Interplay 14th Adler 1-5 & 12 Exam

Culture

"language, values, beliefs, traditions and customs people share and learn" .a matter of perception and definition

characteristics of competent communication

- a large repertoire of skills. ex: introducing yourself to someone in new town, multiple ways to approach - Adaptability. sleeting appropriate responses for each situation and each recipient - Ability to perform skillfully. effective - Empathy/perspective taking -Cognitive complexity -Self-monitoring

communication principles

- communication is transactional (mutual influence, not something we do to others but activity we do with them, uniquely created, independent behaviors) - communication can be intentional or unintentional -communication is irreversible -communication is unrepeatable -communication has content dimension and relational dimension

Developing Intercultural Communication Competence

- motivation and attitude - tolerance for ambiguity - open-mindedness - knowledge and skill - patience and perseverance

transactional model of communication

- sending and receiving are usually simultaneous - meanings exist in a among people - environments and noise affect communication -channels make a difference

communication climate

- social tone of a relationship - every relationship has a unique climate - climates shared by everyone involved

interpersonal characteristics of communication

- uniqueness. social rules and rituals govern impersonal exchanges, nature and history of relationships shape interpersonal exchanges -interdependence. exchanges reveal that the fates of partners are connected. ex: friends life affects yours. -self-disclosure. -intrinsic rewards of interacting.

problem orientation

-Finding a solution that satisfies both their needs and those of the others involved. "win-win" problem solving -often uses we language, suggest speaking making decisions with rather than for others involved ex: I really need to talk soon. Can you take a break?

Common tendencies in perception

-We make snap judgements -We cling to first impressions -We judge ourselves more charitably than we do others -We are influenced by our expectations -We are influenced by the obvious -We assume others are like us

description

-a way to offer thoughts, feelings, and wants without judging the listener ex: I'm not clear on the point you're making

Endorsement

-agree with or support another person -strongest type of confirming message - agreeing, offering compliments, giving praise

invitational communication

-an approach that welcomes others to see your point of view and to freely share their own -value, safety, freedom, civility

spontaneity

-being honest with others rather than manipulating them -doesn't mean blurting out what you're thinking right when the idea comes to you ex: I have a piano I need to move Friday after work. Can you give me a hand?

disagreeing messages

-between confirming and disconfirming -essentially says "You're wrong."

Recognition

-confirming message -most fundamental act of confirmation indicating awareness of the other person ex: Hey, how's it going

strategy

-defense arousing messages in which speakers hide ulterior motives -manipulation and dishonesty ex: What are you doing Friday after work?

certainty

-dogmatically regarding one's own thoughts and opinions with certainty while disregarding the ideas of others ex: That will never work!

complaining

-don't want to argue but still want to register dissatisfaction -can be more constructive -unsatisfied couples make personal complaints whereas satisfied offer behavioral complaints

neutrality

-indifference ex: Sometimes things just don't work out. That's the way it goes.

guidelines of self disclosure

-is the other person important to you -is the risk of disclosing reasonable -is the self-disclosure appropriate -is the disclosure reciprocated -will the effect be constructive

evaluation

-judges another person usually in a negative way ex: You're not making any sense

social media characteristics

-leanness -asynchronicity -permanence

face-threatening act

-messages we perceive as challenging the image we want to project -result in defensiveness

Psychological Influences on Perception

-mood. emotional states strongly influence how we view people and events and therefore how we communicate -self-concept. the way we think and feel about ourselves strongly influences how we interpret others' behavior.

communication misconceptions

-not all communication seeks understanding -more communication is not always better -communication will not solve all problems -effective communication is not a natural ability

self-evaluation distortion

-obsolete info -distorted feedback -perfectionism -social expectations

controlling communication

-occurs when a sender seems to be imposing a solution on the receiver, with little regard to that person's needs or interests ex: Get off your phone -- now! I need to talk to you.

acknowledgement

-paying close idea to the ideas and feelings of others -stronger than recognition -more invested, validation ex: I can see why you feel that way

provisionalism

-people express openness to others' ideas and opinions -perhaps, maybe, possibly, might, could ex: My guess is that you'll run into problems with that approach.

argumentativeness

-presenting and defending positions on issues while opposing positions taken by other -can be seen as positive through the way you present your ideas

ostracism

-purposely excluding others from interaction -social "death penalty"

equality

-seeing others as having just as much worth ex: Here's another way to think about it...

superiority

-sending patronizing messages either explicitly or implicitly ex: You really believe that?

physiological influences on perception

-senses. differences in how each of us hear, taste, touch, smell stimuli -age. being a child vs being an adult -health and fatigue -biological cycles. morning vs night person -hunger -neurobehavioral challenges. ADHD

Social influences on perception

-sex and gender roles -occupational roles. your jobs effect how you view others -relational roles. roles that define who you are, ex: being a parent

empathy

-showing care for the feelings of another ex: I know you put a lot of time and effort into this project.

characteristics of impression management

-strive to construct multiple identities -collaborative -can be deliberate or unconscious

aggressiveness

-tendency to attack another person's character, background, or identity -demeans the worth of others

self-esteem

-the part of the self-concept that involves evaluations of self-worth -how you feel about the qualities that make up your self-concept

Perception process steps

1. Selection 2. Organization 3. Interpretation 4. Negotiation

social penetration model

A model of self-disclosure that asserts that both the breadth and the depth of information shared with another person increase as the relationship develops.

perception checking

A three-part method for verifying the accuracy of interpretations, including a description of the sense data, two possible interpretations, and a request for confirmation of the interpretations. ex: when you did x [behavior], I wasn't sure if y [first interpretation] or z [second interpretation]. What's up? [clarification]"

"I can see why you feel the way you do" is a statement that communicates ____________. Certainty Endorsement Acknowledgement Recognition

Acknowledgement

When an instructor listens carefully to your question in class, he or she is using which level of confirming message? Neutrality Acknowledgement Endorsement Recognition

Acknowledgement

code switching

Adapting or changing your language to the setting, situation, or audience. a form of communication competence that increases the chance of one achieving your goals

The effect of an emailed love letter differs from that of a handwritten one because their ____________ differ. Channels Contexts Environments Multimodality

Channels

Invitational communication leads to greater ____________in communication. Civility Evaluation Control Manipulation

Civility

In North American society, categories such as age, ethnicity, race, gender, sexual orientation, physical disabilities, and religion are all considered ____________. Achievement Cultures Co-Cultures Individualistic Cultures Collectivistic Cultures

Co-Cultures

When Nigel teased coworker Rachel about yawning with her mouth closed throughout most of the board meeting, she laughed aloud, an exchange that illustrates impression management involves ____________. Collaboration Self-Disclosure Reflected Appraisal Low Context

Collaboration

Raj interprets his friend Sheldon's comment "Thanks a lot" as negative. This illustrates which characteristic of communication? Communication is irreversible. Communication is synchronous. Communication is multimodal. Communication has a content and a relational dimension.

Communication has a content and a relational dimension.

Jamie can't help but notice and be negatively affected by the interviewer's frown as he explains to her why he left his last job. This scenario demonstrates which characteristic of communication? Communication is transactional. Communication is unintentional. Communication is dyadic. Communication is irreversible.

Communication is transactional

Communication competence is a trait that a person either possesses or lacks. True False

False

Each of us has a single face that we project to the world. True False

False

In communication, meanings solely exist in the messages themselves. True False

False

Labeling a goal as a "want to" (as in "I want to finish this paper") increases emotional stress and decreases the likelihood of achieving that goal. True False

False

Satisfied couples tend to offer personal complaints, whereas unsatisfied couples make behavioral complaints. True False

False

Self-concept is a highly changeable set of perceptions you hold of yourself. True False

False

Shared narratives must be accurate to be powerful. True False

False

Spontaneity is blurting out what you're thinking as soon as an idea comes to you. True False

False

We know everything about the closest people in our lives. True False

False

Recognition is the strongest type of confirming message because it communicates the highest form of valuing. True False

False, endorsement

Second-order realities are physically observable qualities of a thing or situation. True False

False, first-order

Face and facework describe the person we believe ourselves to be in moments of honest self-examination. True False

False, perceived self

The perceived self is a public image, the way we want to appear to others. True False

False, presenting self

People raised in individualist cultures are often more adept at perspective-taking than those from collectivist cultures. True False

False, vice versa

A verbal or nonverbal response to a message is ____________. Encoding Self-Monitoring Feedback Empathy

Feedback

____________ are more direct than equivocating and seek the desired response from a person. Self-fulfilling prophecies Silent Reactions Benevolent Lies Hints

Hints

Which stage of perception is involved when you wonder if the Olive Garden waiter who tells you how much he enjoyed chatting with you is being sincere or hoping for a better tip? Selection Organization Negotiation Interpretation

Interpretation

Being bipolar could potentially be a(n) ____________ at the workplace. Equivocation Benevolent Lie Invisible Stigma Social Comparison

Invisible stigma

Cassie loved the new Katy Perry album when she first heard it at home alone, but when her best friend, Meredith, trashed it, Cassie began to wonder if her first assessment had been too positive. This shift in attitude is due to ___________. Selection Organization Negotiation Interpretation

Negotiation

benevolent lie

Not malicious, even helpful to the person they're told to

Perceptual schema (or "cognitive frameworks") are involved in which stage of the perception process? Selection Organization Negotation Interpretation

Organization

____________ has been called the "social death penalty." Ostracism Argumentativeness Aggressiveness Competition

Ostracism

Jill enjoys exchanges with her colleague Belle because they help reduce her work-related stress and anxiety. This communication meets which of the following needs? Social Physical Practical Identity

Physical

factors that affect interpretation

Relational satisfaction Expectations Personal experience Personality Assumptions about human behavior

____________ is the weight we attach to a particular person or phenomenon in interaction between people from different cultures. Salience Achievement culture Prejudice Assimilation

Salience

When Natalia attributed her failing a history exam to poorly written test questions, her judgment was affected by ____________. Halo Effect Self-Serving Bias Expectancy Violation Horns Effect

Self-serving bias

Which theoretical model describes relationships in terms of breadth and depth of self-disclosure? Social Penetration Model Johari Window Transactional Model Self Fulfilling Prophecy

Social Penetration Model

Low-context cultures tend to value and emphasize ____________. Relational Harmony Non-verbal Cues Silence Straight Talk (No BS)

Straight Talk (No BS)

nature of language

Symbolic Rule Governed Subjective- people attach different meanings to the same message. Worldview

Why is "a person who is deaf" a better description than "a deaf person"? The first description is more inspiring than the second. The first description treats the disability as one feature rather than the defining feature of a person. Neither description is arguably better; both statements convey the same meaning. The first description is more grammatical than the second.

The first description treats the disability as one feature rather than the defining feature of a person.

"Out-groups" are groups we perceive to be different from ourselves. True False

True

A friend is talking to you, but another friend is standing nearby yelling on the phone. You pay attention to the friend on the phone due to "selection." True False

True

Cognitive conservatism is the tendency to seek information that confirms an existing self-concept. True False

True

Communication is a process in which messages are generated to create meanings. True False

True

Culture is, to a great extent, a matter of perception and definition. True False

True

Ethnicity refers to the degree to which a person identifies with a particular group, usually on the basis of nationality, culture, or some other unifying perspective. True False

True

Ethnocentrism is the attitude that one's culture is superior to others. True False

True

High-context cultures rely more on nonverbal cues than do low-context cultures. True False

True

If you're in need of a self-concept change, the best prescription is to surround yourself with significant others who offer you accurate, affirming messages. True False

True

Just as every classroom has a unique climate, so does every relationship. True False

True

Narratives are the stories we use to describe our personal worlds. True False

True

Self-esteem has a powerful effect on communication behavior. True False

True

The concept of communication competence suggests there is no single "ideal" or "effective" way to communicate in every situation. True False

True

The degree to which members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous situations and try to stay away from them is known as ____________. Code-Switching Uncertainty avoidance Power Distance Assimilation

Uncertainty avoidance

lie

a deliberate attempt to hide or misrepresent the truth

linguistic relativity

a language both reflects and shapes the worldview of those who use it

reflected appraisal

a mirroring of the judgements of those around you

equivocation

a statement that is not literally false but that cleverly avoids an unpleasant truth

Johari Window

a visual representation of components of the self that are known or unknown to the self and to others

communication competence

ability to achieve goals in a manner both effective and appropriate

empathy

ability to recreate another's perspective, to view the world through his or her shoes -perspective taking -emotional contagion -genuine concern

richness

abundance of nonverbal cues that add clarity to a verbal message

hyperpersonal communication

accelerating the discussion of personal topics and relational development beyond what normally happens in face-to-face interaction

noise

anything that interferes with the transmission and reception of a message. external-outside of receiver making it difficult to hear including other distractions. physiological- biological factors ex: hearing loss, illness. psychological- cognitive factors, voice in head, being called girl and too angry to listen

Words

arbitrary symbols that have no meaning in themselves

interpretation

attaching meaning to what is attended to, selected, and organized

low power distance culture

believe in minimizing distinctions between various social classes, belief that one is just as valuable as another

benefits of self disclosure

catharsis, self-clarification, self-validation, reciprocity, impression formation, relationship maintenance and enhancement, moral obligation

Masspersonal Communication

characterizes interaction that crosses boundaries between mass and interpersonal contexts

perceptual schema

cognitive framework that allows us to categorized the info we select

race

construct originally created to explain differences between people by ancestry

Cultural influences on perception

culture influences every step in the perception process -plays a role in our ability to understand others

nurturing culture

cultures that regard the support of relationships as an especially important goal

ethnicity

degree to which a person identifies with a particular group, usually on the basis of nationality, culture, or other unifying perspective

punctuation

describe the determination of causes and effects in a series of interactions

Intersectionality

describe the interplay of social categories, including gender, race, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation and disability status

social media

describes all the communication channels that allow community-based input, interaction, content sharing, and collaboration.

supportive behaviors

description, problem orientation, spontaneity, empathy, equality, provisionalism

Selection

determining which data we will attend to

confirming communication

direct or indirect messages that covey value

practical needs of communication

essential in dealing with practical matters. ex: hairstylists, waitresses, doctors

we judge ourselves more charitably than we do others

evaluate others critically but ourselves more generously. -self-serving bias -they botch a job they weren't listening, I botch a job the directions were unclear

social comparison

evaluating ourselves in terms of how we compare with others -superior or inferior -different or similar

Defense provoking behaviors

evaluation, control, strategy, neutrality, superiority, certainty

stereotype

exaggerated beliefs associated with a categorizing system -categorizing others on the basis of easily recognizable but not necessarily significant characteristics -ascribing a set of characteristics to most or all members of a group -applying the generalization to a particular person

relational dimension

expresses how you feel about the other person

collectivistic culture

feel loyalties and obligations to an in-group: one's extended family, community, or even the organization one works for

effective communication

gets results you want

semantic rules

govern the meaning of language as opposed to structure ex: bikes are for riding, books are for reading

syntactic rules

govern the way symbols can be arranged

in-groups

groups of people with which a person identifies

self-disclosure

has self as subject, is intentional, is directed at another person, is honest, is revealing, contains info generally unavailable from other sources, gains much of it's intimate nature from the context it's expressed

We are influenced by our expectations

hear something positive, more likely to expect it to turn out positive and vice versa -can lead to disappointment or self-fulfilling prophecies

Salience

how much weight we attach to a particular person or phenomenon

phonological rules

how sounds are combined to form words

We cling to first impressions.

initial impressions often carry more weight than the ones that follow

Example of psychological noise: throwing up sleep loud music insecurity

insecurity

Second-order realities

involve our attaching meaning to first-order things or situations many communication problems arise when we mistake second-order realities for first-order ones

Degrees of cultural significance

least sig- cultural differences mean very little most sig- difference, backgrounds, beliefs are noteworthy

content dimension

literal information that is communicated by a message

Face-to-Face Impression Management

manner, appearance, setting

appropriate communication

meets demands of situation and expectations of others, enhances relationship in which it occurs

leanness

messages that carry less information due to a lack of nonverbal cues

hints

more direct than equivocal statements, seeks to get a desired response from the other person

high power distance culture

obey authority

self-fulfilling prophecy

occurs when a person's expectations of an event, and his or her subsequent behavior based on those expectations, make the outcome more likely to occur

asynchronous communication

occurs when there's a time gap between when a message is sent and when it's received

reference groups

others against whom we evaluate our own characteristics -might feel ordinary or inferior in terms of talents, friendships, or attractiveness if you compare yourself inappropriately

primacy effect

our tendency to pay more attention to and to better recall, things that happen at the beginning of a sequence

significant others

people whose evaluations are especially influential

appearance

personal items people use to shape an image

setting

physical items we use to influence how others view us

environments

physical location as well as personal experiences and cultural background that participants bring to a conversation

First-order realities

physically observable qualities of a thing or situation

influences on perception

physiological, psychological, social, and cultural

physical needs of communication

presence/ absence affects health. Ex: police officers, pow, divorced vs married couples

identity needs of communication

primary way we learn who we are. sense of identity comes from the ways we interact with other people. ex: feral children, wolf boy

social needs of communication

principal way relationships are created. how we interact with other people. ex: talk relationships into existence

self-monitoring

process of paying close attention to one's own behavior and using these observations to shape it

presenting self

public image, the way we want to appear to others

How self concept develops

reflected appraisal and social comparison

risks of self disclosure

rejection, negative impression, decrease in relational satisfaction, loss of influence, loss of control, hurt the other person

high-context culture

relies heavily on subtle, often nonverbal cues to maintain social harmony. pay close attention to nonverbal behaviors, history of relationships & social rules that govern interactions

feedback

response to a previous message, verbal or nonverbal

Organization

selecting information from our environment and arranging it in a meaningful way -physical -role-based -interaction-based -psychological

mediated communication

sending messages via technological channels

disconfirming communication

signals a lack of regard

gender

social and psychological dimensions of masculine and feminine behavior.

achievement culture

societies that place a high value on material success and a focus on the task at hand

divergence

speaking in a way that emphasizes difference from others

We make snap judgements

split-second decisions that effect how we may perceive someone -can result in stereotyping

characteristics of self-concept

subjective, flexible, resists change

pragmatic rules

tells us what uses and interpretations of a message are appropriate in a given context

cognitive conservatism

tendency to seek confirmation of an existing self-concept

confirmation bias

tendency to seek out and organize our impressions to support that opinion, true or not

Multimodality

the ability and willingness to use multiple channels of communication

cognitive complexity

the ability to understand a given situation in multiple ways

privacy management

the choices people make to reveal or conceal information about themselves

impression management

the communication strategies people use to influence how others view them

power distance

the degree to which a society accepts unequal distribution of power

transactional communication

the dynamic process in which communicators create meaning through interaction

uncertainty avoidance

the levels of discomfort or threat people feel in response to ambiguous situations and how much they try to avoid them

channel

the means by which a message is communicated

social identity

the part of the self-concept that is based on membership in groups

co-culture

the perception of membership in a group that is part of an encompassing culture. ex: age, race, lgbtq, nationality, etc.

perceived self

the person you believe yourself to be in moments of honest self-examination

negotiation

the process by which communicators influence each other's perceptions through communication ex: when someone says they think someone you think is attractive is ugly, your perception of the attractive person may change

convergence

the process of adapting one's speech style to match that of others with whom one wants to identify

intercultural communication

the process that occurs when members of two or more cultures or co-cultures exchange messages in a manner that is influenced by their different cultural perceptions and symbol systems, both verbal and nonverbal

self-concept

the relatively stable set of perceptions you hold of yourself

face

the socially approved identity that a communicator tries to present

narratives

the stories we use to describe our personal worlds -shared narratives provide best chance for smooth communication, but don't have to be accurate to be powerful

horns effect

the tendency to form an overall negative impression of a person on the basis of one negative characteristic and adversely affects the perceptions that follow

halo effect

the tendency to form an overall positive impression of a person on the basis of one positive characteristic -often based on attractiveness

fundamental attribution error

the tendency to give more weight to personal qualities than to the situation when making attributions

facework

the verbal and nonverbal ways in which we act to maintain our own presenting image an the image of others

out-groups

those we view as different

synchronous communication

two-way and occurs in real time

low-context culture

uses language primarily to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas as directly as possible

communication

using messages to generate meaning

individualistic culture

view primary responsibility as helping themselves

We assume others are like us

we commonly imagine that others possess the same attitudes and motives that we do

front

what we put on to maintain face when we are around others we want to impress

self-serving bias

when we perform poorly, we usually blame external force-- when we perform well, we credit ourselves rather than the situation

we are influenced by the obvious

which can be problematic when the most obvious factor is not necessarily the only cause - or most significant one - of an event.

manner

words and nonverbal actions