Intro to Digital Electronics

How is an XOR gate identified when the "new" symbol is used?

"= 1" in the upper center of the block

A 4-input AND gate has a LOW output. This means that at least ? input(s) is/are LOW.

1

The AND gate is a logic circuit that has two or more inputs and ? output(s).

1

The output of the XOR gate is HIGH when ___________ input(s) is/are HIGH.

1

The integrated circuit (IC) was developed in the early ? and led directly to the development of the first microprocessor.

1960s

The personal computer (PC) was introduced in the early ? .

1980's

An XOR gate never has more than _________ inputs

2

The maximum number of inputs to an XNOR gate is

2

Early disk operating systems (DOS) by Microsoft limited the main memory of a computer to ? kilobytes.

640

A "byte" is a combination of ? "bits."

8

How is the conventional symbol for the XNOR gate different from the XOR gate?

A bubble is used at the output on the conventional XOR symbol.

A graph showing continuous values over time is a(n) ? representation.

Analog

The two categories of the study of electronics are ____________?

Analog and digital

Hard and floppy disks are referred to as ? memory

Auxiliary

The ? of a computer is contained in Read Only Memory and cannot be modified by the operator.

BIOS

A(n) ? is a binary value of either 0 or 1.

Bit

in the 17th century the first adding machine was invented by

Blaise Pascal

is when the contacts make and break a few times after first closing.

Bouncing

? is used with the microprocessor to help compensate for the difference in operating speeds between the processor and the main memory access time.

Cache Memory

When the processor and the control units of a computer are combined into a single unit, the unit is known as the ? .

Central Processing Unit

Developed the idea of a mechanical digital computer in the 1830's

Charles Babbage

Term derived from humans using their fingers to count

Digit

A graph showing the values at discrete time intervals is a(n) ? representation

Digital

The ? was the first electronic digital computer; it was developed at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946

ENIAC

Why should information stored on the hard disk of a computer be backed up?

Eventually the hard disk will fail.

Give the equivalent term for (F') '.

F

__________ book, 'The Laws of Thought', was the first systematic treatment applying a mathematical method to logical thinking.

George Boole

The Boolean equation (WX = A) means the output A is dependent upon W AND X being __________.

HIGH

Who developed the first digital computer to use both electrical and mechanical devices?

Howard Aiken

The amplifier used for buffering in a NOR gate is called a(n) _________.

INVERTER

When AND logic is followed by a(n) __________ , the output is NAND logic.

INVERTER

An amplifier being used as a BUFFER amplifier has its output signal 180° out-of-phase with its input signal is called a(n) ___________ .

Inverter

Invented a loom that used digital techniques and punched cards to weave patterns in the cloth

Joseph Jacquard

The complement of Switch X is the_______ or open state of the switch.

LOW

Very large scale integration (VLSI) techniques make it possible for several ? transistors to be packaged in a single chip.

Million

A _____________ gate can be created by inverting the output of an AND gate, but inverting the inputs to an AND gate is not equivalent.

NAND

_________ gates are usually more feasible to manufacture than AND gates.

NAND

A bubble either on the input or the output of a logic gate indicates ___________ logic.

NOT

________ logic is any type of gate whose operational output is inverted.

NOT

An IC chip with four AND gates is called a(n) ? AND gate.

Quad

The system that allows data to be entered and allows the computer to communicate with the outside world (BIOS) is contained in ? .

ROM

means that all of the storage locations are equally accessible and sequential access is not required.

Random Access

______________devices are used to tell a circuit what to do and when to do it.

Sensing

When operations are grouped together, the group is treated as a __________.

Single Unit

The snap action of mechanical switches is obtained by ___________ the contacts.

Spring Loading

What is the purpose of the snap action in mechanical switches?

To ensure good contact when the switch operates

The acronym TTL stands for

Transistor-Transistor-Logic

One of the first commercially available computers was the ? , which was introduced in 1951.

UNIVAC I

The term __________ refers to the fact that the NAND gate can be easily changed into other logic functions such as the INVERTER, AND, OR, and NOR gates.

Universal Function

Who designed and built the first analog computer?

Vannevar Bush

? is a method of using auxiliary memory to increase the main memory.

Virtual Memory

The " ⊕ " on the OR symbol indicates that the gate is an

XOR

With AND logic, the output will be HIGH if _______ of the inputs are HIGH.

all

A circuit called a _________________ is used to remove the effect of bouncing.

bounceless switch

How can VCC(Max) be determined for an open collector output of an IC?

data sheet on the IC.

In electronic control circuits, the contacts must be ______________ before talking to the input of the control circuit.

debounced

The introduction of the TTL revolutionized the computer industry due to the ? of the chip.

low cost

With the introduction of TTL, design using mathematical techniques was replaced by the concept of _________________ .

redundancy

The ? was developed at Bell Laboratories in 1947 and was used as a replacement for the vacuum tube in the computer.

transistor

Early electronic computers used ? . These devices created heat and caused frequent circuit failures.

vacuum tubes