Review Mid-Term

Descartes' famous first principle, cogito, ergo sum, means _______. human identity is defined by scientific proof the self must be an immaterial thing "I think, therefore I am" the mind is not a physical thing

"I think, therefore I am"

Sartre's "first principle of existentialism" is the idea that _______. "People are born with certain basic instincts that influence and determine how they behave." "Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself." "If we knew the person thoroughly, and knew all the inducements which are acting upon him, we could foretell his conduct with as much certainty as we can predict any physical event." "Man's life is a line that nature commands him to describe upon the surface of the earth, without his ever being able to swerve from it, even for an instant."

"Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself."

The word "philosophy" comes from two Greek roots that mean ________. "passion" and "commitment" "critical thinking" "dialectical certainty" "love" and "wisdom"

"love" and "wisdom"

Which of the following best explains the approach of phenomenology? All knowledge of ourselves and our world is based on exploring the phenomena of lived experience, the <i>lebenswelt</i> The soul is the embodiment of self The self and the body are separate entities Memory is less important than existence

All knowledge of ourselves and our world is based on exploring the phenomena of lived experience, the <i>lebenswelt</i>

Qualities of a critical thinker are: Skilled Discussion Curious All of the above open-minded Self-aware

All of the above

The "Agora" is: A place where crowds would meet. Political discussions and speeches occurred there. Socrates' true home. All of the above An open market place

All of the above

What are the core questions Descartes asked to help form his "method of doubt?" How is it possible to be certain of what I think I know? What are reasones for believing (or not believing) in a God? On what absis should I make an ethical decision? All of the answers How do I know that there is world that exists outside of my own experience?

All of the answers

What are the core questions Descartes asked to help form his "method of doubt?" How do I know that there is world that exists outside of my own experience? You Answered How is it possible to be certain of what I think I know? All of the answers On what absis should I make an ethical decision? What are reasones for believing (or not believing) in a God?

All of the answers

Who is a Determinist and holds that humans are "connected to universal nature" and subject to "necessary and immutable laws that she imposes on all the beings she contains." Freud Skinner Baron d'Holbach

Baron d'Holbach

Who argued that human freedom is "an evolved creation of human activity and beliefs and an objective phenomenon, distinct from other biological conditions and found in only one species, us?"

Dennett

A Syllogism is an argument form that consists of a premise and a conclusion.

False

A categorical syllogism is considered a type of inductive argument.

False

Aristotle accepted Plato's metaphysics.

False

Belief in compatibilism prevents people from participating in a revolution.

False

Compatibilism is the view that all events, not including human actions, are caused.

False

Descartes' "evil genius" conception claims that mathematical truths are sound.

False

Descartes, an empiricist, developed a "method of doubt" in which one could objectively evaluate all that one knew or believed to be true.

False

Determinists believe that human freedom is not inhibited by external and internal constraints.

False

Eliminative Materialism is the radical claim that our ordinary, commonsense understanding of the mind is extremely correct and that some or all of the mental states posited by commonsense actually do exist.

False

Ethics is the study of the ultimate characteristics of reality and existence.

False

External constraints are the limitations to our autonomy imposed by ourselves.

False

Genuine knowledge, according to Plato, is discovered or recollected by examining one's own experience.

False

Internal constraints are the limitations imposed by our environment and circumstances.

False

Kant was awakened by Descartes from "dogmatic slumber," and attempted to synthesize empiricism and rationalism.

False

Matter is the essence of things.

False

Psyche is Greek for the mind.

False

Reality and all things in reality do not contain entelechy.

False

Russell argued that there is absolutely no "value" in studying philosophy.

False

Socrates did not die with great dignity and a smile on his face.

False

Socrates wrote all his teachings and thoughts down

False

Thales argued that the earth is the primary substance.

False

The Buddhist concept of the self is called "anatta."

False

The goal of "dialetic speech" is not obtain a deep, clear understanding of the most significant areas of human experience.

False

The physicality of things is called form.

False

There is no difference between "having" a philosophy and "doing" philosophy.

False

There is no difference between certain cue words that signal premises or reasons and certain cue words that signal conclusions.

False

Through the study of philosophy, students are not able to enrich their understanding of the world and their lives.

False

To increase one's own personal freedom, one must not confront and analyze external and internal constraints.

False

Which aggregate or element is not one of the five that composes "anatta?" Consciousness Comceptualization Non-physical form Sensation

Non-physical form

What did William James believe provided the best evidence for free will? People are governed by psychological forces, many of them unconscious, that cause them to think, feel, and act in certain ways. People are shaped by their environment, conditioned by their experiences to be the kind of people they are. People live their lives with the assumption of personal freedom and responsibility/ People are born with certain basic instincts that influence and determine how they behave.

People live their lives with the assumption of personal freedom and responsibility/

Which is not considered the "ultimate goal" of philosophy? Prejudice Liberty of mind Freedom Morality

Prejudice

Which is not considered the "ultimate goal" of philosophy? Morality Prejudice Liberty of mind Freedom

Prejudice

Who coined the philosophical phrase, "We are condemned to be free?"

Sartre

Which is the following statements is not a belief in understanding the self? Something different from the body. Something that can be understood by using reason. Something is the same as the soul. Something that ceases to exist after the body dies.

Something that ceases to exist after the body dies.

Who argued that, "If human reactions are the result of internal motivations and not the product of external constraints, then they are considered 'free'?" Mill James Dennett Stace

Stace

On what basis did Clarence Darrow and Baron D'Holbach argue against freedom of the will? The will is constrained by social forces. People do not understand why they do the things they do. People do not always make the best decisions. The will is subject to natural forces just like everything else.

The will is subject to natural forces just like everything else.

Which of the following correctly characterizes Freud's beliefs about the self? There are two selves, one conscious and one unconscious. Our true self is unconscious and we have to make special efforts to know it. There is no self because the parts of the mind are knowable only separately. Our true self is conscious and has to be carefully separated from the unconscious.

There are two selves, one conscious and one unconscious.

"Causal Reasoning" - A form of an inductive argument in which one event is claimed to be the result(s) of an occurrence of another event.

True

"Existence precedes essence, " means humans create themselves through free choices and are responsible for who they are.

True

According to Plato, the soul consists of reason, physical appetite, and spirit or passion.

True

Belief in indeterminism allows people to choose their spiritual destiny.

True

Causal reasoning is considered a type of inductive argument.

True

Descartes believed the self was dualistic.

True

Determinism is the view that every event, including human actions are brought about by previous events.

True

Egoists and Pragmatists are characteristics of Sophists.

True

Empiricism is the epistemological view that sense experience is the primary source of all knowledge.

True

Given his method of doubt, Descartes concluded all sense experience can be doubted.

True

Kant argues that the self transcends the senses and unifies our experiences.

True

Libertarianism is the view that humans are able to make authentically free choices.

True

Libertarians believe, "We could have done otherwise."

True

Locke believed that the mind or the soul was a blank slate or "tabula rasa."

True

Materialism is the view that the universe is explainable in terms of the physical laws.

True

Philosophy allows one to confront the deeper questions of life.

True

Philosophy is the pursuit of wisdom.

True

Physicalism means - Everything is physical, that there is nothing over and above the physical world.

True

Plato is considered a rationalist.

True

Plato was Socrates' student, and Aristotle was Plato's student.

True

Psychic coercion is an internal constraint that compromises one's autonomy and limits one's personal freedom.

True

Pythagoras argued that the human soul was immortal and the fundamental principles of the universe are mathematical relations.

True

Rationalism is a view that reason is the primary source of all knowledge.

True

Rationalism is the epistemological view that reason is our primary source of knowledge.

True

Socrates' adage, "know thy self" is anything but simple and innocent.

True

The "self," according to Hume, is "a bundle or collection of different perceptions."

True

The charges against Socrates at his trial were, "corrupting the youth" and "not believing in the gods the state believed in."

True

Which philosopher listed below is not considered Pre-Socratic? Parmenides Anaximenes Xenophon Democritus

Xenophon

The term dialectical means _______. something that is always changing creating new ideas by combining old ones analyzing ideas in relation to their opposites controversial conversation

analyzing ideas in relation to their opposites

Of the following, which is/are a form of an inductive argument? causal reasoning empirical generalization and modus tollens modus tollens causal reasoning and empirical generalization empirical generalization

causal reasoning and empirical generalization

Philosophy can, most of all, help a person to think more _______. critically quickly easily narrowly

critically

Unsound arguments can be persuasive because they often appeal to our emotions and prejudices and/or support conclusions that we want to believe are accurate. These types of arguments are known as_______. false arguments fallacies inductive arguments causal reasoning

fallacies

The role of premises in an argument is to _______. clearly state what one believes take part in a dialogue give the rules for argumentation give reasons for a conclusion

give reasons for a conclusion

Scottish philosopher David Hume argued that the will is free only when it _______. does not act as a result of disordered impulses is impeded by natural desires determines the action that it causes is not constrained by external compulsion

is not constrained by external compulsion

Socrates thought that the soul is immortal because it _______. cannot be seen can affect things is the source of the will is unchangeable

is unchangeable

"Philosophy," literally defined, means: love of knowledge critical thinking love of rhetoric love of wisdom none of these

love of wisdom

Which branch of philosophy is defined as the study of the ultimate characteristics of reality or existence?

metaphysics

Which of the following is/are considered a deductive argument form(s)? disjunctive syllogism generalizations modus ponens and disjunctive syllogism causal reasoning

modus ponens and disjunctive syllogism

Of the following, which is not considered a fallacy of relevance? appeal to personal attack red herring appeal to authority none of these appeal to emotion

none of these

Of the following, which is not considered a quality of a critical thinker? open-minded none of these passionate mentally active self-aware

none of these

The ancient Greek idea of eudaemonia (happiness) is based on achieving _______. what one's parents expect a comfortable lifestyle greatness one's full potential

one's full potential

A deductive argument's purpose is to _______. indicate that a conclusion is likely state a conclusion as precisely as possible show that a conclusion is plausible prove that a conclusion is true

prove that a conclusion is true

Unlike the hard determinists, Jean-Paul Sartre assumed that human freedom is _______. impeded by external forces only partially correct an illusion real and total

real and total

Why is it important to identify one's assumptions? to enhance one's moral position to demonstrate that one's initial view is the most correct it is the standard way to formally communicate so that it is clear what principles one's reasoning is based on

so that it is clear what principles one's reasoning is based on

Hume's ideas about the self were based on _______. the nature of the mind the relation between the intellect and emotions the relation between the physical and mental the nature of conscious experience

the nature of conscious experience

The final step in the reasoning process is to Consider the Consequences, which means _______. determining whether a conclusion is true or false by putting it into practice understand what is likely to happen if the conclusion is adopted understanding who will be punished as a result of the conclusion understanding the reason one will be punished for accepting a false conclusion

understand what is likely to happen if the conclusion is adopted