HUSR 380 Exam #2 (6-8)

Person Centered Theory: The therapist's function and role:

"The instrument of change" for the client to create the best possible environment under which healthy change can occur and allowing the clients to loosen their defenses and rigid perceptions.

Existential Theory- 4 Givens of existence

1. Death: 2. Freedom: 3. Isolation: 4. Meaninglessness

The 4 growth promoting climate in the therapeutic process.

1. Genuineness: 2. Congruency: 3. Unconditional Positive Regards: 4. Empathy:

Person Centered Theory: 6 stages of change

1. Pre-contemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Desire 4. Action 5. Maintenance Leads to stability and manageability. 6 Relapse (Optional).

Similarity between Existentialism and Humanism:

1. Respect the client's subjective experiences. 2. The capacity of the client to make positive constructive choices. 3. Focus on the concepts of freedom, choice, values, personal responsibilities, autonomy, purpose and meaning. 4. Less value on techniques and more emphasis on the personal encounter of the therapy.

Person Centered Theory: Limitation of the Multicultural approach

1. Some clients (CMH) are looking for directive counseling and structure. 2. Difficulty translation the core therapeutic conditions to other cultures who practices more indirect forms of expressions. 3. Many cultural groups value collectivism and do not value the internal locus of control.

Gestalt Therapy: Limitation of the multicultural approach

1. Some clients who have been culturally conditioned to be emotionally reserved would not be effective in Gestalt therapy 2. Other clients who have strong injunctions prohibiting them from directly expressing their emotions to their parents would also have a difficult time adjusting to gestalt therapy.

Differences between Existentialism and Humanism:

1. The Existentialist believe that we are faced with anxiety of choosing to create an identity in a world that lacks intrinsic meaning while the Humanistic takes a less anxiety provoking position. 2. The Humanistic psychology believes we are like an "acorn" with potential which, if provided the right condition, will grow into an oak tree, while Existential psychology believes we have no internal potential and we have to choose what to make of every situation we encounter.

The Seven Therapy Intervention

1. The internal dialogue exercise-Top-dog vs. Under-dog: Empty chair. 2. Making the rounds: Group exercise. 3. The Reversal Exercise-trying the opposite. 4. The Rehearsal exercise-talk out internal rehearsals. 5. The exaggeration exercise-secret gestures brought to awareness. 6. Staying with the feelings-staying with negative feelings for awareness. 7. The Gestalt approach to dream work-Live.

Person Centered Theory: Therapeutic goals:

1. The process is considered a way of helping the client to achieve a greater degree of independence and personal integration to help him/her better cope with current and future problems. 2. The focus is on the "person" not the "presenting problems."

Existential Therapy- Therapeutic goals 1 & 2

1. The process is considered an invitation to clients to recognize the ways in which they are not living fully authentic lives and to make choices that will lead to them becoming what they are capable of being. 2. Helps clients face anxiety and engage in actions that is based on the authentic purpose of creating a worthy existence.

Gestalt Theory: Therapeutic goals:

1. The process is grounded in 6 methodological components: a. the continuum of the experience, b. the here and the now, c. the paradoxical theory of change, d. the experiment, e. the authentic encounter, and f. process oriented diagnosis. 2. The focus is on the basic goal of assisting the client to attain greater awareness and with it greater choices

Gestalt Therapy: 3 stage integration process

1.Discovery, 2. Accommodation, and 3. Assimilation.

Existential Theory- 6 basic dimensions of human condition

1.The capacity for self awareness. 2.Freedom and responsibility. 3.Creating ones identity and establishing meaningful relationships with others. 4.The search for meaning, purpose, values and goals. 5.Anxiety as a condition of living. 6.Awareness of death and non-being.

Gestalt Therapy: 2 personal agenda

1.The client moving from environment support to self- support. 2.The reintegration of the disowned parts of one's personality. Perls tend to intentionally frustrate the clients to enhance awareness Structure of Personality: Not clearly defined.

Person Centered Theory: The client's experience in therapy

A client enters therapy in a state of incongruency due to a discrepancy between his/her self perception and his/her experience in reality (Leon). The therapeutic environment allows this person to explore possibilities for change. This process happens inside the client leading to psychological maturity.

Martin Heidengger

Authentic being & Isolation

Existential Therapy- Application to group counseling

Based on the work of Yalom and his approach to group counseling and how it can help clients experience the therapeutic work of responsibility.

Gestalt Theory: The NOW

Being able to fully experience the present moment.

Origin of the Person Centered Theory: Founder

Carl Rogers (1902-1987) He studied, agriculture, history, religion and finally psychology.

Gestalt Therapy: The role of confrontation

Confrontation in Gestalt therapy is not a harsh attack but is done in such a way that the clients cooperate, especially when they are invited to examine their behaviors, attitudes and thoughts in order to recognize how they are blocking their strengths.

Gestalt Theory: Contact

Contact and Resistances to Contact-Interacting with nature and with others without losing one's sense of individuality: 5 types of Contact- Introjection, Projection, Retroflection, Deflection, Confluence

Fredrich Netzshe

Death, Suicide, and will

Person Centered Theory: Views of Human Nature

Each individual possesses their own self actualizing tendency to strive toward realization, fulfillment, autonomy, self-determination and perfection because of a trustworthy, positive center leading to growth and production.

Gestalt Theory: Energy

Energy and Blocks to Energy-Attention given to energy and where it is located, how it is used and not used.

The Experiment in Gestalt Therapy:

Exercises are ready made techniques used to make something happen in therapy while experiments grow out of interactions between client and therapist and they emerge within the dialogic process. The experiments are useful tools to help the client gain fuller awareness, experience internal conflicts, resolve inconsistencies and dichotomies and work through an impasse that is preventing completion of unfinished business.

Soren Kierkegaard

Fear & Dread

Carl Roger's 4 stages of the history of Person Centered Theory.

First Period: 1940's-Non-directive counseling Second Period: 1950's-Client centered therapy. Third Period: 1960's to 1970's-Student-Centered teaching (Education) Fourth Period: 1980's and 1990's-Person-Centered Approach.

Person Centered Theory: Application to crisis intervention

First responders are asked to communicate effectively to those in crisis to help resolve the crisis in a safe and productive manner. Therefore, teaching these responders to use this person centered approach can help them acquire the person's confidence to resolve the crisis effectively.

Gestalt Theory: The Figure

Formation process- How one organizes experiences from moment-to-moment.

Carl Roger's Occupation(s)

He pioneered the humanistic approach to psychotherapy and is known as the single most influential psychotherapist in the past quarter century.

Gestalt Theory: Fritz Perls (1893-1970)

He was born in Germany and studied psychiatry and also got his Ph.D. He pioneered the Gestalt approach to psychotherapy and is known as the originator of the Gestalt movement with help from his wife, Laura and friends at his New York Institute for Gestalt Therapy . He studied and practiced the psychoanalysis and was in analysis with Wilhelm Reich but differed from Freud in the way he viewed humans as being holistic rather than mechanistic. He believed that individuals must be understood in the context of their ongoing relationship with the environment. He focused on the human capacity for growth and healing through interpersonal contact and insight. His approach focused on the here-and-now, the What-and-How, and the I- and -Thou of relating.

Gestalt Theory: Holism

Holism-based on the German word for Gestalt (Whole).

Phases of Existential counseling

Initial phase: Identify and clarify assumptions about the world. Middle phase: Fully examine the source and authority of the present value system leading to insight and restructuring. The final phase: The clients are to take what they are learning about themselves and put it into action, resulting in the process of transformation outside of the therapy office.

Irvin Yalmons

Irvin Yalom (1931-Present): He developed the existential approach that focused on four "givens of existence" dealing with clients "being in the world."

Gestalt Therapy: Views of Human Nature

Is based in the Existential, philosophy, phenomenology and field theory. He believes that as Humans people have to "grow up and stand up on their own two feet and deal with thier life problems themselves."

James Burgental

James Bugental (1915-2008): He developed the approach to "Depth Therapy" based on the existential concern with an individual's immediate presence and the humanistic emphasis on the integrity of each individual. He challenges people to live Authentically.

Gestalt Theory: Unfinish business

Left over emotions from figures that are not completely resolved.

Jean Paul Sarte

Meaninglessness & Choice

Gestalt Therapy: Application to group counseling

Perls believed that the direct experiences of Gestalt approach is very helpful to help group members address issues and enact them out in the here-and-now. The group members move from talking things out to acting on them to develop increased awareness.

"I think therefore, I am"

Rene Descartes

Person Centered Theory: Role of assessment

Rogers believes that assessment should include the clients' contribution as much as possible rather than depend on psychometrics and other personality tests.

Rollo May

Rollo May (1909-1994) also influenced the translation of European Philosophers and the arrival of Existential therapy to the U.S. by the book, Existence: A New Dimension in Psychiatry and Psychology.

Martin Buber

Self transcendence

Person Centered Theory: 6 tenets of Motivational Interviewing.

The 5 basic principles of MI: 1. The therapist exercises reflective listening. 2. Evokes discrepancies and ambivalence. 3. Reluctance to change is viewed as normal. 4. The therapist supports the client's self- efficacy. 5. When client shows interest in changing, then the therapist focus on toward strengthening commitment to change and implement a plan. 6: Compliment the stages of change.

Existential Therapy- Therapists function and role

The Encourager to the client. The role is to assist the client in seeing their "restricted existence" seeing the ways in which they have constricted their awareness and the cost of such constriction. They can then lead the client to create their own authentic way of being.

Gestalt Therapy: Multicultural approach

The Gestalt approach has evolved as a culturally sensitive and diversity friendly orientation. The experiments can be tailored to fit the unique way in which an individual perceives and interpret his or her culture.

Gestalt Theory: Client's experience in therapy

The clients are active participants who make their own interpretations and meanings. They increase awareness and decide what they will or will not do with their personal meaning.

Existential Therapy- Multicultural approach

The existential perspective presents a broad perspective that can be relevant in working in a multicultural context.

Existential Theory- View of Human Nature

The existential view of human nature is captured by the notion that the significance of our existence is never fixed once and for all but we continually re-create ourselves through our projects. Individual's experience of being in the world alone and facing anxiety of this isolation.

Person-Centered Therapy: Multicultural approach

The person-centered approach has impacted the field of human relations and affected political and personal issues in over 30 countries and his work has been translated in over 12 languages The person centered therapeutic process can be applied to any cultural backgrounds and therapist makes an effort to create a healthy environment for this person of different cultural background.

Gestalt Therapy: Relationship between therapist and client

The relationship is important in itself because Perls follows the Existential approach where the person-to-person relationship between the therapist and the client is important. The therapists are responsible for the quality of their presence, for knowing themselves and the client and for remaining open to the clients. The clients are responsible for being who they are and for remaining themselves and not getting lost in a role.

Person Centered Theory: Relationship between therapist and client:

The relationship is important in itself because Rogers believed in the capacity of the person to strive for productivity when given the right condition. He believed that by creating this equal relationship the process of therapist client relationship leads to lowering of pretenses in the client and an increase realness that results in constructive application of psychological energy to engage in self development skills.

Existential Therapy- Relationship between therapist and client

The relationship is important in itself because of the quality of this person to person encounter and is the stimulus for positive change. Therapy is a journey taken by the therapist and client that delves deeply into the world as perceived and experienced by the client. This results in the process of self discovery for both client and therapist.

Gestalt Theory: Therapist's function and role

The therapist invites the clients to join a "Partnership" where they can learn about themselves. The therapist acts as a guide or catalyst but the client do the work

Person Centered Theory: Therapeutic techniques and procedures:

There is a de-emphasis on techniques. There is an early emphasis on reflection of feelings There is an evolution of the Person-Centered Methods: 1. The emphasis is on the presence of the therapist 2. The move to dealing with "Immediacy." 3. The recognition of the occurrence CBT within the person-centered framework. 4. The recognition of the diversity in the approach to therapy today.

Existential Therapy - Client's experience in therapy

They are encouraged to take seriously their own subjective experiences of their world.

Person Centered Theory: Application of the philosophy

This process has been applied to and proved effective with different client's conditions such as anxiety disorders, alcoholism, psychosomatic problems, agoraphobia, interpersonal difficulties, depression, cancer, and personality disorders. In addition, this process has been applied to the process of education and the development of effective teachers.

Gestalt Theory: Laura Perls (1905-1990)

Trained in the ARTs and Dance. Met and married (1930) Fritz as they studied The Gestalt form of therapy. They started the New York Institute for Gestalt Therapy. She also formed the Cleveland School where she practiced the "Relational Gestalt Therapy," which focused on the dialogue and relationship between the therapist and the client.

Victor Frankl

Victor Frankl (1905-1997: A prisoner in Nazi concentration camps and this experience influenced his writings) who pioneered Existential therapy in Europe and brought it to the U.S. He was a student of Freud but later followed Adler. He quoted the early philosopher , such as Nietzsche (P 37). "He who has a "why" to live for can bear with almost any "how"!" "That which does not kill you, makes you stronger."

Gestalt Theory: Field Theory

the interrelated environment of the client.

Gestalt Theory: Organismic self regulation

the process by which equilibrium is disturbed by the emergence of a need, a sensation or an interest.