Introduction to the Internet and World Wide Web Ch.1
XHTML
uses the tags and attributes of HTML4 along with the more rigorous syntax of XML. XHTML was used on the Web for over a decade and you'll find many web pages coded with this markup language.
Section 508 of the Federal Rehabilitation Act
was amended in 1998 to require that U.S. government agencies give individuals with disabilities access to information technology that is comparable to the access available to others.
Internet Corporation for Assigned Numbers and Names (ICANN)
was created in 1998 and is a nonprofit organization. Its main function is to coordinate the assignment of Internet domain names, IP address numbers, protocol parameters, and protocol port numbers.
XML
was developed by the W3C as a flexible method to create common information formats and share the format and the information on the Web.
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
website has a complete list of TLDs
Netscape Navigator
which is an ancestor of today's Mozilla Firefox browser.
e-commerce
which is the buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet.
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
which is used by web browsers to request web pages and their associated files in order to display a web page
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
which was first developed in 1999.
IP version 6 (IPv6)
will be the next standard IP protocol and will provide a huge increase in the number of possible addresses and many technological advances. IPv6 was designed as an evolutionary set of improvements to the current IPv4 and is backwardly compatible with it.
Web can present barriers to individuals
with visual, auditory, physical, and neurological disabilities
IP address
A number assigned to any item that is connected to the Internet. These addresses consist of a set of four groups of numbers, called octets.
Universal design (Example #3)
A ramp is useful for a person in a wheelchair, a person dragging a rolling backpack or carry-on bag, and so on.
HOW RECENT IS THE INFORMATION?
Another item to look at is the date the web page was created or last updated. Although some information is timeless, very often a web page that has not been updated for several years is outdated and may not be the best source of information.
Growth of the Internet
As time went on, other networks, such as the National Science Foundation's NSFnet, were created and connected with the ARPAnet. Use of this interconnected network, or Internet, was originally limited to government, research, and educational purposes.
social computing, or social networking
Blogs and wikis provide web visitors with new methods for interacting with websites and other people—a use referred to as social computing, or social networking.
Convergence of Technologies
By the early 1990s, personal computers with easy-to-use graphical operating systems (such as Microsoft's Windows, IBM's OS/2, and Apple's Macintosh OS) were increasingly available and affordable. Online service providers such as CompuServe, AOL, and Prodigy offered low-cost connections to the Internet.
Computers used as servers
Computers used as servers are usually kept in a protected, secure area and are accessed only by network administrators.
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG)
Developed by the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) to provide a universal set of standards promoting accessibility.
IS THE ORGANIZATION CREDIBLE?
Does it have its own domain name, such as http://mywebsite.com, or is it a free website consisting of just a folder of files hosted on a free web hosting site (such as weebly.com, awardspace.com, or 000webhost.com)?
Universal design (Example #2)
Doors that open automatically for people with mobility challenges also benefit people carrying packages.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
How data is transferred through the servers.
ARE THERE LINKS TO ADDITIONAL RESOURCES?
Hyperlinks indicate websites with supporting or additional information that can be helpful to you in your research as you explore a topic. Look for these types of hyperlinks to aid your studies.
Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
IAB is a committee of the IETF and provides guidance and broad direction to the IETF.
Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
IAB is responsible for the publication of the Request for Comments (RFC) document series
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
IETF is the principal body engaged in the development of new Internet protocol standard specifications. It is an open international community of network designers, operators, vendors, and researchers concerned with the evolution of Internet architecture and the smooth operation of the Internet.
Reliability and Information on the Web
IS THE ORGANIZATION CREDIBLE?
The First Graphical Browser
In 1993, Mosaic, the first graphical web browser became available.
Who Runs the Internet?
Internet infrastructure standards are overseen by groups such as the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
Tim Berners-Lee
Invented the World Wide Web
Mosaic
Marc Andreessen and graduate students working at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign developed Mosaic
Request for Comments (RFC)
RFC is a formal document from the IETF that is drafted by a committee and subsequently reviewed by interested parties. RFCs are available for online review at http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html.
Common components of a network
Server computer(s) Client workstation computer(s) Shared devices such as printers Networking devices (routers, hubs, and switches) and the media that connect them
host
The "www" is the name of the web sever (sometimes called the host) at the google.com domain.
Birth of the Internet
The Internet began as a network to connect computers at research facilities and universities. Messages in this network would travel to their destination by multiple routes, or paths. This configuration allowed the network to function even if parts of it were broken or destroyed.
The Internet
The Internet, the interconnected network of computer networks that spans the globe, seems to be everywhere today. It has become part of our lives. You can't watch television or listen to the radio without being urged to visit a website. Even newspapers and magazines have a place on the Internet.
accessible website
The Web can present barriers to individuals with visual, auditory, physical, and neurological disabilities. An accessible website provides accommodations that help individuals overcome these barriers.
fully qualified domain name (FQDN)
The combination of a host/subdomain, second-level domain, and top-level domain name (such as www.google.com or mail.google.com)
Universal design (Example #1)
The cutouts on curbs that make it possible for people in wheelchairs to access the street also benefit a person pushing a stroller or riding a Segway Personal Transporter
Ethical Use of Information on the Web
The key is to request permission before using someone else's resources. Copying the website design of another person or company is also a form of stealing. Any text or graphic on a website is automatically copyrighted in the United States, regardless of whether a copyright symbol appears on the site or not. Insulting a person or company on your website or linking to the person's or company's website in a derogatory manner could be considered a form of defamation.
TCP
The purpose of TCP is to ensure the integrity of network communication. TCP starts by breaking files and messages into individual units called packets.
packets
These packets contain information such as the destination, source, sequence number, and checksum values used to verify the integrity of the data.
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
These working groups are organized into areas by topic, such as security and routing.
Section 508 of the Federal Rehabilitation Act
This law requires developers creating information technology (including web pages) for use by the federal government to provide for accessibility.
Birth of the Internet
This network was developed by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)—and the ARPAnet was born. Four computers (located at UCLA, Stanford Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah) were connected by the end of 1969.
microblogging
Twitter (http://www.twitter.com) is a social networking site for microblogging, or frequently communicating with a brief message (280 characters or less) called a tweet.
Here's how to distinguish between web clients and web servers:
Web Client 1.) Connected to the Internet when needed 2.) Usually runs web browser (client) software such as 3.) Microsoft Edge or Firefox 4.) Uses HTTP 5.) Requests web pages from a server 6.) Receives web pages and files from a server Web Server 1.) Continually connected to the Internet 2.) Runs web server software (such as Apache or Internet Information Server) 3.) Uses HTTP 4.) Receives a request for the web page 5.) Responds to the request and transmits the status code, web page, and associated files
Office Protocol (POP; currently POP3) OR Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)
When you receive e-mail, Post Office Protocol (POP; currently POP3)
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
When you send e-mail to others, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is used.
IS IT WIKIPEDIA?
Wikipedia (http://wikipedia.org) is a good place to begin research, but don't accept what you read there for fact, and avoid using Wikipedia as a resource for academic assignments.
W3C Recommendations
are created in working groups with input from many major corporations involved in building web technologies. These recommendations are not rules; they are guidelines.
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)
are rules that allow multimedia documents to be exchanged among many different computer systems.
Protocols
are rules that describe how clients and servers communicate with each other over a network.
clients
are the computer workstations used by individuals, such as a personal computer (PC) on a desk.
Domain Name System (DNS)
associates these IP addresses with the text-based URLs and domain names you type into a web browser address box.
"Client/server"
can also describe a relationship between two computer programs—the client and the server.
subdomain
can be configured to house a separate website located at the same domain.
media
connecting the clients, servers, peripherals, and networking devices may consist of copper cables, fiber optic cables, or wireless technologies.
network
consists of two or more computers connected for the purpose of communicating and sharing resources.
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
coordinated the functions of assignment of Internet domain names, IP address numbers, protocol parameters, and protocol port numbers.
client/server
dates from the 1980s and refers to personal computers joined by a network.
Tim Berners-Lee
envisioned a means of communication for scientists by which they could easily "hyperlink" to another research paper or article and immediately view it. Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web to fulfill this need.
The client
fulfills the request and transmits the results to the client over a network.
The server
fulfills the request and transmits the results to the client over a network.
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
has been adopted as the official communication protocol of the Internet.
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
http://wipo.int, is dedicated to protecting intellectual property rights internationally.
Illinois Information Technology Accessibility Act (IITAA) guidelines
http://www.dhs.state.il.us/IITAA/IITAAWebImplementationGuidelines.html) are an example of this trend.
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
identifies a resource on the Internet.
Top-level domain (TLD)
identifies the rightmost part of the domain name, starting with the final period. A TLD is either a generic top-level domain (gTLD), such as .com for commercial, or a country-code top-level domain, such as .fr for France.
Universal design
is a "strategy for making products, environments, operational systems, and services welcoming and usable to the most diverse range of people possible" (https://www.dol.gov/odep/topics/UniversalDesign.htm).
The Internet
is a group of interconnected networks with very high-speed connectivity provided by the Internet backbones.
backbone
is a high-capacity communication link that carries data gathered from smaller links that interconnect with it.
blog
is a journal that is available on the Web; it is a frequently updated page with a chronological list of ideas and links.
Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI)
is a major area of work by the W3C. Since the Web has become an integral part of daily life, there is a need for all individuals to be able to access it.
Creative Commons
is a nonprofit organization that provides free services that allow authors and artists to register a type of a copyright license called a Creative Commons license.
intranet
is a private network that is contained within an organization or business. Its purpose is to share organizational information and resources among coworkers. When an intranet connects to the outside Internet, usually a gateway or firewall protects the intranet from unauthorized access.
Extranet
is a private network that securely shares part of an organization's information or operations with external partners such as suppliers, vendors, and customers. Extranets can be used to exchange data, share information exclusively with business partners, and collaborate with other organizations.
backbone
is a set of paths that local or regional networks connect to for long-distance interconnection.
HTTP
is a set of rules for exchanging files such as text, images, audio, video, and other multimedia on the Web. Web browsers and web servers usually use this protocol.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
is a set of rules that allow files to be exchanged between computers on the Internet.
IP
is a set of rules that controls how data is sent between computers on the Internet. IP routes a packet to the correct destination address.
SGML
is a standard for specifying a markup language or tag set.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
is a type of URI which represents the network location of a resource such as a web page, a graphic file, or an MP3 file. The URL consists of the protocol, the domain name, and the hierarchical location of the file on the web server.
wiki
is a website that can be updated immediately at any time by visitors, using a simple form on a web page.
wide area network (WAN)
is geographically dispersed and usually uses some form of public or commercial communications network. For example, an organization with offices on both the East and West coasts of the United States probably uses a WAN to provide a link between the LANs at each of the offices.
HTML5
is the successor to HTML4 and replaces XHTML. HTML5 incorporates features of both HTML and XHTML, adds new elements, provides new features such as form edits and native video, and is intended to be backward compatible.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
is used simply to move files from one computer to another.
local area network (LAN)
is usually confined to a single building or group of connected buildings. (Example #1) Your school computer lab may use a LAN. (Example #2) If you work in an office, you probably use a computer connected to a LAN.
domain name
locates an organization or other entity on the Internet. The purpose of the Domain Name System (DNS) is to divide the Internet into logical groups and understandable names by identifying the exact address and type of the organization.
Who Runs the Internet?
no single person "in charge" of the global interconnected network of computer networks known as the Internet.
Evaluate the type of domain name:
nonprofit organization (.org) a business (.com or .biz) educational institution (.edu)
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
of 1990 is a federal civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities. The ADA requires that business, federal, and state services are accessible to individuals with disabilities.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
produces specifications called recommendations.
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
protocol that controls how Web pages are formatted and displayed
Federal IT Accessibility Initiative
provides accessibility requirement resources for information technology developers
server
receives requests from client computers for resources such as files.
World Wide Web Consortium
referred to as the W3C, takes a proactive role in developing recommendations and prototype technologies related to the Web. Topics that the W3C addresses include web architecture, standards for web design, and accessibility.
World Wide Web
the graphical user interface to information stored on computers running web servers connected to the Internet—had arrived!
Internet World Stats
the percentage of the global population that used the Internet was 0.4% in 1995, 5.8% in 2000, 15.7% in 2005, 28.8% in 2010, 45% in 2015, and 49.6% in 2017.
Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4)
uses 32-bit (binary digit) addressing This results in a decimal number in the format of xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx, where each xxx is a value from 0 to 255.
