HIS 106 Exam 2

War Industries Board

Bernard Baruch -War Industries Board (WIB) was a United States government agency established on July 28, 1917, during World War I, to coordinate the purchase of war supplies. The organization encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency and urged them to eliminate waste by standardizing products.

The Zimmerman Telegram

Date: January 16, 1917 Who: Arthur Zimmerman -Telegram from the German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmerman, that was intercepted by the British and given to Woodrow Wilson. Proposed that if the United States joined the war against Germnay, Mexico should join the war on the German's side and regain their provinces lost to the US when the war was over.The message came as a coded telegram dispatched by the Foreign Secretary of the German Empire, Arthur Zimmermann, on January 16, 1917. The message was sent to the German ambassador of Mexico, Heinrich von Eckardt. Zimmermann sent the telegram in anticipation of the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany on 1 February, an act which Germany presumed would lead to war. The telegram instructed Ambassador Eckardt that if the U.S. appeared certain to enter the war, he was to approach the Mexican Government with a proposal for military alliance, with funding from Germany. As part of the alliance, Germany would assist Mexico to reconquer Texas and the Southwest.

The Lusitania

Date: May 7, 1915 What: British cruise liner sank by german submarine. off the coast of Ireland. The ship was carrying american made ammunition to Britain. Also, 128 US citizens were killed. Americans were incensed and demanded that Germany stop unrestricted submarine warfare. Germany said no. Significance: Played a key role in bringing the US into world war one.

14 Points

Fourteen goals of the United States in the peace negotiations after World War I. President Woodrow Wilson announced the Fourteen Points to Congress in early 1918. The main 5 goals are as followed: a. End Secret Treaties b. Freedom of the Seas c. Right to self rule (sovereignty) d. Free Trade e. Arms Reduction -League of Nations

The Central Powers

Germany, Austria, Italy

Glass-Stegall Act of 1932

Government legislation that made 750 million dollars that had once been kept in the governments gold reserves now able to be used in the creation of loans. This allowed the banks to reopen and it gave the president the power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange. It also took the U.S off the gold standard and introduced FDIC.

Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand -reassigned German boundaries and assigned liability for reparations. After strict enforcement for five years, the French assented to the modification of important provisions. Germany agreed to pay reparations under the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan, but those plans were cancelled in 1932, and Hitler's rise to power and subsequent actions rendered moot the remaining terms of the treaty 1.) Germany returns the Alsace-Lorraine to France (French border extended to west bank of Rhine River) 2.) Germany surrenders all of its overseas colonies in Africa and the Pacific. 3.) Limits were set on the size of the German army. 4.) Germany was prohibited from importing or manufacturing weapons or war material. 5.) Germany was forbidden to build or buy submarines or have an air-force. 6.) Germany had to admit responsibility for the war. 7.) Germany was forced to pay the Allies $33 Billion in war reparations in 30 years.

Twentieth Amendment

Jan 23, 1933 -sets the dates at which federal (United States) government elected offices end. In also defines who succeeds the president if the president dies. -ended lame duck period -Changed date president takes office from March 4th to January 20th. Changed start of Congress to January3rd. End of Lame Duck Congress

Battle of Midway

June 7, 1942 -An enormous battle that raged for four days near the small American outpost at Midway Island, at the end of which the US, despite great losses, was clearly victorious. The American navy destroyed four Japanese aircraft carriers and lost only one of its own; the action regained control of the central Pacific for the US. -The Japanese were attempting to invade Midway Island and were attacked by the US fleet sent there to stop them. In the battle, the Japanese fleet of carriers was all sunk and the Japanese were forced to turn back. It was SIGNIFICANT because it was the decisive turning point in the Pacific War as the Allies won basically all of the battles in the Pacific after it. The Japanese also lost all of their carriers which was a devastating blow to their navy.

Selective Service Act

May 18, 1917 -The Selective Service Act or Selective Draft Act (Pub.L. 65-12, 40 Stat. 76, enacted May 18, 1917) authorized the federal government to raise a national army for the American entry into World War I through the compulsory enlistment of people

Red Scare

Most intense outbreak of national alarm, began in 1919. Success of communists in Russia, American radicals embracing communism followed by a series of mail bombings frightened Americans. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer led effort to deport aliens without due process, with widespread support. Did not last long as some Americans came to their senses. Sacco/Vanzetti trial demonstrated anti-foreign feeling in 20's. Accused of armed robbery & murder, had alibis. "Those anarchists bastards". Sentenced to death and executed.

The Crash of 1929

Oct 28-29, 1929 overproduction

The League of Nations

The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes. It was first proposed by President Woodrow Wilson as part of his Fourteen Points plan for an equitable peace in Europe, but the United States was never a member

[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC]

-An independent federal agency created by Glass-Steagall Reform Act. It insures up to $100,000 for bank deposits, thus helping put faith back into the banks. -Independent U.S. government corporation created under authority of the Banking Act of 1933 (also known as the Glass-Steagall Act), with the responsibility to insure bank deposits in eligible banks against loss in the event of a bank failure and to regulate certain banking practices. It was established after the collapse of many American banks during the initial years of the Great Depression. Although earlier state-sponsored plans to insure depositors had not succeeded, the FDIC became a permanent government agency through the Banking Act of 1935.

Silent Cal

-Became president August 2, 1923 -do nothing president -businessman -governor of Massechusets -careful to appoint and kept tabs -Vice President to Harding and President upon Harding's death -(1923-1925) and (1925-1929), taciturn; small gov't conservative; laissez faire ideology; in favor of immigration restriction (Immigration Act); reduced the tax burden; the Bonus Bill was passed over his veto; Revenue Act of 1924; Kellogg-Briand Pact, Dawes Plan -Believed the creation of wealth helped the nation as a whole. "the business of America is business" He helped the economy boom for 6 years. Mistrusted the use of legislation to achieve things Silent Cal was silent to - farmers struggles, labor union demands, severe discrimination 1928, Secretary of State Frank Kellogg and French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand drew up the treaty The Pact was unenforceable and useless.

Teapot Dome Scandal

-Biggest scandal in US history -Albert Fall -After Harding died, tarnished his legacy -early 1920s -surrounding the secret leasing of federal oil reserves by the secretary of the interior, Albert Bacon Fall. After President Warren G. Harding transferred supervision of the naval oil reserve lands from the navy to the Department of the Interior in 1921, Fall secretly granted to Harry F. Sinclair of the Mammoth Oil Company exclusive rights to the Teapot Dome (Wyoming) reserves (April 7, 1922). He granted similar rights to Edward L. Doheny of Pan American Petroleum Company for the Elk Hills and Buena Vista Hills reserves in California (1921-22). In return for the leases, Fall received large cash gifts and no-interest "loans."

The Triple Entente

-Britain, France, Russia, US

Essay Topic 2: In 1914, the most powerful nations in the world plunged headlong into the "Great War," as some historians refer to it. Who were the major players on each side of the conflict? What was the early role of the United States? What were the most important events that precipitated America's entrance into First World War.? How did the federal government mobilize the economy at home to offer full support for the war effort? What was the impact of our late entry into the Great War? Lastly, please describe the much-debated peace treaty that ended the war and explain its significance in the future state of world affairs.

-Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) -Triple Entente (Britain, France, United States, Russia) -Neutral, helped both sides -1916 election wilson ran on "he kept us out of the war" -Sinking of the Lusitania may 7, 1915 -Zimmerman telegram January 1917 -Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare -Wilson asked for a declaration of war April 6, 1917 -Selective service act May 18, 1917 -WIB (war industries board) -Liberty Loan act (April 5,1918) -Afl (American Federation of Labor) -Land unscathed, fewer men lost their lives -The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Enola Gay

-Changed the way the world was going to react -Split the two world powers -Russia saw US as atomic threat -Saved american lives -Ended war quicker -he name of the American B-29 bomber, piloted by Col. Paul Tibbets, Jr., that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, on Aug. 6, 1945., American plane that dropped the first atomic bomb, At 8:15am on August 6, the U.S. B-29 bomber Enola Gay, commanded by Colonel Paul Tibbets, dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima. A column of fire shirt skyward, threatening to bring down the Enola Gay. It was followed by an enormous, mushroom-shaped cloud. The city looked like "lava or molasses" tailed gunner Robert Caron recalled .As the B-29 passed over the ruined city, co-pilot Robert Lewis wrote in his journal, "My God, what have we done?".The bomb killed an estimate of 75,000 people. Junji Sarashina a 16-year-old high school Junior later recalled his experiences after the blast.

Ernest Hemingway

-Covered Spanish American war for a newspaper -Patrolled everglades for nazis -Strong supporter of war against nazis -An American expatriate Lost Generation writer of short stories and novels written in very simple language about difficult subjects such as death and war. His works include Old Man and the Sea, The Sun Also Rises, and For Whom the Bell Tolls, his novels reflected the disillusionment of many Americans with propaganda and patriotic idealism, he spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI He eventually killed himself.-was among the writers most affected by the war (he had seen action on the Italian front in 1917); he responded to pernicious propaganda and the overblown appeal to patriotism by devising his own lean, word-sparing but word-perfect style; in The Sun Also Rises (1926), he told of disillusioned, spiritually numb American expatriates in Europe; in A Farewell to Arms (1929), he crafted one of the finest novels in any language about the war experience; a troubled soul

The 1932 Presidential Election

-FDR defeated Hoover -Democrats in control -Great Depression -Democrats also won majority in both houses of Congress. -The 1932 election realigned political loyalties and coalitions in the United States. By attracting the wide and diverse base of new voters, including organized labor, urban middle and working class, including white ethnic communities (Irish Americans, Polish Americans, Jews, etc.), racial minorities, white Southerners, farmers, and progressive intellectuals, the Democratic party became the majority party. This realignment transformed American politics, creating what is called the New Deal Party System or the Fifth Party System. -While Roosevelt run on New Deal slogans, he had no clear idea what the program would entail and offered no specific proposals. His team of advisers, known as the Brain Trust, suggested he did not go beyond such general points as aid for farmers, public development of electric power, a balanced budget, or business regulations. Even prohibition, Democrats' favorite target, was discussed in terms of an economic issue as bringing back alcohol could not be disconnected from the question of associated tax revenues.

Eleanor Roosevelt

-FDR's 5th couisin -took political risks where FDR would not -first prominent 1st lady -appointed women within the cabinet -American politician. -President Harry S. Truman later called her the "First Lady of the World" in tribute to her human rights achievements. -a controversial First Lady for her outspokenness, particularly her stance on racial issues. -She was the first presidential spouse to hold press conferences, write a syndicated newspaper column, and speak at a national convention. On a few occasions, she publicly disagreed with her husband's policies. -She pressed the US to join and support the United Nations and became one of its first delegates. She served as the first chair of the UN Commission on Human Rights, and oversaw the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. -Later she chaired the John F. Kennedy administration's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women.

The 1920 Presidential Election

-Followed on the heels of WWI -14 points: Wilson -Last progressive president -Americans wanted "return to normalcy" -return to isolationism -signified in election of harding -vote against progressive moves -Harding won w Calvin Coolidge

Marcus Garvey

-From Jamaica -Wanted to build black self esteem -Tried to overturn social darwinist thinking -Harlem political leader, publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator who was a staunch proponent of the Black nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements, to which end he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL). He founded the Black Star Line, which promoted the return of the African diaspora to their ancestral lands. -Garvey had a strong appeal to poor blacks in urban ghettos, but most black leaders in the U.S. criticized him as an imposter, particularly after he announced, in New York, the founding of the Empire of Africa, with himself as provisional president. -In turn, Garvey denounced the NAACP and many black leaders, asserting that they sought only assimilation into white society. -Garvey's leadership was cut short in 1923 when he was indicted and convicted of fraud in his handling of funds raised to establish a black steamship line. -In 1927, President Calvin Coolidge pardoned Garvey but ordered him deported as an undesirable alien.

Iwo Jima

-Heavily fortified island in Pacific under Japanese control -One of the islands we leapfrogged to to get to Mainland Japan -Caused many casualties -Japanese military told awful stories and made citizens do crazy things -Tunnels help Japanese withstand bombings -Causing hand-to-hand combat -One reason to drop atomic bomb -The American amphibious invasion of Iwo Jima during World War II stemmed from the need for a base near the Japanese coast. Following elaborate preparatory air and naval bombardment, three U.S. marine divisions landed on the island in February 1945. Iwo Jima was defended by roughly 23,000 Japanese army and navy troops, who fought from an elaborate network of caves, dugouts, tunnels and underground installations. Despite the difficulty of the conditions, the marines wiped out the defending forces after a month of fighting, and the battle earned a place in American lore with the publication of a photograph showing the U.S. flag being raised in victory. Advertisement

"The Kingfish"

-Huey Long -Popular LA governor -Ran a campaign against corruption -Far left socialist -"Share the wealth" -Most vocal critic of FDR -Huey Long (Kingfish) A senator, as well as governor of Louisiana. He was Roosevelt's biggest threat. Increased the share of state taxes paid by corporations, and also embarked on public works projects including new schools, highways, bridges, and hospitals. However, seized almost dictatorial control of the state government. Believed that the New Deal was not radical enough.

Alliance System

-Importance of alliance systems in the outbreak of WWI -Based on: -France and Germany's hatred -Austria Hungary vs. Russia in Balkans -Britain feared Germany more than France -Italy could be bought -Germans scared of invasions -Formed out of mistrust between European nations

Atty. Gen. A. Mitchell Palmer

-In line to be nominee for president in 1924 -suspended civil and human rights to go after political radicals -red hunts -americans turned on him "Palmer Raids"

Benito Mussolini

-Italian dictator Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) rose to power in the wake of World War I as a leading proponent of Facism. Originally a revolutionary Socialist, he forged the paramilitary Fascist movement in 1919 and became prime minister in 1922. Mussolini's military expenditures in Libya, Somalia, Ethiopia and Albania made Italy predominant in the Mediterranean region, though they exhausted his armed forces by the late 1930s. Mussolini allied himself with Hitler, relying on the German dictator to prop up his leadership during World War II, but he was killed shortly after the German surrender in Italy in 1945.

Pancho Villa

-January 1916 -Folk hero military leader -First person to attack US on its own soil -Caught attention of Woodrow Wilson -Mexican revolutionary who killed many Americans in Mexico. The United States sent John J Pershing to capture him but never did.

[The United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)]

-Marcus Garvey -dedicated to racial pride, economic self-sufficiency, and the formation of an independent black nation in Africa. -founded the UNIA in Jamaica in 1914, its main influence was felt in the principal urban black neighborhoods of the U.S. -Harlem, in New York City, in 1916. His co-founder was Amy Ashwood.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

-The CCC was a New Deal program created by the Unemployment Relief Act. It provided employment in government camps for 3 million men. The work they were involved in included reforestation, fire fighting, flood control, and swamp drainage -in March 1933, the Civilian Conservation Corps, CCC, was one of the first New Deal programs. It was a public works project intended to promote environmental conservation and to build good citizens through vigorous, disciplined outdoor labor. Close to the heart of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the CCC combined his interests in conservation and universal service for youth. He believed that this civilian "tree army" would relieve the rural unemployed and keep youth "off the city street corners." The work focused on soil conservation and reforestation. Most important, the men planted millions of trees on land made barren from fires, natural erosion, or lumbering—in fact, the CCC was responsible for over half the reforestation, public and private, done in the nation's history.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

-Tried to make business world ethical -found unethical -had backlash -specific practices

Anacostia Flats

-Veterans stayed from bonus army

The Bonus Army

-WWI vets -Adjusted Compensation certificates, or bonuses, had been voted by Congress in 1924 but were not scheduled for full payment until 1945. In an effort to force early lump-sum payment of these urgently needed benefits, the Bonus Army, sometimes called the "Bonus Expeditionary Force," converged on the nation's capital in the summer of 1932; they moved into abandoned shacks below the Capitol and set up shanties and tents along the Anacostia River. Despite inadequate housing, sanitation, and food, the movement's leader, Walter W. Waters, managed to maintain order and to oust agitators. The bonus bill was defeated in Congress, however, and most of the veterans left for home discouraged. -A group of almost 20,000 World War I veterans who were hard-hit victims of the depression, who wanted what the government owed them for their services and "saving" democracy. They marched to Washington and set up public camps and erected shacks on vacant lots. They tried to intimidate Congress into paying them, but Hoover had them removed by the army, which shed a negative light on Hoover.

FDR's "Court-Packing Plan"

-Wanted to expand supreme court to help new deal programs -Tried to keep his programs -Because the Supreme Court was striking down New Deal legislation, Roosevelt decided to curb the power of the Court by proposing a bill to allow the president to name a new federal judge for each who did not retire by age 70 and 1/2. At the time, 6 justices were over the age limit. Would have increased the number of justices from 9 to 15, giving FDR a majority of his own appointees on the court. The court-packing bill was not passed by Congress., FDR's response to the Supreme Court declaring certain New Deal laws unconstitutional. -Roosevelt tried to put an extra justice on the Supreme Court for every justice over 70 years old who wouldn't retire. These justices would be supporters of Roosevelt and there would be a maximum of 15 judges. The plan failed. Congress would not accept.

Executive Order 9066

-a United States presidential executive order signed and issued during World War II by the United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, authorizing the Secretary of War to prescribe certain areas as military zones. Eventually, EO 9066 cleared the way for the deportation of Japanese Americans to internment camps. The executive order was spurred by a combination of war hysteria and reactions to the Niihau Incident.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

-federally owned corporation in the United States created by congressional charter in May 1933 to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly affected by the Great Depression. The enterprise was a result of the efforts of Senator George W. Norris of Nebraska. TVA was envisioned not only as a provider, but also as a regional economic development agency that would use federal experts and electricity to rapidly modernize the region's economy and society. enabling the federal government to build dams along the Tennessee River that controlled flooding and generated inexpensive hydroelectric power for the people in the region.

Blitzkrieg

-from the German word meaning "lightning war," a sudden, massive attack with combined air and ground forces, intended to achieve a quick victory.

Boston Police Strike

-made Calvin Coolidge popular -Governor of Massachusetts -brought situation to a conclusion -union strike by policeman -different political dynamic than other strikes -helped propel him to VP then president

Welfare Capitalism

-mid 20th century -corporations try to please workers by adding stuff besides wages -includes comprehensive social welfare policies. -the practice of businesses providing welfare services to their employees. -was centered on industries that employed skilled labor and peaked in the mid-20th century. mostly manufacturers —began offering new benefits for their employees. These companies sponsored sports teams, established social clubs, and provided educational and cultural activities for workers. Some offered housing as well. -paternalistic techniques employed by some bosses to improve working conditions to lead to a more stable workforce. Ex: Henry Ford shortened workweek, raised wages, paid vacations, US Steel improved safety and sanitation

The Revenue Act of 1935

-raised United States federal income tax on higher income levels, by introducing the "Wealth Tax". It was a progressive tax that took up to 75 percent of the highest incomes.[1] It was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The 1935 Act also was popularly known at the time as the "Soak the Rich" tax.[2] To solve the problem of tax evasion through loopholes, the Revenue Act of 1937 revised tax laws and regulations to increase the efficacy of the ta

The Axis Powers

-states opposed to the Allies during the Second World War. The three major Axis Powers, Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and the Empire of Japan were part of an alliance. At their zenith, the Axis Powers ruled empires that dominated large parts of Europe, Asia, Africa and the Pacific Ocean, but the Second World War ended with their total defeat.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

-was the largest and most ambitious American New Deal agency, employing millions of unemployed people (mostly unskilled men) to carry out public works projects,[1] including the construction of public buildings and roads. In a much smaller but more famous project, the Federal Project Number One, the WPA employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and directors in large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects.

wwII

1939-1945 Dec 7, 1941

A. Philip Randolph

1941 -president of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters an important union of mainly black members - insisted that government integrate their workforces - planned a march, but was called off after establishing Fair Employment Practices Commission to investigate discrimination of AA -was a leader in the African-American civil-rights movement, the American labor movement and socialist political parties. -He organized and led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the first predominantly black labor union. -In the early civil-rights movement, Randolph led the March on Washington Movement, which convinced President Franklin D. Roosevelt to issue Executive Order 8802 in 1941, banning discrimination in the defense industries during World War II. -The group then successfully pressured President Harry S. Truman to issue Executive Order 9981 in 1948, ending segregation in the armed services. -In 1963, Randolph was the head of the March on Washington, which was organized by Bayard Rustin, at which Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his "I Have A Dream" speech. -Randolph inspired the Freedom budget, sometimes called the "Randolph Freedom budget", which aimed to deal with the economic problems facing the black community.

Liberty Loan Act

The Third Liberty Loan Act was a liberty bond sold during World War I that helped cover the war expenses of the United States. These bonds were loans taken by the US Government in which they would pay the money the citizens spent on the loan back in the future. There were two previous loan acts The Liberty Loan Act and The Second Liberty Loan Act, each giving more and more money to the US Government to fund the war.[1] The Third Liberty Loan Act was enacted on April 5, 1918.

"Red Summer"

When: 1919 -The Chicago Riot, where 28 people died, 537 injured, and 1,000 were left homeless; was the worst but not the only racial violence during the so-called Red Summer of 1919. In all 120 people died in such radical outbreaks in the span of little more than three months. -Lash out against black growth in cities

Herbert Hoover

When: 1929-1933 -U.S. president during stock market crash, who rejected the Progressive emphasis on activist government to pursue a program of minimal business regulation, low taxes, and high tariffs; encouraged businesses to regulate themselves, his belief in "rugged individualism" kept him from giving people direct relief during the Great Depression. • He succeeded Coolidge in 1929 • Emphasized that the country's growth and need to continue laissez-faire Republican strategies that had led to the booming growth of the late 20s • Hoover thought Americans should depend on what he called their "rugged individualism", depending upon themselves to get by and not by being bailed out by others • He proposed cutting individual income taxes • Proposed a program of public building project to jumpstart the economy and stalled businesses. • Gave government aid to the railroads, banks, and rural credit associations to help stabilize the financial system and he hoped the benefits would tricked down to the average American • He remained fearful that direct aid would destroy the idea of self-help and create a permanent class of people that looked for the government for help. • Hoover deplored government handouts since he believed that industry would ultimately prevail -The Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929 : Buy up surpluses, store them, dispose of them rather than see commodity prices shift dramatically -Attempts to help Businesses -Davis Bacon Act (1931): required local governments to pay wages no less than the union wages on building projects -Hawley- Smoot Tariff (1930): enacted on of American's highest rates at about 40%. -Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932)• $500 million was set aside for banks, life insurance companies, buildings and loans, farm mortgage associations and railroads • states were allocated as much as $1.5 billion for public programs

Nineteenth Amendment

When: August 18, 1920 What: Women's sufferage

Executive Order 8802

When: June 1941 -A. Philip Randolph -March on Washington -Desegregated wartime industries -Pressure on FDR at beginning of the war -President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802, banning discriminatory employment practices by Federal agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war-related work. The order also established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy. It was the first federal action, though not a law, to promote equal opportunity and prohibit employment discrimination in the United States. The President's statement that accompanied the Order cited the war effort, saying that "the democratic way of life within the nation can be defended successfully only with the help and support of all groups," and cited reports of discrimination. The executive order was issued in response to pressure from civil rights activists A. Philip Randolph, Walter White, and others involved in the March on Washington Movement who had planned a march on Washington, D.C. to protest racial discrimination. The march was suspended after Executive Order 8802 was issued

Emergency Immigration Act of 1921

When: May 19, 1921 Who: Warren G. Harding -first federal law in U.S. history to limit the immigration of Europeans, the Immigration Act of 1921 reflected the growing American fear that people from southern and eastern European countries not only did not adapt well into American society but also threatened its very existence. The law specified that no more than 3 percent of the total number of immigrants from any specific country already living in the United States in 1910 could migrate to America during any year. President Warren G. Harding signed

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Who: Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne Assassinated: When: June 28, 1914 Where: Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina -Gavrilo Princip, member of the black hand (Serbian terrorist group), shot Franz and his wife Sophie -Franz traveled to Sarajevo to inspect the imperial armed forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina, former Ottoman territories that were annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908, which angered Serbian nationalists, who believed they should become part of the newly independent and ambitious Serbian nation. -This assassination set off a rapid chain of events: Austria-Hungary blamed the Serbian government for the attack and hoped to use the incident as JUSTIFICATION for settling the question of Slav nationalism once and for all. -the Austro-Hungarian government gave Serbia an ultimatum. Austria said they would invade if the Serbs did not give Austria-Hungary complete control over their country. They gave the Serbs just two days to send a reply. Serbia did not agree to two points that they were given in their ten-point ultimatum -Russia supported Serbia, an Austro-Hungarian declaration of war was delayed until its leaders received assurances from German leader Kaiser Wilhelm that Germany would support their cause in the event of a Russian intervention-which would likely involve Russia's ally, France, and possibly Britain as well. -On July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, and peace between Europe's great powers collapsed. Within a week, Russia, Belgium, France, Great Britain and Serbia had lined up against Austria-Hungary and Germany, and World War I had begun. -SPARK OF WWI

"Hoovervilles"

shantytown