PTCB Chapter 4: Drug Classifications and Formulations

NTI stands for...

Narrow therapeutic index

Metabolism of drugs

All the chemical and physical reactions that the body carries out to prepare a drug for excretion. Basically how the body changes the drug

teratogenicity

Any drug that causes harm to the developing fetus or embryo

pharmaceutical alternatives

Drug products that contain the identical active ingredients but not necessarily the same amount or dosage form

Therapeutic Equivalence

Production of the same medicinal effect

Biosimilars

Products that are highly similar to, or are interchangeable with, an already FDA approved biological product.

Hepatoxicity

Serious adverse reaction that occurs in the liver

Excretion of drugs

The removal or clearance of the drug from the body

NTI Drugs (8)

Warfarin, carbamazepine, digoxin, theophylline, levothyroxine, lithium carbonate, phenytoin, and fentanyl

enteral route

a route of administration to any organ in the alimentary tract (mouth to anus)

parenteral route

a route of administration to any organ outside the alimentary tract

Hematological effects

could indicate blood coagulation, bleed and bone marrow disorders. can be life threatening

Nephrotoxicity

damage to the kidneys

pharmaceutical equivalent

drug products that contain identical amounts of the same active ingredients in the same dosage form

non-proprietary name

generic name of a drug, word stem issued by the US adopted name council

proprietary name (trade name)

given by the drug manufacturer and protected through a patent

5 Rs of medication administration

right patient right dose right drug right time right route

subjective clues

signs of a disease

objective clues

symptoms of a disease

carcinogenicity

the ability of a substance to cause cancer

Bioavailability

the amounts of an administered dose that reaches the general circulation and the rate at which this occurs

Bioavailability

the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used, often a ratio between original amount consumed and how much reaches the bloodstream

pharmokinetics

the study of drugs within the body, absorption , distribution, metabolism, excretion

Distribution of drugs

the transport of drugs from the plasma to the tissues (site of action, site of storage, site of biotransformation)

Absorption of drugs

transfer of drug from site of administration to systemic circulation