle Ages Through fleas on rats (beginning in Caffa where the Mongolians sieged the city with biological warfare/brought the Black Death AND the Italians left with it on ships) and then people contact on trade routes

What is vernacular language? Give an example. From where did these emerge?

A language (everyday speech) spoken in a particular region or area by illiterate people (varied from place to place) French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, Portuguese from Latin; English and German from other languages

How did the Church exert its influence on monarchs during the Middle Ages? Why?

Canon law (church's law code), tithe (church tax), interdict (closing church in area), declaring one as heretic (against church), excommunication (no longer part of church) Pope was religious and political leader and needed to exert control over the kings through religion

Where were the products sold? How were they paid for?

Fairs (Champagne); barter and then money exchange

Who wrote The Canterbury Tales? What is it about?

Geoffrey Chaucer Journeying by characters on a pilgrimage to Canterbury

What did medieval Europeans think caused the plague?

God to punish them for the lepers and unclean (immoral) people and they also blamed the Jews

How did the power of the church weaken?

Its authority decreased while criticism increased (people questioned and began to turn away from the church- John Wycliffe and John Huss)

What were the causes of the problems for the Church?

Lay Investiture = Practice of a king appointing friend/relative to be pope, abbot, bishop Simony = Buying high position within the church Inquisition = Search for heretics (burned those against them at the stake) Strong monarchs = Didn't want to adhere to pope's ruling

What were the problems within the Church? How did these arise?

Lay Investiture, Simony, Inquisition Within the Church and Through the powerful monarchs (power-hungry actions from the church/ internal ambitions)

How many were there and what were the results of each?

Many (we talked about five in class): First Crusade = captured Jerusalem Second Crusade = Did not recapture Jerusalem Third Crusade = Did not recapture Jerusalem Fourth Crusade = Never made it to Jerusalem and attacked Christians in Zara instead Children's Crusade = French king Philip II convinced children to return home and some were sold into slavery and they never made it to Jerusalem

What were guilds? Name two types. What rights/privileges did they have?

Medieval union with people looking out for each other Merchant and Craft Helped its members and their families and looked out for the best interest of its members

What were the four great universities and what did each specialize in teaching?

Paris, France = theology Oxford, England = theology Bologna, Italy = civil and church law Salerno, Italy = medicine

What were the results of the Crusades as a whole? (political, economic, social)

Political = Ended feudalism, strengthened the power of the kings, Christian church became more powerful Social = Christianity is spread, cultural infusion, weakened serfdom, increased attacks on Jews in Middle East and in Europe Economic = Brought new products (food, spices, cloth, gunpowder) into Europe, increased trade (Italian cities lead trade- Venice, Florence, Naples, Pisa, Genoa), currency replaced barter (NOT same currency throughout), Middle Class increased in numbers, and Roman Catholic Church benefited

What were the long-term impacts/consequences of the plague? (social, political, economic)

Social = skeletons were used in art and faith in God was shaken Political = an estimated 25 million people died and exposure was limited (began a power struggle for ruler) Economic = workers demanded higher wages since there was fewer workers

What is the middle class? How/why did it emerge?

Social class of people who are not rich but not poor (in between) Trade allowed the poor to become wealthier

How was trade revived? What were specific trade cities?

The Crusades and the demand for new products imported from Asia increased trade Sprang up from ruins or manors: Italy- Venice, Genoa, Pisa; Northern Europe- Kiev and Flanders (region)

Describe life in a medieval town. How large was a medieval town?

They were strategically located on hills and rivers for protection; centered on manor; they had houses that were several stories and large public buildings; life was dark, dirty, and unsafe (disease spread quickly) Small by our standards

What were the Crusades? Why waged?

Wars to regain the Holy Land (area around Jerusalem)- Pope Urban II offered salvation to those who fought and land and riches Muslims occupied the Holy Land (and were attacking Eastern Christians in Constantinople) European kings promoted them to receive the nobles land if they died or got any in battle, to rid the kingdom of rogue nobles to increase the king's power, and to make an alliance with the church

What was the Babylonian Captivity? How was it resolved? (Dates)

Years when Pope headquartered in Avignon instead of Rome (King Philip IV appointed French bishop [Clement V] as pope who moved the church's headquarters to Avignon causing the church to lose support as many felt the church was controlled by the French King [1309 - 1377]) It was not resolved until the Great Schism ended in 1417 by the Council of Constance