History Chapter 13

When we refer to the term "Middle Ages" or "Medieval Period", what time span in terms of years are we considering?

500 BC to 1500 BC

Venerable Bede

English Monk who wrote a history of England

Mangonel

Flings he rocks up to 1,300 feet that crash into walls

Remember that in the feudal set up, the people directly below the king were the most powerful "vassals", and those were the Bishops and and nobles

Ok :)

"tithe"

church tax

Fief

granted land to a Vassal

Tournaments

mock battels

Your book states: "for the privilege of living on the Lord's land, peasants paid a high price". . . what were three examples given to support this statement?

paid tax on his grain, marriage and they had poor living conditions

What exactly do we mean when we use the term "Holy Roman Empire"?

political entity in Europe that began with the papal coronation of Otto I as the first emperor in 962

Tortoise

something that sellers soldiers from falling arrows that moves slowly on wheels

What two Asian innovations greatly helped European mounted soldiers to be effective?

the sales and stirrup

What were some of the long-lasting contributions of monasteries to European life, culture, and the preservation of Rome's intellectual heritage? Why were these so crucial during the Middle Ages?

they had schools, money and power. they were crucial because it helped unify the empire

"Loyalty to public government and written law had unified the W.R.E.". . . .to what were the German tribes most loyal to and how did that impact the development of Europe at this time?

they were most loyal to their families ties and personal loyalties. This helped unify the Germanic tribes

Otto I (Otto the Great) followed in the footsteps of his hero Charlemagne: what were three examples of how he behaved similarly to Charlemagne?

1. Formed close alliance with the Church 2. used his power to to defeat German princes 3. invaded Italy on the pope's behalf

What were four elements of Charlemagne's strategy when it came to ruling his kingdom? He was obviously very good at ruling as he greatly expanded the original Frankish empire left to him by his father Pepin the Short and grandfather, Charels Martel . . . . . . .so what did Charlemagne demand or do as a leader that kept things running so smoothly while he was in power

1. Limited authority of the novels 2. made sure powerful landholders governed their land justly 3. Visited every part of his kingdom regular and encouraged learning

There were times when a Noblewoman could see her role grow significantly. . . what were four examples given of how a noblewoman could break away from her normal "limited" day to day life?

1. inherited estate 2. defend castle 3. become military commander (when husband is fighting) 4. send knights to battle (with husbands permission)

The "feudal society or "Feudal" world that emerged in Europe at this time ha its "roots in three things: what were those three as cited on page 353 of our book?

1. the classical heritage of Rome 2. the beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church 3. the customs of various Germanic Tribes

Sacraments

7 important religious ceremonies

When Charlemagne was named "Emperor" by the Pope in 800, it was considered a "first", something "historic". . . why?

A pope had claimed the political right to confer the title "Roman Emperor" on a European king

Frederic Barbarossa

A strong German ruler elected to keep peace

Leif Ericson

A viking explorer that reached North America around 500 years before Columbus

Benedict

An Italian monk who wrote a book describing a strict yet practical set of rules for the monasteries

What impact did the constant invasions of Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims have on Europeans' view of having a distant "central ruler" to obey / pay tribute to?

Because of so much disorder and suffering people no longer trusted junk to defend them so they turned to local rulers who had armies

Scholastica

Benedict's sites who headed a convent and adopted his rules and made women follow them

Canon Law

Church law

For what reasons did Europeans flee their cities and retreat to more rural areas during the Middle Ages?

Disruption of trade, downfall of cities and population shifts

True or false: a system of "feudalism" had emerged in China and Japan before it arrived in Europe. . .

FALSE!!! It ermgered in Europe

Why was the victory of Lombard League's soldiers over Frederic Barbarossa's army in the Battle of Legnano so historic?

FB's soldiers were stunned by the Lombard Leagues crossbow and the empire began to fizzle

Lord Demesne (see picture on 362)

Fields owned by the lord and worked by peasants

For what reason did the Pope and the Italian merchants decide to form what became known as the Lombard League?

Frederic Barbarossa was invading a lot so they formed it

The code of chivalry demanded a knight fight in defense of "three masters". . . what were these three masters?

God Lord Princesses

In what significant manner did Pope Gregory I alter the role of the Pope in European society?

He broadened the authority of the popes office beyond its spiritual role and combined church and state

What group of invaders did Charles Martel (The Hammer) defeat at Tours in 732? Why was this victory crucial?

He defeated the muslims. This victory was crucial because if he lost, Western Europe would have become part of the Muslim empire.

What convinced the Frankish ruler Clovis to adopt Christianity as the official religion of his region? What long-term impact did this decision have on Gaul and the church?

His wife convinced him but also when God helped him win an important battle he converted. He also converted everyone else in Frank's which united the Frankish empire.

"Feudalisms is a political and economic system based on land-holding and protective alliances - it emerged in Europe after the fall of the W.R.E. and Charlemagne's kingdom . . . constant invasion and no strong central authority made Europe a prime place for Feudalism to emerge"

Ok :)

Also Remember: In the Feudal System, nobles were granted the use of land that legally belonged to the king. In return the nobles agreed to give their loyalty and military services to that king."

Ok :)

Fact: "In the 1100s the themes of Medieval Literature downplayed the brutality of knighthood and brutal warfare. . . while Medieval Literature concentrated on the themes of chivalry, epic love, courage, and faith"

Ok :)

OPENING STATEMENT / THEME: "Many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the Roman Empire were reunited under West Region of Charlemagne and his Empire" . . . . Remember, it was Germanic Tribes that overran Rome in 476 AD and finalized the collapse of the Western Roman Empire (W.R.E). These Germanic Tribes play a major role in the development of the lands of the former W.R.E. during the Middle Ages

Ok :)

Please remember that after Charlemagne, his three sons couldn't really get it together and ultimately signed the "Treaty of Verdun" which divided Charlemagne's empire but not effectively. . . . the empire eventually collapsed and the Feudal system really takes over after that...............

Ok :)

Remember this about Knights: they were granted fiefs in exchange for military service. . .the wealth they garnered from this granted land paid for all their daily needs, thus allowing them to spend their time constantly practicing their battle skills (wrestling, hunting, tournaments, etc)

Ok :)

Remember this about Knights: they were mounted horsemen who pledged to defend their Lords' lands in exchange for "fiefs" (again, in the feudal system, it's all about give and take)

Ok :)

Remember: for the most part, they "performed endless labor around the home, and often in the fields, bore children, took care of the family. . . (but) the economic contribution they made was essential to the survival of the peasant household"

Ok :)

This section covers "The Power of the Church". In the Medieval Period Church leaders and political leaders competed for power and authority; the church emerges at this time as a powerful and dominant institution (religious and political) because of the weak central governments in the feudal system. Throughout the Middle Ages, the church and various European leaders competed for power.

Ok :)

You should be familiar with the background of the conflict between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII which ultimately led to the "Showdown at Canossa"

Ok :)Church not happy that kings had controls over clergy. did not like lay investiture 1075 pope Gregory banned lay investiture Henry ordered Gregory to step down from papacy Gregory excommunicated henry Henry tried to win pope's forgiveness

One calming and unifying effect that the church had on people at this time was that it was a "constant" at a time when so much upheaval existed through the constant warfare and invasions Europeans endured. The Church provided Christians with a sense of community and security

Ok:)

In what ways did any alliance between a political leader and the Pope benefit both sides?

Politics helped spread Christianity and the pope got protection from the king while the king got protection from the Church

What were some items that might be sent over a castle wall by a Trebuchet during a siege?

Pots of boring lime, boulders, severe human heads, captured soldiers, diseased cows and dead horses

Monasteries

Religious communities built by the church

What was the impact for a King who had an "interdict" assessed on him and his kingdom?

Religious sacraments and ceremonies could not be performed in his kingdom. It would face a German emperor to submit to the pope's commands.

Gaul

Roman Province what is now France and Switzerland

In what manner were serfs similar to slaves, and in what manner were they very different from slaves?

Similar: they are both people who cannot leave the place their were born Different serfs cannot be bought or sold.

Pepin the Short

Son of Charles Martel who agreed to fight the Lombards because he wanted to be king

What was the impact for a King who had been excommunicated?

The King would be denied salvation. It also freed all the kings's vassals from their duties. If they continued to disobey the pope, the people could, in turn, use an even more frightening weapon, the interdict.

How did the "Concordat of Worms" create a system of checks and balances in an effort to solve the problem of Lay Investiture?

The church alone could appoint a bishop but the emperor could veto the appointment

Noblewomen: For what reason were most of them not owners of property?

Their husbands did but they could inherit an estate from them

Central Europe was invaded ALOT ALOT ALOT during this time period as feudalism began to emerge: why was central Europe invaded so often during this time?

There was no strong central authority

Despite the fact that their lives were pretty tough, most serfs came to accept things as they were: WHY. . . WHY. . . WHY?

They believed it was part of the church's teachings where God determine their place in life

What method of attack was preferred by Viking invaders and how did their "Longboats" help them achieve success?

They carried out their raids with terrifying speed with swords and shields and were gone before the locals could mount a defense

"Secular"

Worldly or becoming more popular

Chivalry

a Complex set of ideas that a knight must fight bravely for three masters

Treaty of Verdun

a Treaty that Charlemagne's son signed which split his empire into three kingdoms

Piers Plowman

a book written by William Langland in 1362 the revealed the hard life of English peasants

Lay Investiture

a ceremony in which kings and nobles appoint church officials

What two purposes did castles serve in the Middle Ages? Tourism is not one of them

a home for people and a place for defense

Siege

a military operation in which enemy forces surround a town or building and cut off essential supplies with the aim of compelling those inside to surrender

Vassal

a person who receives the fief

For what two reasons did Viking assaults on Europe begin to slow down and eventually cease altogether?

accepted christianity climate change made farming easier

Squire

acts like a servant to a knight until it can become one

The W.R.E. used Latin as its one language. . .it was in many ways a "unifier" When the W.R.E. collapsed what happened to the Latin language over the years? What took its place?

no one could understand it and new language emerged (French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and others)

The Song Of Rowland

praises a band of French soldiers who perished in battle during Charlemagne's reign

Clergy

religious people of the Church including bishops and priests

On a typical Manor, what were three items that were NOT produced but instead needed to be bought, traded for, or secured in another manner?

salt, from, millstones

In a typical "Manor" set up, what arrangement existed between Lords and Serfs (What did each side gain / give as part of their partnership)?

the lord provided the serfs with housing, farmland, and protection from bandits. In return serfs tended the lords land, cared for his animals and performed other tasks to maintain the estate

From whom did Frankish ruler Charles Martel steal the idea of mounting soldiers on horseback?

the muslims

What was the main purpose / goal for the Magyars when they led their invasions of Europe?

to capture people to sell as slaves

Troubadours

traveling poet-musicals at the castles and courts europe

Trebuchet

works like a giant slingshot propelling anything up to 980 feet