Human Biology Quiz #3 Study Guide/ Chapter 3

What are the three basic components of eukaryotic cells?

1. A plasma membrane: The plasma membrane forms the outer covering of the cell. 2. A nucleus: The core, a membrane bound compartment that houses the cells genetic material and functions as it's "information center". 3. Cytoplasm: Includes everything inside the cell except the nucleus. It's composed of a gel like fluid called cytosol.

The cell doctrine

1. All living things are composed of cells. 2.A single cell is the smallest unit that exhibits all of the characteristics of life. 3.All cells come only from preexisting cells.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A membranous network of tubular or saclike channels in the cytoplasm of a cell. The site of the cell's production of proteins and other cell compounds. [ "The manufacturing center" that synthesizes most of the chemical compounds made by the cell].

Vesicle

A small membrane bound, fluid filled sac that encloses and contains certain substances within a cell.

Imagine that you are shown two cells under a microscope. One is small, has lots of mitochondria, and contains numerous glycogen granules. The other is somewhat larger and has only a few mitochondria and no glycogen granules. Which cell do you think is more metabolically active? Explain your reasoning.

Cell size gives no indication of the metabolic activity of a cell. Recall that mitochondria produce ATP (energy) for the cell. The presence of many mitochondria and large stockpiles of raw energy in the form of glycogen granules would lead you to the conclusion that the smaller cell is more metabolically active.

Cells lining the respiratory passages have numerous filamentous structures that sweep mucus and debris up and away from the lungs. These filamentous structures are:

Cilia

How are eukaryotic cells different from prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles, While prokaryotic have neither. Eukaryotic cells are more complex and larger units in animals, plants, fungi, and protista . Prokaryotic cells are small and spaceless units that are in bacteria and archea.

What is the role of the nucleus?

Information center for the cell, contains DNA.

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

It is the primary site of macromolecule synthesis other than proteins.

How would you describe the structure of the nuclear membrane?

It's a double layered membrane that keeps the DNA within the nucleus. It is bridged by nuclear pores that are too small for DNA to pass through, but permit the passing of small proteins and RNA molecules.

Phagotic white blood cells engulf and digest bacteria and cellular debris. Which organelle would most likely be involved in the digestion of engulfed materials?

Lysosomes- a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Powerhouse of the cell, To prdouce ATP ( energy)

Which of the following adaptions would increase the surface area of a cell?

Presence of Microvilli

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Primary site of protein synthesis other than proteins.

Golgi apparatus

Refines, packages, and ships macromolecular products -Products are packaged into vesicles and shipped to other locations within the cell or to the cell membrane for export.

Where are ribosomes located?

Ribosomes are found 'free' in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to form rough ER.

What is the function of ribosomes?

Ribosomes make proteins by translating RNA through protein synthesis.

Some lymphocytes blood cells (white blood cells) synthesize and secrete defensive proteins known as antibodies. Which of the following represents the most likely path of the proteins from synthesis to secretion?

Ribosomes-- Endoplasmic reticulum-- Golgi Apparatus--Vesicles -- Plasma Membrane.

Ribosomes

Small structures composed of RNA and certain proteins that either floating freely in the cytosol or are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. This is where RNA is translated to make proteins via protein synthesis.

Explain why being small is advantage for a cell?

Smaller cells are more efficient. Small cells have a higher surface-to-volume ratio, and High surface-to-volume ratio promotes efficiency in the acquisition of nutrients and disposal of wastes.

Which organelle's are most active during vigorous exercises?

The Mitochondria

Mitochondria

The organelles responsible for providing most of the usable energy; they are often called the cells "power plants". The main energy source of a cell. This is where ATP(energy) is created.

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

To refine, package, and ship macromolecular products.

Cytoskeleton

consists of a loosely structured network of fibers called microtubules and microfilaments. The Cytoskeleton supports the cell and is the structural framework of a cell.

Plasma Membrane

encloses the material inside a cell, which is mostly water but also contains ions, enzymes, and other structures the cell requires to maintain life. [ Controls movement in and out of the cell.]

Which Organelles would be active in liver cells that are detoxifying alcohol?

peroxisomes- a small organelle present in the cytoplasm of many cells, which contains the reducing enzyme catalase and usually some oxidases.