Indian Removal
3 leaders that signed the Treaty of New Echota
1. Elias Boudinot 2. Major Ridge 3. John Ridge
Reasons for the First Seminole War 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
1. Retaliation against the Seminole Indians for their murders along the frontier 2. To recover escaped slaves 3. To recover lost property 4. To gain American access to the Gulf of Mexico 5. To gain Florida -- Manifest Destiny 6. National Security
During the removal act, at least ______ of the Choctaw died before they reached the Indian Territory
1/4
One year after Benjamin Parks' discovery, _________ miners were panning for gold
15,000
Sequoyah began to work on the Cherokee written language around ________
1809
In _____, _______ sent ________ into Florida with a group of militia to stabilize the situation between the Seminoles and the US, which led to __________
1817, President James Monroe, Andrew Jackson, the First Seminole War
By the ________, the only option was to remove the Native Americans to somewhere west of the Mississippi River
1820s
The Cherokee Nation officially adopted hand written language in ________
1825
Andrew Jackson became president in _______
1828
The constitution went into effect in _______
1828
in _____, a Georgia deer hunter, __________ was rambling wilderness near what is today Dahlonega
1828, Benjamin Parks
Georgia's governor after the War of 1812 was ________ who reminded the federal government that it had made a promise to remove Natives from Georgia's land
George Troup
Which Georgia governor was the cousin of a Creek chief?
George Troup
Just as ____ was the Georgia governor associated with ____, _____ will be the Georgia governor associated with _______
George Troup, Creek Removal, Governor Gilmer, Cherokee Removal
Black Hawk refused to leave _________ and remove to Indiana Territory
Illinois
In terms of what to do with the Native Americans, Jefferson hoped for _________
incorporation
______________, had specifically told Jackson not to bother the Spanish garrisons.
Secretary of War, John C. Calhoun (During the First Seminole War)
Jackson fought the _________ in ______ and took ________ from ______ in the process
Seminoles, 1818, Florida, Spain
The Indians down in Florida (Mostly North Florida) were called ______, meaning "_______."
Seminoles, Renegade
In 1821, _______, a cherokee silversmith, developed the Cherokee written language.
Sequoyah
The Creek lost land despite aiding Americans with the Redstick due to _________ which they were forced to sign by Jackson
The Treaty of Fort Jackson
Big Warrior was the mice of the ________ and owned a plantation with slaves
Tuckabatchee
After the ________, many problems emerged between the Seminoles and the US. These were: 1. 2.
War of 1812, 1. They harbored escaped slaves 2. Conducted raids into South Georgia and southern Alabama to steal horses and livestock
Troup's first cousin was _________, the noted leader of the lower Creeks
William McIntosh
The Treaty of New Echota was ratified by congress by ______ in _____ and became the basis for the __________
a single vote, 1836, Cherokee Trail of Tears
Between 1831 and 1834, most of the Choctaw were forced west at the point of a ______
bayonet
A _______ had developed between the Seminoles and _____ in the ______
border war, Frontiersmen, South
The Louisiana Purchase was a large area of land purchased by what?
Jefferson bought it from the The French
The Cherokee protested loudly to the "______"
great intrusion (The Dahlonega Gold Rush)
________ served with the _______ and ________ served with the ________ in the Black Hawk war
Abraham Lincoln, Kentucky Militia, Jefferson Davis, Mississippi militia
Inside St. Marks were two British citizens, ________ and ________ and hung them for being spies
Alexander Arbuthnot, Robert Ambrister (During the First Seminole War)
Who was president during the Cherokee Nation v Georgia case?
Andrew Jackson
Along the _______, Jackson's forces surrounded ______ with ______ escaped slaves. From there, he moved westward, towards _________. Then he turned his army back to toward the Spanish Garrison of __________, below present day _________
Apalachicola River, Negro Fort, 300, Gainesville, St. Marks, Tallahassee (During the First Seminole War)
Benjamin Parks, told his story of the gold to the _________
Atlanta Constitution in 1894
During the 1800s, who was the Indian agent promoting the civilization plan?
Benjamin Hawkins
The most important agent in the Southeast and Creek specifically for the United States' civilization plan was _______
Benjamin Hawkins
Who was the deer hunter that found gold near present day Dahlonega?
Benjamin Parks
The _________ began in May 1832 and lasted _____ months
Black Hawk War, 4
In the __________, a scene of many earlier Indian rebellions in American history, some Indian tribes absolutely refused to remove
Northwest
What was the southern border of the Cherokee lands and Georgia?
Chattahoochee River
Georgia politicians were pressured to remove Natives from the ______
Chattahoochee River Basin
_________ had made the most efforts to adopt civilization
Cherokee
The first Indian Newspaper in history - the _________
Cherokee Phoenix
In the ________ and __________ Rivers, miners began to dredge the bottom
Chestatee, Etowah
The Cherokee operated grist mills and tanning mils. ___________ for example, ran both a ferry and an inn along the _______ just across the ________ from newly created _______
Chief James Vann, Old Federal Road, Chattahoochee River, Hall County
__________ issued the court ruling the the case of Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia
Chief Justice John Marshall
about the case of Worchester vs. Georgia, __________ said: 1.___ 2.___ 3.___ 4.___
Chief Justice Marshall said: 1. The Cherokee were a Nation 2. Georgia's laws did not apply to the Cherokee Nation 3. The Cherokee had a legitimate title to their land 4. Georgia's laws were "repugnant" to the Constitution
The first to be removed under the Indian Removal Act were the ______
Choctaw
What agreement required Georgia to give up its western land claims in exchange for the removal of its Indians?
Compact of 1802
The document that made a promise was the ________ and was promised during Jefferson's presidency if Georgia would give up its western claims which ran all the way to the ________
Compact of 1802, Yazoo River
Jackson had battled the ______ and defeated them at _________
Creeks, Horseshoe Bend
The _________ was the first gold rush in the history of the United States
Dahlonega Gold Rush
The editor of the Cherokee Phoenix
Elias Boudinot
Who was the first editor of the Cherokee Phoenix?
Elias Boudinot
Benjamin Hawkins maintained a home in what area?
Flint River Agency
Who was the president during Tecumseh's rebellion?
James Madison
Who was the first president to consider Indian Removal?
Jefferson
What did Jefferson hope to do with with the Indians?
Incorporation
The front entrance of Jefferson's home was referred to as __________
Indian Hall
Congress, with the full support of president Jackson passed the __________ in________
Indian Removal Act, 1830
The ________ is listed as an entry in the ___________
Indian Removal Act, Dictionary of Genocide
By 1830, many Indians had already moved out west to "___________" - an area in the ________ of the ____________ specifically set aside for this issue
Indian Territory, western part, Louisiana Purchase region
________ was the greatest reason for the failure of the civilization program
Indians possessed lands that settlers coveted
What did the Treaty of Washington do?
It reversed Indian Springs II and angered Troup
What is a "frontier hate" in regards to Native Americans?
It's used to describe Jackson's hate for Native Americans as it was like that of those living in the frontiers or in the South. It was formed from his past experiences as both child and adult.
Seminole villages were scattered from the area around ______ in the _____ all the way to ______ in the _______
Jacksonville, East, Pensacola, west
Over time, Indian Territory will eventually become the state of __________
Oklahoma
Who was the president that reversed the Treaty of Indian Springs II?
John Quincy Adams
Who was the driving force behind the Cherokee constitution?
John Ross
________ , a half-breed Cherokee, was the driving force behind the cherokee constitution
John Ross
________ was elected the first president of the Cherokee Nation
John Ross
President __________ sued the United States for failing to uphold its treaties and protect the Cherokee in the case of _______________
John Ross, Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia (1831)
_______ and __________ towards Native Americans kept tensions high between the two cultures
Land hunger, white racism
The group of Creek warriors that were put together to punish Creek who sold tribal lands.
Lawmenders
Some of the Cherokee held out in the mountains of ________ who were given a reservation and became the _______. Those who removed became the _________
North Carolina, Eastern Branch, Western Branch
________ and good will to the Natives failed because of preconceived stereotypes in the minds of Americans
Philanthropy
_________ tried his best to get the Senate to void the treaty
President Ross
________ was a minister and _________ who came to Cherokee. He worked with the Cherokee Phoenix editor, _______. They ________ into the Cherokee language. Seeing this, Georgia made it illegal for whites to live among Cherokees. He was arrested then released because he was a ___________ at ______, the Cherokee capital. ___________ wanted him jailed. He refused to leave Cherokee and was sentenced four years of hard labor at the ________ at________. So he sued Georgia in the case of ________.
Samuel Worchester, Christian missionary, Elias Boudinot, translated the Bible, federal postmaster, New Echota, Georgia's Governor George Gilmer, Georgia Penitentiary, Milledgeville, Worchester vs. Georgia
During the spring of 1832, a group of Indians joined _______ warrior _________ (1767-1838) in his defiance to the Indian Removal Act
Sauk, Black Hawk
What was Jefferson's "real motive" for his decision on Native Americans?
Save the Indians from extinction (humane act)
Jackson's attitudes towards Natives were fed by his personal experiences while in the ____________
South Carolina and Tennessee Frontier
After the capture of St. Marks, Jackson's army turned westward, toward the __________. By late _____, Jackson had taken all of Florida
Spanish Capital of West Florida at Pensacola, 1818 (During the First Seminole War)
Like the Creeks, the Cherokee's fate became entangled in the issue of ________
State's Rights
Madison had to deal with not only ________, but the __________
Tecumseh's rebellion, Creek Civil War
__________________ announced that no more ancestral land would be sold by the Creeks to anyone
The Creek National Council
All the Five Civilized Tribes had adopted __________ by the 1820s but it did not save them from removal
The trappings of civilization
What did Chief Justice John Marshall rule in regards to the Cherokee and their relationship to the United States?
They were a "domestic dependent nation"
Seminoles included remnants of _______, _________,________ and others.
Timucuans, Yamasee, Apalachee
The _______ applied to all indians who were forced to remove to Indian Territory
Trail of Tears
What do we call the collective march of various Native American tribes out of their traditional homelands (most often associated with Cherokee)?
Trail of Tears
A small group of Cherokee leaders signed _______ giving up their lands in exchange for new lands east of the ______
Treaty of New Echota, Mississippi River
The treaties had made the Cherokee a "______________" and they were therefor under the protection of the United States
domestic dependent nation
Jackson loathed indians with "_________" hatred
frontier
Jackson believed that his removal policy was humane and would contribute to America's __________
security on the frontier
Jackson was known as ______ by the time he took Florida by force
sharp knife (During the First Seminole War)
In the Cherokee territory during the 1820s, the Indians owned ________ and _________
slaves, plantations
there was a __________ outbreak among the Cherokee, probably because of the blankets given to the during the Trail of Tears
smallpox
To Jackson, removing the Indians from the _______ was absolutely necessary for _________
southeast, national security
Native American's referred to written word on paper as "___________"
talking leaves
Jackson was famous because of his exploits in _______, for defeating the ___________, and for defeating _____________
the War of 1812, Creeks at Horseshoe Bend in 1814, the Spanish at the Battle of Orleans in 1815
