Irene Gold part 2 everything but general dx
What am I? • Proportional number of cases occurring during a brief period affecting a specific population that was exposed to an infectious agent
Attack rate
What am I? • Beam of radiation loses energy as it passes thru matter
Attenuation
What ortho am I? • Pt is asked to go from a side lying position to a seated position • (+) Localized thoracolumbar pain &/or lack of ROM • Indicates: AS, IVD syndrome or severe strain/sprain
Amoss Sign
What am I? • Film : 7x17 (i think ours are 17 by 14? Idk) • FFD: 40
AP thoracic x ray
What am I? • Heart rate (pulse) • respiratory rate, color (appearance) • muscle tone (grimace) • reflex activity.
APGAR score
What am I? • Film: 8x10 • FFD: 40 (we learn 37 SID) • Tube tilt 15 cephalic
APLC
What am I? • Dens and atlas (best for Jefferson burst fracture • Film: 8x10 • FFD: 40
APOM
What am I? • Stimulant used to treat narcolepsy and ADHD
Amphetamine
What am I? • Decreases kidney function causes lung problems, muscle weakness, anemia and CNS problems
Aluminum toxicity
When patients can't smell peanut butter, what is this indicative of?
Alzheimer's
What am I? • Most common type of dementia among older people, in which thought, memory,and language are impaired
Alzheimer's disease
What am I? • abnormal cessation of menses. (Absent pre-menarche and post menopause)
Amenorrhea
What is the main symptom of Alzheimer's disease?
Amnesia
What am I? • Done for the health of the fetus, chromosomes, lung maturity
Amniocentesis
What phase of the gait cycle am I?• Quadriceps concentrically contract to help the plantar- flexors push body ahead by elongating lower limb
Toe off
What am I? • Dr. Rotates head of a supine baby and the ipsilateral arm and leg extended while the contralateral Arm and leg flex.
Tonic neck reflex
What am I? • Checks for glaucoma (increased intraocular pressure)
Tonometer
What am I? • Body of law which allows an injured person to obtain compensation from the person who caused the injury
Tort
What type of fracture am I? • incomplete fracture, one side of the cortex is affected
Torus/Buckling Fracture
How do you perform corneal reflex?
Touch cornea with cotton wisp, both eyes blink or tear normally
Which of the following is not part of the water purification process?
Toxic Material Pre-screening
What is the most common fatality in the agricultural workplace?
Tractor roll over
What am I? • Predispose elderly to falls
Tranquilizers
What am I? • One form of energy to another
Transducer
What am I? • Redirecting ones feelings (aggression or affection)from one person to another
Transference
What am I? • Steps up or steps down the powe
Transformer
What am I? • SacralizationL L5 TPs may fuse or form joints with the sacrum • Lumbarization: 6 lumbars (1st sacral segment appears like a lumbar segment)
Transitional Vertebrae
Which of theses is the leading source of air pollutants?
Transportation industry
What am I? • It Holds dens in fovea dentis of atlas • IThe indent on post side of ant. Tubercle
Transverse ligament
What am I? • a person who adopts the dress of the opposite sex • cross-dressing
Transvestite
What causes problems with the Common Peroneal N?
Trauma
What hip ortho am I? • Pt stands & raises 1 foot then the other while Dr observes the butt • (+) Butt on foot that is elevated drops • Indicates: Hip abductor weakness on stance leg side
Trendelenburg test
Diagnose Me: • Organism is a parasite that causes greenish yellow, frothy foul smelling discharge
Trichomonas
What am I? • Anti-depressants • serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
Tricyclics
What nerve/root is the Jaw Jerk reflex?
Trigeminal CN V
What characteristics of pain can be felt in myofascial?
Trigger points
CN IV
Trochlear
What am I? • Relate to growth and nutrition
Trophic
What lumbar ortho am I? • While patient is in supine position, Dr. Dorsiflexes big toe • (+) Pain in affected leg • Indicates: Sciatica
Turyn's sign
What is the scapular motion?
• Abduction occurs at the glenohumeral joint & scapulothoracic articulation in a 2:1 ratio
What is motor for Ulnar n?
• Abduction of 5th digit • Adduction of thumb
During the gait cycle, the foot strike activates what muscles?
• Abductors contract to hold the body up • Plantar flexors to push body forward
What is the Action, insertion, & nerve for Supraspinatus?
• Action: Abduction • Insertion: Greater tubercle • Nerve: Suprascapular n.
What is the action, insertion & nerve for Teres minor?
• Action: External rotation • Insertion: Greater tubercle • Nerve: Axillary n.
What is the action, insertion & nerve for Infraspinatus?
• Action: External rotation • Insertion: Greater tubercle • Nerve: Suprascapular n.
What is the action, insertion & nerve for Subscapularis?
• Action: Internal rotation • Insertion: Lesser tubercle • Nerve: Subscapular n.
What is the Order of compression in the IVF?
• Adipose tissue • Veins • Arteries • Nerve
What is treatment for Tarsal tunnel syndrome?
• Adjust • Orthotic support to keep foot in slight inversion
What is treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome?
• Adjustments • Cock up splint • Natural diuretic Vit B6
How deep do you compress in CPR for an adult, child and infant?
• Adult and child: 2 • Infant 1.5
Where is semsory for L1-L3?
• L1 - Inguinal lig • L2 - Oblique below L1 • L3 - Oblique across knee
What does a Cathode consists of?
• Large filament • a small filament • focusing cup
What will be found in labs for Muscular Dystrophy?
• Large increase in CPK • Decreased creatinine
Where is the C6 dermatome?
• Lateral forearm • Digits 1 & 2
Other ways to list a R lateral flexion restriction?
• Left lateral flexion restriction • National (VB)- Right inferior • Medicare- R lateral flexion malposition
Other ways to list right rotation and R lateral flexion fixation?
• Left rotation and left lateral flexion fixation • National (VB)- Right posterior inferior • Medicare- right rotation and r lateral flexion malposition
Ways to list a right rotation and left lateral flexion fixation?
• Left rotation and right lateral flexion fixation • National (VB)- right posterior superior • Medicare- right rotation and left lateral flexion malposition
What are ways to list a right rotation fixation?
• Left rotation restriction • National (VB)- Right posterior • Medicare- right rotation malposition
Where does the heart refer pain?
• Left shoulder • Medial left arm
What are the 2 names of medial epicondylitis?
• Little leaguer's elbow • Golfers elbow
The corticospinal tract (pyramidal) controls what?
• Voluntary motor • Flexors of the hands & feet
What are symptoms for Muscular dystrophy?
• Waddle gait • Toe walking • Hyperlordosis (pot belly stance) • Pseudohypertrophy of the calves • Gower's sign
What are typical features of Charcot Marie Tooth Disease?
• Weakness of the foot & lower leg • Foot drop • High steppage gait • Frequent tripping & falls • Lower leg atrophy (peroneal muscles)
What tests are for cochlear issues?
• Weber • Rinne • Whisper • Auditory Acuity/Watch
How can you test for cubital tunnel entrapment?
• Wringing a towel • Froment's paper sign: (+) unable to keep paper; indicative of upper n. palsy
What muscles are associated with Median nerve?
• Wrist & thumb flexors • Thumb abductors • Thenar
What disorders are associated with Radial nerve?
• Wrist drop • Crutch palsy • Erb's palsy
What am I? • Mask of pregnancy, brown hyperpigmentation of the face
Chloasma aka melasma
What am I? • Used in the short term treatment of insomnia
Chloracne hydrate
Excessive chlorination is most likely to cause calcium by what agens
Chloramines
____ is responsible for degrading the ozone layer.
Chlorofluorocarbons
What am I? • 21 ligaments connecting pia to dura along the spinal cord • Dural torque theory
Dentate ligaments
What am I? • Seen in nerve root compression • Pain pattern follows course of a dermatome • Sharp or burning pain • Radical are pain
Dermatogenous pain pattern
In which location in the world is the incidence of new smokers the highest?
Developing countries
What is a strabismus?
Deviation of one or both eyes
Most common endocrine malfunction of the elderly?
Diabetes mellitus
What am I? • Abnormal passage between two organs or an organ and the exterior of the body
Fistula
WHich processing factor am I? • Hardens the image, making it permanent on the film
Fixer
Where does the kidney refer pain?
Flank
What disorders are associated with Dorsal scapular n?
Flaring of scapula
What will Dorsal Scapular n. problems present with?
Flaring of the scapula
What is motor for Sciatic n?
Flexion of knee
What motion causes pain in medial epicondylitis?
Flexion of wrist at medial portion of elbow
What muscle is affected in medial epicondylitis?
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Aggregation of colloid particles occurs during the ____ phase of water purification
Flocculation
What am I? • A form of desensitization for the treatment of phobias and related disorders in which the pt is repeatedly exposed to emotionally distressing stimuli of high intensity
Flooding
Which of the following ingredients in publicity treated water is most likely to cause cancer?
Fluoride
What am I? • The length of space from the focal spot (tube) to the recording medium (film) • As you increase SID, the image gets smaller and clearer. • This decreases magnification and distortion. • As you decrease SID/FFD the image gets bigger and blurrier • The inverse square law explains how the intensity of the X-ray beam is affected by changes in FFD
Focal film distance;source image distance (FFD/SID)
What disorder is associated with L4?
Foot Drop
What disorder is associated with L5?
Foot Drop
What does Steppage gait look like?
Foot drop
What phase of the gait cycle am I?•Abductors contract to hold body up • as center of mass moves forward the plantar flexors (triceps surae: gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantars) contract to push body ahead
Foot strike
What cervical spine test am I? • Seated, patient actively rotates head from side to side, doctor exerts downward pressure from the neutral position • (+) Radicular pain/localized pain • Indicates: Nerve root compression/facet syndrome
Foraminal compression test
What ortho am I? • While standing the patient performs side bending to both sides. • (+) Muscle tightening on concave side • Indicates: Ankylosing Spondylitis
Forestier's Bowstring Sign
What cervical spine test am I? • Seated, the doctor lateral flexes the patients head to the right & applies downward pressure, repeat on other wise • (+) Radicular pain/localized pain • Indicates: Nerve root compression/facet syndrome
Jackson's Compression test
What am I? • A chronically fixated segment may lead to ligament shortening. • Palpated as an abrupt hard block with no end play with a normal ROM (chronic whiplash)
Ligamentous fixation (gillet)
Dupuytren's Contracture causes what deformity?
Last 2 fingers to curl into the palm - Later Middle finger might be involved
What 2 movements happen at the same time?
Lateral Flexion and rotation
What am I? • Film: 8x10 • FFD: 40 • Central ray 2 inches inferior to iliac crest and 1 inch posterior to mid axillary line
Lateral L5/S1 spot (Ferguson's Projection) aka sacral base tilt
What am I? • Lateral recumbent with lateral aspect of ankle of interest closest to table, ankle in 90 degrees dorsiflexion
Lateral ankle
Where is sensory for Axillary nerve?
Lateral arm
Where is the sensory for C5?
Lateral arm
Where is sensory for S1?
Lateral aspect of foot & plantar aspect of foot
Where is sensory is associated with L5?
Lateral aspect of leg across dorsum of foot to big toe
What is a DDx for ALS?
Lateral canal stenosis
What am I? • Film: 14x17 • FFD 72 • Breath in and. Hold
Lateral chest
What am I? • 8x10 • FFD 40
Lateral coccyx
What am I? • FFD: 40 • Seated at end of table with elbow flexed to 90 with shoulder, elbow and wrist against table thumb pointing up
Lateral elbow
Where is sensory for Musculocutaneous n?
Lateral forearm
What am I? • FFD: 40 • Metacarpals stacked, ulnar aspect against cassette while fingers are spread maximally
Lateral hand
What am I? • 8x10 • FFD: 40 (39) • Tilt: 5 degrees cephalic • Lateral recumbent position with knee of interest closest to table and flexed 30-45 degrees while the opposite leg is out of the way
Lateral knee
What is TFL syndrome?
Lateral knee pain caused from shortened TFL
What am I? • IVFs • Film: 14x17 • FFD: 40 • Central ray: top of iliac crest at mid axillary line
Lateral lumbar
What am I? • 8x10 • FFD: 40 • Lateral recumbent • Central ray: level of ASIS; 3inches posterior to mid axillary line
Lateral sacrum
Where is sensory for Lateral Femoral cutaneous n?
Lateral thigh
What am I? • Film size: 14x17 • FFD: 40 • Filter (for some reason if feel like its number 2), lower half of thoracic spine
Lateral thoracic x ray
What am I? • FFD: 40 • Wrist in 0 degree flexion and metacarpals tacked on top of each other
Lateral wrist
Exposure to which of these substances is the most prevalent source of environmental disease among children in the US
Lead
What am I? • Blue gums, produces basophils stippling of the RBC's; seen a month those who work in battery factories, with lead paint in soil and water; affects the central nervous system; • causes insomnia, delirium, tremors, cognitive deficits, convulsions and iron deficiency anemia
Lead poisoning
What am I? • AVN of femoral head • MC found in boys 4-9 +/- •RADIOGRAPHIC SIGNS: - fragmentation of the femoral head (cresent sign) - flattening of the femoral head -↑ white density of the femoral head (snow capped appearance) - ↑ joint space • Healed LCP: mushroom capped appearance • Refer to orthopedist for an "A" brace
Legg Calves Perthe's
What is the name of this Avascular Necrosis (aka Osteonecrosis/Osteochondrosis) at this location? • femoral epiphysis
Legg Calves Perthes
What is a LMNL?
Lesion of the anterior horn cells out to the myoneural junction
What is an UMNL?
Lesion of the brain & Spinal cord not including anterior horn cells
What am I? • MC cancer in children and in Down's syndrome
Leukemia
What am I? • Precancerous lesion seen on mucus membranes and associated with tobacco use
Leukoplakia
What eye muscle goes inferior oblique, superior, medial, and inferior rectus?
Levator Palpebrae
What muscles are associated with S2-S4?
Levator ani/coccygeus
What ortho am I? • Pt supine • Dr supports the legs on the table, Pt is then asked to sit up w/o using hands • (+) Unable to perform • Indicates: Ankylosing Spondylitis
Lewin Supine Test
What SI Joint ortho am I? • Pt lies on unaffected side & pulls lower knee to chest • Dr Stands behind Pt stabilizes pelvis & hyperextends the top thigh • (+) SI Pain • Indicates: SI Lesion
Lewin-Gaenslen's Test
What test will be positive in someone with MS?
Lhermitte's
What am I? • False statement submitted in writing that harms another
Libel
What ortho am I? • Dr applies finger pressure over mastoid process. • Pressure increased until pt expresses discomfort • Used to determine pain threshold of pt.
Libman's Test
These orthos test for what? • Burn's Bench Test • Hoover's Sign • Lasegue's sitting • Magnusson's • Mannkopf Sign
Malingering
What is Huntington's Chorea?
Neurodegenerative genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination • cognitive decline • Dementia
What happens during stance phase?
One is supporting themselves - Heel-strike, foot strike, toe off
The finger locks in a flexed position when?
One of the tendons becomes inflamed & swollen
What is happening during the swing phase of the gait cycle?
One's leg is swinging - early & late swing
What am i? • Perform typically where the hand or foot is free to move. These exercises typically non-weight bearing, with movement occurring at the elbow or knee joint If there is a weight applied it is to the distal portion of the limb. Ex. Bench press, biceps curl, leg extension
Open chain exercises
What is a CCW torque?
Open wedge on the left
What is a CW torque?
Open wedge on the right
What am I? • A satisfying reinforcement strengthens the behavior Unsatisfying consequences weaken behavior and make it less likely to be repeated.
Operating conditioning
In Diversified seated where is the Dr standing?
Opposite side of contact
CN II
Optic
What am I? • Inflammatory pruritic disease characterized by papules with shiny, fine inconspicuous SCALES and whitish lines or puncta
Lichen planus
What am I? • Rough and thick skin due to constant scratching of a pruritic, chronic dermatitis
Lichenification
What is Brown Sequard?
Partial Transection (Hemisection) of the spinal cord caused by an injury
What am I? • Taking aggressive actions in an indirect manner, argumentative
Passive aggressive
These orthos are used to test for what? • Apprehension Test (Patella) • Clarke's Sign (AKA Patellar Grinding Test)
Patella
What is Chondromalacia patella?
Patella is being pulled laterally by the vastus lateralis muscle
What Line of Mensuration am I? •Landmarks: A line is drawn between the superior and inferior patellar pole. A line is drawn between the interior patellar pole and the tibial tubercle • Significance: Patellar length and patellar tendon length should be approximately equal. If the tendon length is 20% greater than the patellar length, this indicated patella alta
Patellar Position
What is Jumper's Knee?
Patellar tendonitis
What type of spondylolisthesis is this? • pathology on that segment
Pathological
These causes what kind of fracture? • SBC • ABC • Giant cell tumor •** fibrous dysplasia • Chondroblastoma • Olliers • Hemangioma
Pathological fractures
What is Housemaid's knee?
Prepatellar bursitis after repetitive pressure on the knee
What am I? • Inability to hear high frequencies
Presbycusis
What am I? • Loss of elasticity of the lens or hardening of the lens (cannot focus on close objects)
Presbyopia
Is clonus present in a UMNL?
Present
Would a pathological reflex be present in an UMNL?
Present
What am I? • The proportion of a population having a particular condition or outcome at a given moment
Prevalence
What am I? • Total number of cases in a given area or population in a given period of time
Prevalence
What Line of Mensuration am I? • Landmarks: Anterior vertebral bodies to posterior margin of air shadow of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea • Significance: The following is indicative of a soft tissue mass (tumor, infection, or hematoma) - Retropharyngeal (C2-4): >7mm - Retropharyngeal (C5): >14mm - Retrotracheal (C6-7): >22mm
Prevertebral Soft Tissue
What am I? • Potentially painful medical condition in which the erect penis • from improper circumcision
Priapism
What am I? • Miliaria from sweat glands
Prickly heat
What am I? • Herniation of the rectum into the vagina • "collapsed pouch" along the posterior vaginal wall
Rectocele
What muscles are associated with T5-T12?
Rectus abdominus
Which of the following organizations is considered to be a quasi-governmental agency?
Red-Cross
Which of the following is not part of healthy people 2020?
Reduce pregnancy
What am I? • A response to stress in which and individual reverts to a less developmentally mature stage
Regression
What is The most important function of autonomic nervous system?
Regulate blood flow
What am I? • males 20-30 +/- • urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis, caused by chlamydia • calcaneal spur, fluffy periostitis, non-marginal syndesmophytes in the spine • Labs: +HLA B27, CBC, ESE, xray: non marginal syndesmphytes • affects bone •reacts to past STD infection ** CANT SEE, CANT PEE, CANT DANCE WITH ME
Reiter's aka Reactive Arthritis
What am I? • The unconscious exclusion of painful impulses, desires or fears from the conscious mind
Repression
What am I? • A study that reviews events that already occured
Retrospective study
What shoulder ortho am I? • Pt seated w/arm close to body, pt makes fist & flexes wrist w/supination. • Dr resists flexion of wrist while supporting at elbow • (+) Pain in medial elbow • Indicates: Medial Epicondylitis **FLEXION
Reverse Cozen's test
What am I? • Symmetrical distribution, bilateral uniform loss of joint space, rat bite erosions, pannus formations, localized periarticular osteoporosis, DIP's spared, atlantoaxial instability •Haygarth's (MCP) nodes, swan neck and boutonniere deformity, ulnar or fibular deviation (Lanois deformity) • Baker's cyst (benign swelling of the semimembranosus bursa) • Labs: +RA latex, +FANA, +ESR, +CRP, normocytic normochromic anemia, Sero+ • When presenting with dry eyes and mouth = Sjogren's
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Dorsal scapular n. problems will affect what muscles?
Rhomboid muscles
How is Myasthenia Gravis diagnosed?
Tensilon test
What level of primary care and prevention am I? • Hospital setting based but is rendered in specially designated areas of general hospitals or at specialty hospitals or major medical centers • uses more advanced techniques, technology, euitment, personnel, staff • includes complicated surgical operations • qualitatively and quantitatively more specialized, intensive and expensive than primary and secondary care
Tertiary Care
What am I? • Has the effect of making the actual focal spot size appear smaller when view from the position on the film • The smaller the target angle, the smaller the effective spot. • Stream of electrons narrows down to an effective beam
The line focus principle
What am I? • Used in the treatment of anaphylactic shock
Epinephrine
What is the AKA for muscular dystrophy?
Erb Duchenne
What disorder is associated with the C5 nerve root?
Erb's Palsy
What disorder is associated with the C6 dermatome?
Erb's Palsy
What do you do when you have a Chemical exposure in eye?
Irrigate with clean water for at least 20 minutes
Where is the lesion for a Steppage gait?
L4/paresis of tibialis anterior
What am I? • L5/Si disc space • Film:8x10 • FFD: 40 (35 SID according to tube tilt rule) • Tilt: 25 cephalic •Supine • Central ray: level of ASIS • Don't breath or move
L5/Si spot (ferguson's Projection aka sacral base tilt
What am I? • Most responsible for ovulation
LH
All CN are what?
LMN regardless of location
What knee ortho am I? • Pt supine, knee flexed to 30°, • Dr stabilizes femur w/one hand & pulls tibia forward w/other hand • (+) Soft end feel • Indicates: ACL Instability
Lachman's Test
What hip ortho am I? • Pt supine, Dr flexes, abducts, & laterally rotates hip. • Dr then applies pressure over opposite ASIS w/one hand & with other had presses down on the knee • (+) Pain in hip • Indicates: Hip joint lesion
Laguerre's test
What am I? • Fuzzy hair on baby skin
Lanugo
When do kids crawl?
9 months
Hand movement chart: (1)
(1)
Neurological Evaluation (1)
(1)
REFLEX CHART (1)
(1)
Hand movement chart: (2)
(2)
Neurological Evaluation (2)
(2)
SUPERFICIAL REFLEX CHART (2) withdrawal reflex to noxious stimuli
(2)
What am I? • Heavy myelinated • Fastest • Largest and most sensitive • IA- muscle spindles;Type of nerve fiber: muscle spindle detects stretch/velocity • 1A motor (contraction of muscle)
A alpha peripheral nerve fibers
What am I? • Research that addresses issues directly related to patient care
Clinical research
What am I? • A prospective longitudinal experiment designed to assess the comparative efficacy or effectiveness of a treatment, often labeled a randomized clinical trial if random assignment of subject is made to each of the comparison treatment groups
Clinical trial
What am i? • Performed where the hand or foot is fixed and cannot move. The hand/foot remains in constant contact with the surface, usually the ground or the age of a machine. these exercises are typically weight bearing where an exercises uses their own body weight and/or external weight. Ex: push ups, pull ups, lunges
Closed chain exercises
What am I? • Result of trauma with a faster bleeding rate. Causes increase in intracranial pressure
Epidural Hematoma
What Line of Mensuration am I? • Landmarks: Locate superior an inferior extremes of scoliosis •Draw a parallel line through the superior end plate of extreme superior vertebra and through inferior end plate of extreme inferior vertebrae. Interesting perpendicular lines are drawn and the angle is measured • Significance: Scoliosis evaluation (Preferred method)
Cobb's Method of Scoliosis
What am I? • Classification as a narcotic: lidocaine is used as a local anesthetic
Cocaine
Which shoulder ortho am I? • The examiner passively abducts arm to above 90 then suddenly removes support. • This makes the deltoid suddenly contract causing increased pain. • (+) Inability to maintain arm position • Indicates: Supraspinatus tear
Codman's Drop arm test
What is treatment for a rotator cuff tear?
Codman's Exercises
What am I? • Defined group of people observed over a period of time
Cohort
What am I? • Used to treat acute symptomatic gout
Colchicine
These knee orthos are testing for what issue? • ABDuction Stress Test (AKA Valgus stress test) • ADDuction Stress Test (Varus Stress Test) • Apley's Distraction
Collateral Ligaments
What type of fracture am I? • fx of distal radius with posterior placement of the distal fragment
Colles'
The best way to prevent scatter radiation from reaching the patient?
Collimation
What is Posterolateral sclerosis? aka?
Combined systems disease - Degeneration of the posterior columns & the corticospinal tracts
What am I? • an accumulation of sebum within a pore. Whitehead; closed (comedo). Blackhead; open.
Comedone
What am I? • Reducer/developer- produces shades of gray and black — phenidone/hydroquinone • Accelerator/activated—swelling of emulation— NA+ carbonate • Preservative- controls oxidation— NA+ sulfite or k sulfite • Restrained- protects unexposed crystals— potassium bromide/iodine • Hardener— controls swelling of emulsion—- glutaraldehyde
Components of the developer and their function and chemical composition
Which of the following is the primary form of scatter radiation?
Compton
What am I? • Primary form of scatter • Moderate energy x ray knocks out an outer shell electron, which causes a loss of energy
Compton scatter
What am I? • Descriptive of thoughts or behavior that are automatic responses to anxiety or stress. A common ex. Is compulsive hand washing caused by an obsession with cleanliness or a phobia of being unclean.
Compulsive
What thoracic outlet syndrome (aka neurovascular compression syndrome) spine test am I? • If Adson's test (-) patient rotates head to opposite side, extends head & takes a deep breath. • (+) Alteration of radial pulse • Indicates: Subclavian artery, scalenus medius syndrome
Modified Adson's test
Diagnose Me: • Virus • Occur in children and is sexually transmitted on in adults • Characterized by a dome shaped flesh colored or gray umbilicated papule that become pearly white with a caseous core. • Seen in mucosa of mouth and eyelids
Molluscum Contagiosum
What am I? • Bluish, ill defined areas of the skin in the buttock/scrotal region
Mongolian spots,
Diagnose Me: • AKA Candidiasis Fungus/yeast • White cottage cheese like discharge seen in the mouth (thrush) or the vagina • Associated with diabetes and antibiotic usage
Moniliasis
What type of fracture am I? • fx ulna with radial head displacement
Monteggia
What am I? • A diseased condition or state • sickness • the incidence of disease within a population
Morbidity
What am I? • Arms and legs flare out to the side in response to loud sound and are then bought back. Into the body • sensory integrations
Moro aka startle reflex
What am I? • Death • Cessation of life
Mortality
What test can be done for a Morton's Neuroma?
Morton's Squeeze test
What am I? • Iron deficient anemia
Most common anemia in geriatrics
What am I? • Aspirin • Causes bleeding and inhibits prostaglandins, and associated with deafness and Reye's syndrome
Salicylate
What type of fracture am I? • fx through any open growth plate
Salter Harris
What side should a doctor contact when a pt is prone/supine?
Same side
Who am I? • Named chiropractic
Samuel weed
What am I? • Aka recurrent meningeal nerve • Recurrent branches of the primary dorsal rami of the spinal nerves that innervate the fascia, ligaments,periosteum, intervertebral joints and intervertebral disc of the vertebrae's. • Goes to PLL, ligamentum flavum, anterior dura but NOT to the ALL
Sinu-vertebral nerve
What am I? • Neuron cell body
Soma
What am I? • More than one delivery of viable infant
Multiparous
Exposure to excess heat is most detriment to a patient who has___
Multiple Sclerosis
What am I? • Virus • Mild disease in children and adults located in the parotid gland that can produce orchitis
Mumps
What am I? • A receptor that is sensitive to length (stretch) of intrafusal fibers
Muscle spindle
What does the Rubrospinal tract affect?
Muscle tone & synergy to the voluntary extensor muscles
CN VII gives motor to what?
Muscles of facial expression
What nerve/root is biceps reflex?
Musculocutaneous C5
These lumbar orthos are done with the patient in what position? • Belt test aka Supported Adam's test • Kemp's test • Neri's Bowing
Standing or seated
Which part of the component model of vertebral subluxation complex (Faye) is this? •May include spasm or hypertonicity of muscles as a result of compensation, facilitation. •Hilton's law (a nerve supplying a joint also supplies the muscles which move the joint and the skin covering the articular insertion of those muscles) or any combination • Acute conditions: spasm • Chronic conditions: atrophy
Myopathology (muscles)
What SI Joint ortho am I? • Pt Prone • Dr Stabilizes SI joint testing w/other hand. • Dr. Flexes leg of affected side & hyperextends the thigh by lifting knee off table • (+) SI pain • Indicates: SI lesion or if pain in ant thigh: femoral nerve stretch
Nachlas Test
What is Scleratogenous pain?
Pain that arises from structures derived from embryological sclerotomes (Joint pain)
What is Myogenous pain?
Pain that originates within a muscle
Which government agency is responsible for service to low income people?
State
What am I? • Patella and patellofemoral joints pace • Prone with knee flexed maximally
Tangential (sunrise) patella
What disorder is associated with Medial Plantar n?
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
Where is this type of this Avascular Necrosis (aka Osteonecrosis/Osteochondrosis) located? • Kohler
Tarsal navicular
What can a problem with the tibial n. cause?
Tarsal tunnel syndrome
___ and ___is the cause of acid rain
Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide
How do treat trigger finger?
To straighten the finger a person must force the swollen area into the sheath producing a popping or snapping
CN XII gives motor to what muscles?
Tongue muscles
What is a Morton's Neuroma?
Tumor on the nerve most commonly found between 3-4th metatarsal heads
The Corticospinal tract can be affected by what type of lesion?
UMNL
What causes a spastic gait?
UMNL
What type of lesion can affect the Ventral Corticospinal tract?
UMNL
What causes Meniere's Disease?
Unknown but possibly abnormality in fluids of the inner ear
What am I? Hypertonic (tight)/ facilitated muscles: • Levator scapulae • Pectoralis major • Upper traps • SCM • Scalene • Suboccipitals
Upper cross syndrome
What type of gait is seen in Muscular dystrophy?
Waddling gait
WHich of the following professions is least to be exposed to lead poisoning during their lifetime?
Water treatment workers
What is Trendelenburg test?
Weak glut med causing lurching & drastic pelvic tilting on affected side
Cubital tunnel entrapment will present with what?
Weak wrist flexion on the ulnar side
What causes a circumduction/Hemiplegic gait?
What does it look like? Stroke • Swinging • Unilateral • Spastic hemiplegia
How do you do Beevor's reflex?
While observing the umbilicus, patient does a partial sit up
What does a drunken/motor ataxic gait?
Wide based gait (cerebellum)
What knee ortho am I? • Seated pt actively extends the flexed knee w/the tibia internally rotated • When 30° pain increases & is relieved by externally rotating the tibia • (+) Pain decreases • Indicates: Osteochondritis Dissecans
Wilson's Test
What test is for Osteochondritis Dessicans?
Wilson's sign
What disorder is associated with Long thoracic n?
Winged scapula
Screen-film contract is measured using the ___
Wire mesh test
What is Anosmia? -can also use term hyposmia
loss of smell
Why does bone tumors ↑ in old age?
rapid degeneration and bone reabsorption
What am I? • hives described as a wheal due to an allergy such as penicillin or a food allergy
urticaria
What am I? • An autoimmune condition characterized by depigmentation (absent melanocytes )after development
vitiligo
When does Guillain Barre Syndrome become an emergency?
when it reaches the diaphragm
The FDA does not regulate ___
Meat
Vegans who exclude all animal products need to counseled on alternate sources of ___
• Calcium • I was thinking B12 but idk
What am I? • FFD: 40 • Hand is obliqued 45 degrees
Medial oblique hand
What am I? • FFD: 40 • Hand is oblique 45 degrees
Medial oblique wrist
What is sensory for Obturator n?
Medial thigh
What am I? • Most invasive of skin cancers; multicolored
Melanoma
Whats muscles are associated with C7?
• Flexor Carpi Ulnaris/Radialis • Triceps
What forms acid rain?
• Sulfur Dioxide • Nitrogen Oxides
What am I? • 1st menstrual cycle
Menarche
What am I? • The meninges are connective tissue coverings arranged in 3 distinct layers that cover and protect the spinal cord from excessive movement and damage
Meninges
What am I? • Intra-articular synovial tabs • May prevent a joint from having full mobility
Meniscoid
These knee orthos are testing for what issue? • McMurray Sign • Apley's Compression • Bounce Home Test
Meniscus
What is Alzheimer's disease?
Mental deterioration (cortical degeneration)
What condition will problems with Lateral femoral cutaneous n. cause?
Meralgia Paresthetica
What disorder is associated with L1-L3?
Meralgia paresthetica
What am I? • Ovary colon (sympathetically driven)
Meric chart: L1-2
What am I? • Heart and lung
Meric chart: T1-4
What am I? • Kidney
Meric chart: T10-12
What am I? • Gallbladder
Meric chart: T4
What am I? • Liver • pancreas • gallbladder
Meric chart: T6-10
What am I? • MC malignant tumor of bone
Metastatic Disease (Lytic and Blastic)
What is the scale used for measuring spondylolisthesis?
Meyerding's • Grade 1: up t 25% • Grade 2: 26-50% • Grade 3: 51-75%- Inverted Napolean hat sign grade 3 or more • Grade 4: 76%=100% Flex and ext radiographs for stability
What shoulder ortho am I? • Pt extends forearm, makes a fist, flex the wrist & maximally pronates the forearm. • (+) Pain lateral elbow • Indicates: Lateral epicondylitis
Mill's test
What lumbar ortho am I? • Pt is supine w/limbs extended. • Pt elevates leg until 6" off table & hold for as long as possible (60 sec) • (+) Pain • Indicates: Space occupying Lesion
Millgram's test
What am I? • Heats the filament causing a boing off of electrons
Milliamperage (mA)
What am I? • More current=more electrons produced=more extras produced=greater radiograph density (darker)
Milliamperage per second (mAs)
How do you find TVP for T1-4?
Palpate 1 interspinous space above spinous process lateral to midline
How do you find TVP of T5-8?
Palpate 2 interspinous space above spinous process lateral to midline
How do you find TVP of T9-12?
Palpate 2 interspinous spaces above spinous process lateral to midline
What is Klumpke's paralysis?
Palsy of the lower brachial plexus from childbirth
What am I? • Repeated attacks of severe anxiety. Attacks last from 5-30 minutes
Panic disorder
What is the name of this Avascular Necrosis (aka Osteonecrosis/Osteochondrosis) at this location? •Capitellum
Panner's
What am I? • Taken at tip of the cervix, and surrounding structures and then stained I- normal II-atypical or benign (possible infection/inflammation) III-dysplasia/precancerous IV In Situ/Non-invasive carcinoma V- Malignancy/Invasive
Pap smear classification
What am I? • Small raised lesion less than .5cm associated with measles and syphilis (solid)
Papule
What am I? • Preoccupations with delusions. Sensitive, defensive, suspicion leading to aggression, unfounded beliefs that others want to harm him
Paranoid
What am I? • The foreskin becomes entrapped behind the glans penis • from improper circumcision • can be a medical emergency
Paraphimosis
CN IX gives taste to what part of the tongue?
Posterior 1/3 (bitter)
What lumbar ortho am I? • Ask pt to rise from seated position • (+) Pt will support body w/uninvolved side balancing on good side • Indicates: Sciatica
Minor's Sign
What am I? • Pain in abdomen at ovulation
Mittelschmerz
What am I? • A behavior modification technique in which one is taught to imitate the desired behavior of another
Modeling
What type of fracture am I? •tibial apophysitis • 10-16 +/- • pinpoint pain and swelling • use ChoPat brace
Osgood Schlatter's
What is Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome?
Pain & burning on sole of foot (medial plantar n.)
What does the Lateral Spinothalamic tract?
Pain & temp
These orthos are designed to test for what? • Chest Expansion Test • Forestier's Bowstring Sign • Lewin Supine Test • Amoss Sign
Ankylosing Spondylitis
What am I? • Pathological fusion of bones across a joint
Ankylosis
What phobia am I? • Thunder and lightning
Astro phobia
Where do most injuries occur?
At home
Which of the following changes should be made to decrease magnification?
Decreased OFD
Other than smoking what is the main cause of lung cancer____
Radon exposure
What am I? • Attributing one's own unacceptable desires and impulses to someone else
Rationalization
What type of gait is seen with Cerebral Palsy?
Scissor
What am I? • females 30-50yr olds • associated with erosins of the distal tufts of the phalanges • associated with CREST syndrome • LABS: +FANA, +RA latex (30%)
Scleroderma (aka Progressive Systemic Sclerosis)
What am I? • Pain originating from a sclerotome. Commonly seen in injury to the facets or SI joint; pain is dull in nature • Poorly localized
Sclerotogenous pain pattern
What am I? • females 13-19 named for the side of major convexity •Types: Rotatory and Simple • Cobbs and Risser's ferguson used to measure
Scoliosis
What type of fracture am I? • bone fragments driven into one another
impaction fracture
Solution temperatures that are too hot wil ___ density
increase
What am I? • Antiviral (herpes)
Acyclovir
What knee ortho am I? • Pt supine • Dr applied varus stress to knee while adducting the foot in full extension & at 30° flexion • (+) Pain or increased laxity • Indicates: Lateral collateral Ligament involvement
Adduction Stress test aka Varus stress test
What am I? • Discriminatory treatment of the elderly
Ageism
What am I? • Bouncy • Springy quality • Ex. meniscal tear, joint mice
Interarticular
What is the AKA for morton's neuroma?
Intermetatarsal neuroma
Increasing the KvP by ___ % will double the density?
15
Which of these is a n aspect of tertiary prevention?
Rehabilitation
Anterior/Lateral/Posterior Check CHART
Anterior/Lateral/Posterior Check CHART
What sensory is associated with femoral n?
Anteromedial thigh & leg
What am I? • Caused by coal dust
Anthracosis
Chondromalacia causes what?
Retropatella DJD
What chemical is use for rendering drinking water free from microbial contaminates?
Chlorine
What am I? • Toxemia of pregnancy caused by hypertension leading to convulsions
Eclampsia
What is Plantar Fasciitis?
Heel spur pain when walking in the morning, improves as the day progresses
Which of the following is one of the side effects using a grid when taking an xray?
Increases patient dose
What muscle is associated with L4?
Tibialis anterior
A grid ___ patient dose and ___ image quality.
Increases; increases
What am I? • The first case of the disease in a given area or population
Index case
How do you Trouble shoot greasy films?
Insufficient washing
What am I? • Small lesion less than .5cm filled with serous fluid and associated with herpes and chicken pox
Vehicle
What type of fracture am I? • Fxs through the anterior and posterior arches of atlas due to axial compression
Jefferson Bursting
What vertebral level is the iliac crest?
L4
Meyerding Grading Method of Spondylolisthesis
What Line of Mensuration am I?
Patellar Position
What Line of Mensuration am I?
Posterior Cervical Line
What Line of Mensuration am I?
Prevertebral Soft Tissues
What Line of Mensuration am I?
Risser-Ferguson Method of Scoliosis Evaluation
What Line of Mensuration am I?
Sacral Inclination
What Line of Mensuration am I?
Shenton's Line
What Line of Mensuration am I?
Skinner's Line
What Line of Mensuration am I?
What am I? • Lateral recumbent or sitting on table, lateral aspect of foot of interest against cassette, ankle is dorsiflexed to 90
Lateral foot
Ullmann's Line aka Garland Thomas Line
What Line of Mensuration am I?
What stage of pregnancy am I? • Expulsion: from full dilation of the cervix to delivery of the baby.
2nd stage of labor
Where is sensory for C7?
3rd digit
What is the Wexler scale for deep tendon reflexes? *only goes to grade 4 * (+) occurs in brisk manner noticed instantly
0+ = Absent w/reinforcement 1+ = Hypoactive w/no reinforcement or normal w/reinforcement 2+ = Normal 3+ = Hyperactive 4+ = Hyperactive w/transient clonus
Healthy People had what 2 goals:
1. Increase the quality and years of healthy life 2. Eliminate Health disparities
What are the 4 Processing factors?
1. Developer 2. Rinse 3. Fixer 4. Washing
Close packed position for : radio ulnar joints
5 degrees supination
___% of injuries are due to violence?
10
When does Anterior fontanelle close?
2 years
When does the Posterior fontanelle Close?
3 months
What is the compression to ventilation ratio for an adult and child and infant for 1 person CPR?
30:2
Who does Huntington's most commonly affect?
35-44 yo
What percent of the gait cycle is in the swing phase?
40%
Water purification process: secondary treatment
5. Sand filtration: removes anaerobic bacteria 6. Aeration: adds oxygen to water to improve color and taste. Kills remaining anaerobic bacteria. Decreases biological oxygen demand (BOD), BOD relates to amount of dissolved organic material; high BOD= high dissolved organic material 7. Chlorination: kills remaining bacteria 8. Possible fluoridation: not a part of purification process
What am I? • Sensory fibers only 111 • Fast pain (pressure pain) i.e pinch
A delta
What am I? • Muscle spindle efferent • Gamma motor neuron=muscle tone
A gamma peripheral nerve fiber
What is Cerebral Palsy?
A non-progressive motor disorder of the cerebral cortex
What am I? • AC joint bilateral views should be done •Film: 8x10 •FFD: 40 (39) •Tilt 5 cephalad
AC joints without weight
What am I? • 10x12 • FFD 40 (34) • Tilt: 30 cephalic • Central ray; midline, 1 inch below ASIS
AP angulated Si joints
What am I? • Distal tibia and fibula, ankle joints and talus • Supine or sitting on the table, leg extended, ankle in 90 degree of dorsiflexion and foot turned in 5 degrees
AP ankle
What am I? • Film Size 8x10 • FFD (40 (38) • Tilt 10 caudal • CR: 2 inches superior to pubic symphysis
AP coccyx
What is Osteochondritis Dessicans?
AVN, knee locks out in extension
What am I? • The transfer of a pt to another doctor without the patient's consent
Abandonment
CN VI
Abducens
What am I? • Collection of pus that accumulated in the tissue
Abscess
Is Clonus present in a LMNL?
Absent
Is a pathological reflex present in an LMNL?
Absent
What kind of kind of accidents with occupational injuries? What gender?
Accidents with machinery and hand tools were the 2 main causes (49.9%) 89% of the patients with occupational injuries were male
What am I? • Tylenol; • an antipyretic analgesic that causes liver damage (hepatotoxic)
Acetaminophen
What am I? • Located on the face, nose and cheeks and is exacerbated by sunlight, caffeine and alcohol
Acne Rosacea
What am I? • Condition of sebaceous glands characterized by comedown and pus filled cyst especially adolescents
Acne vulgaris
What phobia am I? • Heights
Acrophobia
What am I? • Sun spot liver spot. The Mc benign sun induced lesion
Actinic Lentigo
What am I? • Premalignant condition of the skin caused by exposure to the sun
Actinic keratosis
What am I? • Summation of signals received from dendrites,which can either be stimulatory or inhibitory. • When it reaches the end of the axon it causes the release of a neurotransmitter
Action potentials
What am I? • An absorbent treats poisoning and overdoses following oral ingestion; • binds poison and prevents absorption by GI tract
Activated charcoal
Who is responsible for programs for needy children and families?
Administration for children and families
Who is responsible for Carrying s out provision of the older American act of 1965?
Administration on aging
What thoracic outlet syndrome (aka neurovascular compression syndrome) spine test am I? • W/pt seated, Dr slightly abducts, extends & externally rotates the arm while taking radial pulse. • Pt rotates hand towards tested side & extends head. Patient takes a deep breath. • (+) Alteration in amplitude of radial pulse • Indicates: Cervical rib
Adson's Test
What am I? • Perception of pain from a normally non-painful stimulus
Allodynia
What am I? • Decreases xanthine oxidase activity • used to treat chronic gout
Allopurinol
What does ALS stand for? AKA?
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Lou Gehrig's Disease
What is Dupuytren's Contracture?
An Abnormal thickening underneath the skin of the palm & fingers
What am I? •diaphyseal/metaphyseal location •eccentrically located • <20yrs •Can expand bone • blood/fluid filled lesion
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC)
What ankle/foot ortho am I? • Pt supine, Dr places hand around anterior aspect of lower tibia while grasping calcaneus in the palm of the other hand & then pulls calcaneus forward • (+) Talus slides forward •Indicates: Anterior talofibular Ligament Instability
Anterior foot Drawer Test
What am I? • Psycho/sociopath that acts out conflict w/o remorse or guilt and has difficulty following rules
Antisocial
What am I? • Pitted erythematous lesion or ulcer in the mouth
Aphthous stomatitis
What knee ortho am I? • Pt Supine. • Dr displaces patella medial to lateral • (+) Patella feels as if it will dislocate & pt will contract quads or look of apprehension • Indicates: Chronic Patellar dislocation
Apprehension Test (Knee)
What am I? • Grayish opaque ring around the cornea
Arcus senilis
What am I? • Caused by inhalation of asbestos dust. Leads to mesothelioma
Asbestosis
What Line of Mensuration am I? • Landmarks: C1 anterior tubercle to the odontoid • Significance: If this space is >3mm in adults or >5mm in children, this indicates transverse ligament rupture or instability due to trauma, Down's syndrome, or inflammatory arthritis
Atlantodental Interspace
What am I? • Mc reason for postpartum hemorrhage
Atonic uterus
What is the most definitive dx for Alzheimer's disease?
Autopsy
What am I? • Used to treat alcoholics by associating drinking with unpleasant consequences
Aversion
What am I? • >40yr old ivory white vertebrae • no cortical thickening or bone enlargement • Labs: ↑ alkaline phosphatase • Special test: Bone Scan
Blastic Metastases
What am I? • Used to treat asthma • causes smooth muscle relaxation resulting in dilation of bronchial passage, vasodilation in muscle and liver, relaxation of uterine muscles
Beta 2 adrenergic drug
What am I? • A 21 question multiple choice self report inventory, measures severity of depression
Beck Test/ Beck Depression inventory
What am I? • Anterior horn of the cord is motor while posterior horn is sensory
Bell-Magendie
What type of fracture am I? •Fracture of the 1st metacarpal
Bennett's
What am I? • The release of the mucus plug during the first stage of labor
Bloody show
What is the name of this Avascular Necrosis (aka Osteonecrosis/Osteochondrosis) at this location? •Medial Tibial Condyle
Blout's
What am I? • Deficient in vitamin D and iron
Breast milk
When the useful bram gets slowed down bc it interacts with the target with the target nucleus it is termed ____ radiation.
Bremsstrahlung
What am I? • Majority of useful beams • Interacts with the target nucleus
Bremsstrahlung aka breaking radiation
How does the Jendrassik's Maneuver work?
Brings out reflexes by cortical distraction AKA reinforcement test
What am I? • aka chronic osteomyelitis • night pain relieved by aspirin • appears like an osteoid osteoma
Brodie's Abscess
What am I? • Fluid filled lesion greater than .5cm in size associated with pemphigus
Bulla
What am I? • Small,slow, non-myelinated nerves carrying pain sensations • Nociceptors
C fibers
What does CREST stand for?
C= calcinosis R= Raynaud's phenomenon E= esophageal dysmotility S= sclerodactyly T= telangiectasia
O'Donohue's Test CAN BE PERFORMED ON ANY JOINT
CAN BE PERFORMED ON ANY JOINT
Where is the first palpable spinous?
C2 axis
What does accommodation test?
CN II and III • Eyes converge • Pupils constrict • Lens convexity response to looking at something moving toward the eye
What cranial nerves are tested together with the 6 cardinal fields of gaze (LR6SO4/3)?
CN III, IV, VI
***What am I? • Thin linear calcification parallel to the articular cortex within the joint space • called chondrocalcinosis when affecting cartilage • MC seen in the knees
Calcium Pyrophosphate DiHydrate Disease (CPPD/PseudoGout)
What Line of Mensuration am I? • Landmarks: 4 lines are drawn - A: Interpedicular distance - B: Sagittal Canal Dimension (Eisenstein's Method) C: Transverse Body Dimension D: Sagittal Body Dimension •Significance: RatioL 1x2/3x4 The higher the ratio, the smaller the canal. If >1:6 at L3, L4 or 1:6.5 at L5, Canal Stenosis is indicated
Canal/Body Ratio
What are these? • Basal Cell • Squamous Cell • Melanoma • Actinic Keratosis
Cancers of the Skin
What am I? • Perceived as a hard arrest with a slight give • May indicate a sub- acute to chronic arthritis (rheumatoid)
Capsular feel
Where is this type of this Avascular Necrosis (aka Osteonecrosis/Osteochondrosis) located? • Presier
Carpal scaphoid
What am I? • A written report on the details of a series of related cases
Case series
Who is responsible for Health promotion and prevention World leader in public health?
Centers for Disease Control
What am I? • ADI space- transverse ligament stability • IMPORTANT: if you are performing the view as a part of the trauma series, you must evaluate the standard series for fractures of signs of instability before proceeding with flexion • FFD: 72 • Tube Tilt: None
Cervical flexion
Signs & symptoms for Anterior Compartment syndrome are similar to what?
Charcot Marie Tooth
What am I? • Smell, tast
Chemoreceptors
What am I? • Lesion type: maculopapular rash • Organism: same as Herpes virus that produces herpes zoster
Chicken pox
What am I? • A clear volatile liquid with a strong smell like ether • It was once administered by inhalation to produces anesthesia and given as an Algeria and a remedy for cough • It is quite toxic to the kidney and the liver
Chloroform
What am I? • A drug used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders (anticholinergic/antipsychotic)
Chlorpromazine
What am I? • Malpractice cases against chiropractors are tried in this court
Civil court
What knee ortho am I? • Pt supine, knee extended. • Dr applies S-I pressure on superior pole of patella then asks patient to contract quads • (+) Retropatellar pain is inability to sustain contraction • Indicates: Chondromalacia patella
Clarke's Sign aka Patellar Grinding Test
What am I? • The difference in density between 2 structures • Contrast makes detail visible • KVp controls contrast but they are inversely related
Contrast
When adjusting a pt with scoliosis which side of pt should you stand on?
Convexity
What tract is affected with ALS?
Corticospinal tract & Anterior horn
What am I? • Measurement taken at one moment in time
Cross-sectional studies
What special imaging is this? • dual emission Xray Absorptiometry → measures bone densities for osteoporosis
DEXA (DXA) Scan
What am I? • Carry conscious proprioception • Vibration, joint position sense, and 2 point discrimination
DCML: dorsal columns medial lemniscus
What is the most common geriatric neuromuscular complaint?
DJD
Chest film are taken at 72 degrees SID so that ___ occurs.
Decreased magnification of the heart
WHich processing factor am I? • Brings out the latent image by developing the exposed silver halide crystals
Developer
How do you Trouble shoot Too light films?
Developer temp too low, chemicals need replacing
What am I? • Anticoagulant medication
Dicumerol
Excessive use or ingestion of fluoride leads to
Discoloration of teeth
Making sure the body part is parallel to the film results in decreased ___.
Distortion
What am I? • 2 types: size and magnification • Can be affected by OFD and FFD
Distortion
What cervical spine test am I? • Patient seated, doctor exerts upward pressure on patient's head removing the weight of the patients head from the neck • (+) Decreased pain = Nerve root compression • (+) Increased pain = Sprain/strain
Distraction test
What adjustment technique am I? • PP: seated • DP: opposite side of contact • CP: distal digital pad of middle fingers • H: palm of hand cups the ear • PRO: rotate the head away from the side of contact and laterally Flex the head over contact • LOD: PA, LM, IS, exception: atlas S-I • We call this a seated digital pillar pull
Diversified seated cervical
What levels are decreased in Parkinson's disease?
Dopamine in the substantia nigra
What us the least likely way of being injured in the home?
Drowning
What am I? • Best substance to remove lead from blood chelation therapy
EDTA
What am I? • The fertilized egg most commonly implants in one of the fallopian tubes. • Symptoms include light vaginal bleeding, lower abdominal pain, cramping on one side of the pelvis
Ectopic pregnancy
What am I? • The sensation perceived by the examiner during passive Rom of a joint
End feel
What am I? • Descent of the fetal skull to the level of the ischial spines
Engagement
What am I? • bone island • round or oblong lesions
Enostoma
What is treatment for Pes Planus?
Exercise & orthotics
What causes an xray to become brown in color?
Exhausted developer
What muscle is involved in Lateral epicondylitis?
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
What is Ptosis?
Eyelids droop due to weakness or paralysis of levator palpebrae
What am I? • Responsible for maturation of the follicle
FSH
What is the motor for T1?
Finger abduction/adduction
What is motor of C8?
Finger flexion
What am I? • Technique to clear an airway obstruction • Only performed on an unconscious patient and only when you can see foreign matter in the patient's mouth
Finger sweep for choking victim
What test will be positive with De Quervain's Tenosynovitis?
Finkelstein's test
What am I? • Hypomobility of motor unit-> hypermobility above and below-> segmental facilitation causing excess sensory input (to cord-> posterior horn interneuron pools "flooded"-> lateral horn "fires up" causing sympathicotonia-> abnormal reflexes, sympathetic responses • Segmental facilitation: biomechanical aspect • Muscle spindle involvement-GTO stretch inhibits motor neurons • Due to SNS anatomy, effects may span multiple levels via paravertebral ganglia
Fixation theory summary Segmental dysfunction Irwin korr
What am I? • Part of the cathode and encases the 2 filaments. • This is where thermionic emission occurs
Focusing cup/filament cup
Where is sensory for T5-T12?
Follow vertebral level
Who is responsible for Protecting the public health by monitoring safety and security of drugs, medical devices, food supply and cosmetics?
Food and drug administration
What does shuffling gait look like?
Forward leaning posture with small shuffling gait
What are risk factors to CPR?
Fractured ribs/punctured lung
The most common causes of unintentional deaths among adult males in the US is from
MVA
Diagnose Me: • Organism is herpes simplex virus 2. • Vesicles clusters reoccur with decreased immunity or stress
Genital herpes
Concussions grading
Grade 1: no. Loss of consciousness, confusion, memory loss, headache, dizziness, nausea may occur, last approximately 15-30 minutes Grade 2: stronger. Version of grade 1, Lasts 30 minutes to entire day Grade 3: patient. Loses consciousness; lasts seconds to minutes, intense confusion and memory loss
When is the typical onset for Parkinson's disease?
Gradual onset over 50 yo
What am I? • Demyelination of PNS • Autoimmune disorder
Guillain-Barre syndrome
What am I? • Investigates the relationship among the need, demand, supply, use, and outcome of health services • Involves various branches of science, icluding epidemiology, economics, and sociology
Health Services Research
Which of the following is NOT an example of primary prevention?
Health screening—- secondary
What phase of the gait cycle am I? • fires the dorsiflexors (anterior tibial group: tibialis anterior, etc deep fibular n) •eccentrically contract and lower the foot to the ground • Quadriceps eccentrically contract to absorb energy as knee foes to 5° flexion- this prevents the knee from buckling
Heel strike
What am I? • Softening of the isthmus of the uterus
Hegar's sign
What am I? • aka Vascular neoplasm • MC benign bone tumor of the spine • will appear in vertical striations (corduroy cloth appearance) • overproliferation of blood vessels in the medulla • expansive canal stenosis and compression fx
Hemangioma
What am I? • Failure of development of a lateral ossification center • Isolated wedged vertebra causes scoliosis • Associated with gibbus deformity
Hemivertebra
What am I? • The trunk of a nerve sends branches to a particular muscle, the joint moved by the muscle and the skin overlying the insertion of the muscle • Altered nerve activity to a muscle may be associated with altered nerve activity to the segmentally related spinal joints
Hilton's aw
What SI Joint ortho am I? • Pt laying on nonaffected side • Pt actively abducts leg • Dr exerts downward pressure proximal to knee • (+) SI Pain • Indicates: SI Lesion
Hip Abduction Stress test
What is motor for obturator n?
Hip adduction
What am I? • Promotes health of corpus luteum • used to detect pregnancy
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
What am I? • Benign trophoblastic tissue which develops at the placenta. • May become malignant and then is called choriocarcinoma. • Very high HCG seen
Hydatidiform mole
CN XII
Hypoglossal
What am I? • Birth defect in which the urethra opens anywhere along the ventral aspect of the penis
Hypospadia
What is the muscle tone in a LMNL?
Hypotonic
What muscle is associated with L1-L3?
Iliopsoas
What causes De Quervain's Tenosynovitis?
Inflammation of extensor pollicis brevis & the abductor pollicis longus tendons on the side of the wrist at the base of the thumb
These are what kinds of arthritdes? • Rheumatoid arthritis • Ankylosing Spondylitis • Enteropathis Arthiathy • Enterpathic Arthopathy • Psoriatic Arthritis • Reiter's (aka Reactive Arthritis)
Inflammatory
What is Guillain Barre Syndrome?
Inflammatory Polyneuropathy of the PNS linked to recent immunizations or seen after recent flu infection
What am I? • Providing the pt with feasible alternatives and informed of dangers of treatment
Informed consent
Disabling injuries in workplace
Injuries that keep a worker away from work beyond the day of injury
What am I? • The consistency of measured results between different practitioners evaluating the same thing
Interobserver reliability
What am I? • Between spinous processes
Interspinous ligament
What am I? • The consistency in which one practitioner can consistently arrive at the same result
Intraobserver reliability
What motor is associated with L4?
Inversion & Dorsiflexion
What are reflexes?
Involuntary motor responses to potentially harmful stimuli testing: all tests are done bilaterally with the normal side tested first
What type of fracture am I? •transverse fx at the proximal 5th metatarsal
Jones
What am I? • The collective unconscious of man; used for psychoanalysis
Jung
Which of the following is inversely related to contrast of the xray?
KVP
What am I? • To lower contrast-longer scale of contrast- more shades of gray you must: increase kVp by 15% and decrease mAs by 50% • To raise contrast-shorter scale of contrast-fewer shades of gray- more black and white: decrease kVp by 15% and increase mAs by 100%
KVp and contrast
What is the name of this Avascular Necrosis (aka Osteonecrosis/Osteochondrosis) at this location? • Carpal Lunate
Keinboch's
What ortho am I? • Pt is sitting upright on the edge of a table or chair which has no backrest. • The examiner faces the patient & usually under the guise of "checking circulation" extends the patient's legs below the knee. • One at a time, so that the limb is parallel with the floor • (+) No pain where there had been a +SLR • Indicates: Malingering
Lasegue's Sitting Test
What muscle does CN VI give motor to?
Lateral Rectus
What is indirect light reflex?
Left pupillary reflex refers to the response of the left pupil to light, regardless of which eye is exposed to a light source. ... Left consensual pupillary reflex is the left pupil's indirect response to light entering the right eye, the contralateral eye
What lumbar ortho am I? • Pt's head is passively flexed to chest • (+) Pain in lumbar spine radiating to sciatic nerve • Indicates: Root Sciatica
Lindner's Sign
What am I? • Dark streak down the midline of the abdomen seen during pregnancy
Linea Nigeria
What am I? • Drug used to treat bi-polarity that produces tremors
Lithium
What am I? • This is the least offending scoliosis and is a normal compensatory deviation • Side of the anterior inferior sacrum is on the same side as the PI ilium (short leg) • Convex side of the scoliosis is towards the side of the AI sacrum PI ilium. • Spinouses will deviate away from the convexity • Heel lift should be used on the side of the PI ilium and a sole lift on the opposite side (ASIlium)
Lovett positive classification of scoliosis
What am I? • High contrast=short scale • Type of film will have sharp difference in dark and light areas. A black and white film=underexposed (bone film) • Low kVp produces less scatter, however the amount of radiation absorbed by pt is increased
Low kVp
What Line of Mensuration am I? •Landmarks: Vertical line is drawn through the center of the L3 vertebral body • Significance: the line should intersect the sacral base - If the line is anterior to the sacrum: possible hyperlordosis - If the line is posterior to the sacrum: possible hypolordosis
Lumbar Gravity Line aka Ferguson's Line
How is a rotator cuff tear diagnosed?
MRI
Close packed position of inter- carpal joints
Maximal dorsiflexion
Close packed position for toe joints (MTP, DIP, PIP)
Maximal extension
Closed pack position of spine: 3 joint complex
Maximal extension
Close pack position for inter-metatarsal joints
Maximal opposition
Close pack position of intercarpal joints
Maximal opposition
What am I? • Type 1 nerve injury • A local nerve conduction block (nerve pressure or blunt trauma) with no physical disruption of the axon results in transient paralysis, slight sensory changes, and n reaction of degeneration. • Recovery is usually in hours to days
Neurapraxia
Which part of the component model of vertebral subluxation complex (Faye) is this? Biomechanical insult to nerve tissue is proposed to cause neural dysfunction in 3 forms, individually or combined to include 1. Irritation- sustained hyperactivity of nerve receptors or nerve tissue. This irritation results in facilitation. 2. Compression or mechanical insult- pressure, stretching, angulation or distortion int he intervertebral foramina results in generation, which is exhibited as muscle atrophy, anesthesia and sympathetic Antonia 3. Decreased axoplasmic transport- alters growth, development, and maintenance of cells or structures that are dependent on this trophies influence expressed via the nerve
Neuropathophysiology
What am I? • Type III here injury • Most serious degree of nerve injury • It involves the disruption of the nerve and the nerve sheath • Full reaction of degeneration with no recovery possible
Neurotmesis
What knee ortho am I? • Pt supine w/leg in 90°/90° position • Dr applies pressure to the lateral femoral condyle while extending the knee • (+) Pain over the area of pressure • Indicates: TFL Syndrome
Noble Compression Test
What am I? • Sensory receptors sensitive to pain
Nociceptor
What am I? • pain
Nociceptors
What am I? • Hard raised lesion treated than .5cm in size
Nodule
What am I? • A study in which the researcher observes events as they occur naturally or in the course of normal practice, without attempting to influence them
Observational study
CN I
Olfactory
What am I? • MC benign bone tumor to affect neural arch
Osteoblastoma
Which of the following age ranges of people is most likely to incur a fatal injury?
Over 35years of age
Where will problems to lateral femoral cutaneous n occur?
Over the pelvic brim under the inguinal lig.
What am I? • Uterine contraction during labor and milk let down (ejection) following delivery
Oxytocin
What does PEAR stand for?
P: Psoriatic E: Enteropathic A: Ankylosing Spondylitis R: Reiter
What am I? • Film: 14x17 • FFD 72 • Deep breath in and hold
PA chest
What am I? • FFD: 40 • Palm flat, fingers slightly spread
PA hand
What am I? • Scaphoid and lunate • FFD: 40 • Hand is pronated with fingers curled loosely, wrist is in ulnar deviation maximally
PA ulnar deviation
What am I? • Positron Emission Test • used to measure blood volume, oxygen uptake transport and metabolism
PET
Lumbar facet: plane and motion
• Plane: Sagittal • Motion: flexion extension
What am I? • Costovertebral or costotransverse dis relationships; sacroiliac subluxation
Paraspinal
When is an emetic not indicated for someone has ingested a poison?
Person is unconscious, having a seizure, last trimester of pregnancy, or has ingested a corrosive substance or petroleum product
What am I? • Toxemia of pregnancy with the following signs. • HEP hypertension, edema, proteinuria.
Pre-eclampsia
What is the name of this Avascular Necrosis (aka Osteonecrosis/Osteochondrosis) at this location? • carpal scaphoid
Preiser's
What am I? • Infant born b/t 26-37 weeks and weigh less than 2500g
Premature
What am I? • Period of time after the delivery of the placenta to the complete involution of the organs • infection during this time is referred to as puerperal sepsis
Puerperium
Who am I? • World renowned scientists in the field of biomechanics of the spine
Punjabi and White
What nerve/root is the brachioradialis reflex?
Radial C6
What nerve/root is the Triceps reflex?
Radial C7
What am I? • Small lesion less than .5 cm filled with pus associated with staph infection due to a fur uncle
Pustule
What am I? • Consistency of a measurement when repeated
Reliability
What am I? • Antipsychotic and antihypertensive drug that has been used for the control of high blood pressure and for the relief of psychotic symptoms. • Rarely used today
Reserpine
What type of shock am I? • Failure of the lungs to transfer sufficient oxygen into the bloodstream • Occurs with respiratory distress
Respiratory shock
What am I? • Employer is responsible for actions of employees
Respondent superior
What thoracic outlet syndrome (aka neurovascular compression syndrome) spine test am I? • While seated, pt actively places palm on top of head • (+) Increased pain
Reverse Bakody Maneuver
WHich processing factor am I? • Remove the exposed silver halide crystals
Rinse
What am I? • Insulate nerve fibers • Produce myelin in the PNS
SChwann cells
What am I? • Treats depression (Prozac, Zoloft, Cole a, lexapro)
SSRI
Which bone is dislocated? • associated with Terry Thomas sign and Signet ring sign
Scaphoid
What can an injury to the long thoracic nerve cause?
Scapular winging
What am I? • Cell bodies are located in DRG • Each DRG neuron contains a peripheral process which extends to the periphery along the path taken by the spinal nerve and its branches, and a central process which extends into the CNS as the dorsal root of the spinal nerve
Sensory neurons
What am I? • PT presents with a fever, chills, possible history of trauma/surgery and a warm, tender, swollen joint • LAB: WBC count
Septic Arthritis
What type of shock am I? •Occurs when an infection has spread to the point that bacteria are releasing toxins into the blood stream
Septic shock
What muscle is associated with Long thoracic n?
Serratus anterior
What muscle provides protraction of the scapula?
Serratus anterior
What is the name of this Avascular Necrosis (aka Osteonecrosis/Osteochondrosis) at this location? •Calcaneous
Sever's
Muscular dystrophy is what type of disorder?
Sex Linked Recessive
Which of the following is not a goal of Healthy people 2020?
Social interaction
What cervical spine test am I? • Patient seated, doctor depresses the patient's shoulder while laterally flexing the cervical spine away from that shoulder, repeat on other side (+) pain • Indicates: Nerve root adhesion
Shoulder depression test
What lumbar ortho am I? • Perform SLR, drop 5 degrees & dorsiflex big toe • (+) Pain in affected leg • Indicates: Sciatica
Sicard's Sign
WHat am I? • "Hair on end" appearance on skull • "H" shaped vertebrae in the spine → collapse of vasculature
Sickle Cell Anemia
What am I? • Caused by iron dust
Siderosis
What am I? • Operating conditioning
Skinner
What am I? • Proportion of times a diagnostic procedure is correct in a patient without a specific diagnosis
Specificity
What type of fracture am I? • fx through the pars interarticularis without slippage
Spondylolysis
What stage of syphilis am I? Maculopapular rash condylomata lata (flat warts) and alopecia (8weeks to 2 years) Most transmission
Stage 2
Who am I? • Wrote chiropractic textbook. Identified 33 principles of chiropractic and "safety pin" cycle
Stephenson
What type of gait is seen in Anterior compartment syndrome?
Steppage gait
What is rheumatoid arthritis in children?
Still's disease
Who am I? • Founder of osteopathy • Related the integrity of the spine and skeleton to the proper functioning of the circulatory system
Still, Andrew Taylor-
What am I? • Pesticide, causes muscular convulsions
Strychnine
CN IX gives motor to what muscles?
Stylopharyngeus to elevate the pharynx & Larynx
What muscle does CN IV move?
Superior oblique - Down & In
What am I? • Innervated by 3 or 4 varieties of neuroreceptors, each with a wide variety of parent neurons
Synovial Joints
What am I? • Retraining, re-education and rehabilitation of someone who has already incurred a disability
Tertiary prevention of disease
Who pays for workers comp, FICA, and Social Security for employees?
The employer
Where does the burden of proof lie in a court of law?
The plaintiff
What am I? • Temperature
Thermoreceptors
What am I? • Pt is mentally incapable of understanding the procedure and/or the ramifications of consent or refused, so consent is given or withheld on their behalf by a legal designate
Third party consent
CN V
Trigeminal
What is motor for T5-T12?
Trunk flexion
What am I? • Intercondylar fossa • 8x10 • FFD: 40 (31) • Tilt: 45 caudal • Prone with knee flexed to 45
Tunnel projection
Which Odontoid Fx Type is this? • avulsion of the tip of the dens
Type I
What am I? • Causes hypertension in those taking MAO inhibitors (antidepressants) and is found in wine and cheese
Tyramine
what is the herpes skin test?
Tzank test
CN X
Vagus
What am I? • Degree to which an observation or measurement provides an indication of the true state of the phenomena being measured
Validity
What cervical spine test am I? • Dr asks patient to take a deep breath & hold it while bearing down • (+) Radicular pain • Indicates: Space occupying lesion
Valsalva Maneuver
What am I? • Innervate the skin and muscles of the trunk and limbs
Ventral rami
What am I? • White cheesy substance on the baby's skin at birth
Vernix caseosa
What am I? • Run through the transverse foreman of the cervical vertebrae (beginning at C4-6) • Obstructing the transverse foramen a may lead to Vertebral artery insufficiency
Vertebral arteries
CN VIII
Vestibulocochlear
What am I? • Essentially refers to autonomic organs, blood, and lymph
Viscera (visceral)
What am I? • Organs, blood, lymph
Visceral (autonomic)
What am I? • Organism is candid albicans • Oral is called thrush
Yeast infections
What SI Joint ortho am I? • Pt Prone • Dr Stabilizes SI joint testing w/other hand • Dr flexes leg of affected side & hyperextends the thigh by lifting knee off table • (+) SI Pain • Indicates: SI Lesion
Yeoman's test
Which shoulder ortho am I? • Pt flexes elbow to 90 while seated. Dr palpates bicipital tendon & resists pts attempt to actively supinate hand & flex elbow • (+) Audible click or snap in bicipital groove • Indicates: Bicipital tendon instability
Yergason's Test
Which of the following trace minerals is most likely to be decreased in the elderly?
Zinc
What is Westphal's sign?
absence or decrease of patellar reflex
Scoliosis Measurements: 25 years and Under What do you do when scoliosis measurements are under 20°?
adjust and monitor
WHat am I? • Males > 50yrs urinary problems • LABS: PSA, acid phosphatase, metasis (MC lumbar spine): alkaline phophstase
calcified prostate
Where is this type of this Avascular Necrosis (aka Osteonecrosis/Osteochondrosis) located? • osteochondritis dessicans
articular surface of the medial femoral condyle
Where is this type of this Avascular Necrosis (aka Osteonecrosis/Osteochondrosis) located? • Panner's
capitellum
What type of air pollution am I? • Responsible for 85% of green house effect
carbon dioxide
What type of air pollution am I? • Causes Visual problems, poor learning, risk for CV patients
carbon monoxide
What am I? • Pervasive belief that a body part is misshapen or malformed. • Pt is able to admit that he/she is exaggerating. • May avoid mirrors or social contact
body dysmorphic disorder
What bone is the first and last bone to ossify after the age of 25?
clavicle
What type of fracture am I? • a fracture with more than 2 fragments
comminuted fracture
What type of fracture am I? • skin ruptured and bone exposed
compound/open fracture
What am I? • Acceptance, consideration, 2 or more competent parties, legal object, and consent to contract
contract
Utilizing a high KvP technique would ____ the contrast and ___ the density.
decrease; double
What am I? • Series of pial projections • Located primarily in the thoracic region which project from lateral surface of the spinal cord, penetrate the arachnoid and anchor to the dura
dentate ligaments
What type of fracture am I? • displacement or separation of a slightly movable joint
diastasis
What is Parosmia? -can also use term hypersmia
distorted sense of smell
What am I? • organism: beta hemolytic strep.presents as a red fiery, advancing lesion on the skin. Pt will have fever and an elevated ASO titer
erysipelas
WHat am I? • indicates a radial head fx • seen on lateral view
fat pads (
What am I? • staph-infected hair follicle that presents as a painful nodule
furuncle
How do you Trouble shoot Soft emulsion ?
insufficient fixing
What type of air pollution am I? • causes Kidney, liver, NS, seizures, mental deficit,and behavior disorders
lead
Which bone is dislocated? • MC dislocated carpal bone • Associated with Pie sign
lunate
Close packed position of knee: Tibiofemoral joint
max extension and external rotation
Where is this type of this Avascular Necrosis (aka Osteonecrosis/Osteochondrosis) located? • Blout's
medial tibial condyle
CN V Gives motor of what?
muscles of mastication
WHat am I? • calicification of the muscle belly • MC seen in the biceps and in the quadriceps
myositis ossificans
What am I? • appears as creases
nail marks
What type of air pollution am I? • Aggravation of respiratory problems
particulate matter
WHat am I? • ulna is unusually shorter than the radius, seen with scapho-lunate
negative ulnar variance
What is the AKA for thoracic outlet syndrome?
neurovascular compression syndrome
What type of fracture am I? •fx of proximal ulna
nightstick
What type of air pollution am I? • Respiratory diseases
nitrogen dioxide
What problems can involve the cerebrum?
• Stroke • Cerebral Palsy • Alcoholism • Alzheimer's • Tumor
What is the name of this Avascular Necrosis (aka Osteonecrosis/Osteochondrosis) at this location? • aritcular surface of the medial femoral condyle
osteochondritis dessicans
What am I? •night pain relieved relieved by aspirin • radiolucent central nidus with sever reactive sclerosis
osteoid osteoma
What am I? • MC benign bone tumor to affect the skull • MC found in the frontal sinus and beed seen on the Caldwell projection
osteoma
The greatest amount of scatter radiation when taking an xray is produced by the ___
patient
WHat am I? • calcifications within veins, asymptomatic
phleboliths
In Gonstead seated where is the Dr standing?
posterior to seated patient
What am I? • silver scales on extensor surfaces of knees and elbows
psoriasis
What type of scoliosis has the spinouses deviate to the concavity?
rotatory scoliosis
What am I? • transmissible (whirlpool) infection caused by mites and characterized by grouped vesicles and superficial linea furrows in the groin
scabies
What type of fracture am I? •MC fx carpal bone
scaphoid
What am I? • dandruff; similar to "cradle cap" in newborns
seborrheic dermatitis
Scoliosis Measurements: 25 years and Under What do you do when scoliosis measurements are 21-40°?
send to orthopedist for bracing (Milwaukee)
What type of scoliosis has the spinouses deviate to the convexity?
simple scoliosis
CN XI
spinal accessory
What type of air pollution am I? • Breathing problems, wheezing, shortness of breath
sulfur dioxide
What type of air pollution am I? • Cause acid rain as well as impair visibility
sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
Scoliosis Measurements: 25 years and Under What do you do when scoliosis measurements are over 40°?
surgical consultation
What am I? • T1-L2 • Lateral horn of spinal cord • Fight or flight response
sympathetic adrenergic (epinephrine) location
What is torque used for?
to close wedges
What is the afferent & efferent of the corneal reflex?
• CN V Afferent • CN VII efferent
What 2 tests are used for Chondromalacia patella?
• Clarks • Fouchet's
What am I? • Changes AC to DC
Rectifier
What is added to the water purification process to take out particles?
Aluminum sulfate
WHat vertebral level is prominent in 70% of people?
C7
What am I? • Small tear in the mucosa that lines the anus
Fissure
What is the most provocative with Chondromalacia patella?
Going downstairs
What am I? • A measure of agreed upon accuracy and validity
Gold standard
What am I? • Length of time you have to sue for an injury
Statute of limitations
What am I? • 10x12 • FFD:40 • External rotation to see greater tuberosity, internal to see lesser
AP shoulder with internal/external rotation
The EPA classified 6 pollutants as criteria pollutants. According to the agency, they are found all over the US. WHat are these pollutants?
1. Particulate Matter 2. Ground level Ozone 3. Carbon Monoxide 4. Sulfure Dioxide 5. Nitrogen Oxides 6. Lead
What theory is this? • States that within the substantia gelatinosa (lamina II of the gray matter), several factors are able to block or facilitate the transmission of pain-producing impulses to the thalamus • This degree in which the "gate" is opened or closed depends on the spinal cord • Signals travelling on fast, type 1A (Aalpha) afferent fibers greatly depress (inhibit) pain transmission which travel on type C (IV) fibers • Pain fibers terminate at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in the substantia gelatinosa • Here, second order mechanoreceptor axons terminate causing presynaptic inhibition
"GATE" control theory of pain
5Ds and 3Ns of VBI
1. Diplopia (other visual disturbances) 2. Dizziness (vertigo, lightheadedness) 3. Drop attacks (loss of consciousness) 4. Dysarthria 5. Dysphasia 1. Ataxia of gait 1. Nausea 2. Numbness on one side of the body or face 3. Nystagmus
Choking procedure for an conscious choking adult or child
1. Encourage coughing 2. If they cannot cough give 5 back slaps between the shoulder blades 3. Give 5 abdominal thrusts
What are the 3 components to Glasgow scale?
1. Eye opening 2. Verbal response 3.Motor. Response
Water purification process; primary sewage treatment
1. Filtration: filters big stuff (with screen) 2. Flocculation: aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) added, precipitating. Clumps (aluminium salts) 3. Sedimentation: precipitate falls 4. Sludge digestion: add anaerobic bacteria
Unconscious choking infant procedure
1. Fix head 2. 30 chest compression (about 1.5 inches in depth)
What are the 10 Great Public Health Achievements in the US?
1. Identifying tobacco as a health hazard 2. Declines i deaths from heart disease and stroke 3. Family Planning 4. Fluoridation of drinking water 5. Healthier mothers and babies 6. Immunizations 7. Motor-Vechicle safety 8. Control of infectious diseases 9. Safer and healthier foods 10. WOrkplace safety
Major Causes of unintentional injuries
1. MVA (40%) 2. Poisonings: 80% in home 3. Falls: most in home
What are the Absolute contra-indications to adjusting? ** DON'T F*CKING ADJUST!
1. Malignancies 2. Tumors 3. Infections 4. Fractures (exception: clay shovelers) 5. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm 6. Recent surgery
Faye's 5 component model of vertebral subluxation complex
1. Neuropathophysiology 2. Kinesio Pathophysiology 3. Myopathology 4. Histopathology 5. pathophysiology (biochemical)
What are the Relative Contra-Indications to adjusting?
1. Osteoporosis 2. Spondylolisthesis 3. Rheumatoid Arthritis 4. Cardiovascular predisposing factors 5. Congenital anomalies 6. Acute spastic muscle region
What am I? • 8x10FFD: 40 (37) • Tilt 15 cephalic • Central ray: 2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis
AP sacrum
Procedure for a conscious choking infant
1. Place infant face down along the forearm 2. Give 5 back blows 3. Turn the infant face up 4. Give 5 chest thrust (below nipple line) compress 5x about 1.5 inches
What are the 3 levels of care and Prevention?
1. Primary Care 2. Secondary Care 3. Tertiary Care
Unconscious choking adult or child procedure
1. Rise and tilt the head to prepare for ventilation 2. 30 chest compressions (about 2 inches of depth) compressing at a rate of 100 compressions per minute So perform CPR
Traditional core Chiropractic paradigm
1. The body is self regulating and a self healing organism 2. The nervous system is the master system that regulates and controls all other organs and tissues and relates the individual to his or her environment. 3. Spinal bio mechanical dysfunction in the form of VSC may adversely affect the nervous systems ability to regulate function 4. Central focus of the doctor of chiropractic is to optimize patient health by correcting, managing or minimizing VSCs through chiropractic spinal adjustment
What are the 4 groups the receptors categorized in? These 4groups are categorized to their neurohistology properties which include 3 corpuscular mechanoreceptors and 1 nociceptor
1. Type1 Receptors 2. Type2 Mechanoreceptors 3. Type 3 Mechanoreceptors 4. Type 4 receptors
What age should a child be able to walk with assistance?
10-14 months
At what age should a child be able to walk?
12-18 months
WHich of the following procedures is necessary when taking a LCN radiograph?
12:1 grid ratio
Which of the following age ranges of people is most likely to incur a fatal injury due to a car accident?
15-20
Which of the following best represents the amount of moderate exercise adults should get on a weekly basis?
150mins
At what age should a child's vocabulary include 10-15 words (start talking)?
18 months
What stage of pregnancy am I? • Dilation • From the 1st meaningful contraction to the full dilation of the cervix to 10cm. • Longest stage
1st stage of labor:
What stage of pregnancy am I? • Placental delivery • from delivery of the baby to delivery of placenta (most dangerous to mother).
3rd stage of labor
What stage of pregnancy am I? • Stabilization Period of time from delivery of the placenta to several hours when the tone of uterus is established and the uterus contracts expelling any remaining contents
4th stage of labor
If the focal film distance is doubled, what must you do to obtain a quality radiograph?
4x the MAS
What percent of flexion/extension occurs between Occiput & C1?
50%
What percent of rotation occurs between C1 & C2?
50%
When does a child typically get first teeth?
6 -8 months
first foods for infants happens at what age?
6 months
In the gait cycle, how percent is stance phase?
60%
When does the umbilical cord fall off?
7-10 days
What am I? • 1B- golgi tendon organ • Type of nerve fiber: touch pressure receptor afferents. GTO detects tension on tendon or joint. • Sensory: joint position sense, vibration sense, two point discrimination
A beta peripheral nerve fibers
What am I? • Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) or Folstein Test
A brief 30 pt questionnaire test that is used to screen for cognitive impairment. It is commonly used in medicine to screen for dementia.
Diagnose Me: • Organism is HIV a retrovirus • Associated with opportunistic infections • Breastfeeding is contraindicated. • High risk population is homosexual males/IV drugs
AIDS
What am I? • Tarsals distal to talus, metatarsals and phalanges • 10 degree cephalic tube tilt • Plantar surface of foot flat agains cassette
AP dorsal plantar foot
What am I? • FFD 40 • Seated at end of table with shoulder, elbow and wrist against the table • hand supinated
AP elbow
What am I? • 8x10 • FFD: 40 (39) • Tilt: 5 degrees cephalic • CR: 1/2 inch inferior to the patellar apex • Turn foot inward 5 degrees
AP knee
What am I? • Film 14x 17 • FFD:40 • Central ray: 1 inch below top of iliac crest
AP lumbar
What am I? • 14x17 • FFD: 40 • Feet turned in 15 degrees • Central ray: top of the film 2 inches above iliac crest
AP pelvis:
WHat am I? • MC location for an aortic aneurysm: distal to the renal arteries • Normal abdominal aorta can measure up to 3.8cm >= AAA • RADIOGRAPHIC SIGNS: aortic dilation, curvilinear calcification, fusiform appearance • SPECIAL TEST: doppler, diagnostic ultrasound, ultrasonography, CT • Refer to vascular specialist
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
What knee ortho am I? • Pt supine • Dr applies valgus stress to the knee while abducting the foot in full extension & at 30° flexion • (+) pain increased • Indicates: Medial collateral ligament involvement
Abduction stress test aka Valgus stress test
What am I? •Segment or group of vertebral segments that move in a manner inconsistent with their corresponding area
Aberrant motions (kinetic/motion listing)
What am I? Acute = facilitated, chronic= inhibited Posterior horn: acute- hyperesthesia; chronic- anesthesia (hypo) Anterior horn: acute- hypertonicity/spasm; chronic- atrophy Lateral horn: acute - sympathetic vasomotor; chronic- sympathetic atonia
Acute (irritation) vs. Chronic (compression ) VSC according to faye
Decreased scapular ratio of motion indicates what?
Adhesive capsulitis
What is treatment for Common Peroneal N Problems?
Adjust or refer is Fx is present
What is treatment for Meralgia paresthetica?
Advise weight loss & loose clothing
According to healthy people 2020 which of the following is most important?
Advise your patient to quit smoking
What am I? • Severe fluctuation of mood or personality
Affective disorder
What am I? • Sensory impulses front eh periphery to the posterior horn of the spinal cord
Afferent
What am I? • Naturally occurring mycotoxins produced by aspergillosis; • found in peanuts, cooking oils, cosmetics can cause hepatic necrosis
Aflatoxins
Who is responsible for the Federal agency for research on health care quality, costs, outcomes and safety?
Agency for healthcare research and quality
Who is responsible for the Prevention harmful exposure and disease related to toxic substances?
Agency for toxic substances and disease registry
Solid particles are removed from the water during which stage of water purification?
Agglutination
What phobia am I? • Public spaces
Agoraphobia
What am I? • means a 6-10 in gap between patient and the film Ex. Lateral cervical • Distance between the body and the film causes scatter radiation to diverge away from eh film. • Reduces patient dose but can distort or magnify image
Air gap technique
What am I? • Limits rotation of C2 • Sides of dense to occipital condyle • Aka "check ligament"
Alar ligament
What am I? • Complete depigmentation (lack of melanin) of the body first observed at firth
Albinism
Which of these is most widely used psychoactive drug in the US?
Alcohol
What am I? • Associated with delirium tremendous and folate deficiency
Alcoholism
What thoracic outlet syndrome (aka neurovascular compression syndrome) spine test am I? • Pt seated w/elbow flexes & forearm supinated, ask pt to pump hand, keep closed while examiner occludes the radial & ulnar arteries until hand is blanched • The pt slowly opens the hand while the Dr opens & records filling time. • Repeat for other artery. • (+) Delay of more than 10 sec for blood return • Indicates: Occlusion of corresponding artery
Allen's Test
What hip ortho am I? • Pt supine • Pt flexes both knees to 90 w/the feet placed flat on the table & both malleoli approximated. • The examiner compares the height of the knees • (+) Significant different • Indicates: Posterior displaced femoral head or femur shortening
Allis test
What am I? • Measured in pregnant women using maternal blood or amniotic fluid as a screening test for a subset of developmental abnormalities. • It is principally increased in open neural tube defects and decreased in Down syndrome
Alpha fetoprotein
What am I? • Innervate and activate skeletal muscle fibers through the myoneural junction • Large diameter, fast conducting • Acetylcholine
Alpha motor neuron
Which chemical causes precipitation during water purification?
Aluminium sulfate
What is Myasthenia Gravis?
An autoimmune disorder where the body makes antibodies against the acetylcholine receptors - Myoneural junction dysfunction - Weakness in cranial nerves then proximal muscles affected
What is motor for S2-S4?
Anal wink
What am I? • aka Marie Stumpell • Males 15-35yr old; low back pain with morning stiffness • starts in the SI joints • associated with iritis • ORTHOS: Chest expansion, Forester's Bowstring, and Lewin's supine RADIOGRAPHIC SIGNS: •SI joints- bilateral SI joint fusion (ghost joints) • SPINE: shiny corner sign (early); bilateral marginal syndesmophytes, squaring of the vertebral bodies, bamboo spine, dagger sign, Trolley track sign, poker spine LABS: • +HLA B27 and +ESR
Ankylosing Spondylitis
What am I? • Positive electrode in the x ray tube • Most x ray tubes consist of a rotating anode • Rotating target receives electrons as they move from cathode to anode
Anode
What am I? • Rotating target is angled thus productions a varied intensity. • The intensity of the x ray is greater at the cathode side compared to anodeSince intensity and density decrease on the anode side of the film, place the thinner portion of what is being x rayed towards this end (anode heel effect) • Ex. FootThe distal end is thinner than the proximal. • If you want to X-ray, aim the tube so that the anode end is at the toes and cathode at the ankle
Anode heel effect
What am I? • Severe restriction of calories, fear of fat and body image distortions, amenorrhea, excessive exercise, unreasonable fear of gaining weight
Anorexia nervous
Cerebral Palsy is due to what?
Anoxia to the brain prenatally or during birth trauma
CN V gives sensation to what part of the tongue?
Anterior 2/3
What does CN VII give sensory to?
Anterior 2/3 of tongue (sweet, sour, salty)
What is Deep Peroneal N. problems called?
Anterior Compartment Syndrome
What adjustment technique am I? • PP: Pt starts seated and is lowered down by the Dr • DP: Either side of the Pt in fencer stance • CP: Inf vertebrae of the subluxated joint with fist on the TPs • SH: Grasping the elbows on the anterior • PRO: Take contacts and lower the pt over the Drs Hand • LOD: P-A, I-S
Anterior Thoracic
What nerve is entrapped in pronator teres syndrome?
Anterior interosseous n.
Where is sensory for Peroneal n?
Anterior leg & dorsum of foot
What am I? • Limits extension • Front of VB from the sacrum to C2 • Anterior Atlanto-occipital: continuation of ALL from atlas to occiput • ANterior Atlanto-Axial: COntinuation of the ALL from C2 to Atlas
Anterior longitudinal ligament
What am I? • Made up of any 2 vertebral bodies and an IVD • Weight bearing
Anterior motion segment
What are these measuring? • Head tilt/rotation • Shoulder height • Arm carriage • Hip height • Knee angle (recurvatum) • Foot malposition
Anterior postural analysis
What am I? • A state of intense apprehension or worry often accompanied by physical symptoms such as.shaking intense feelings in the gut. Etc. common in mental illness or after a very distressing experience
Anxiety
What am I? • Pts with anxiety disorders usually present with physical symptoms to physicians. Physical symptoms: heart palpitations, increased HR, shortness of breath, sweating, tingling and dizziness
Anxiety disorders
What can Anterior Compartment Syndrome affect?
Any up to all 4 muscles in the lateral aspect of the leg
What am I? • Limits flexion/extension of C2. • Apex of dens to anterior aspect of foramen
Apical dental ligament
What am I? • Lung apices (pancoast tumor) • Film: 14x17 • FFD: 72 • Deep breath in and hold
Apical lordotic:
What knee ortho am I? • Pt prone w/knee flexed to 90°, • Dr anchors thigh of the pt & grasps proximal foot & applies downward pressure & rotates leg internally & externally. • Heel points towards side being tested • (+) Pain in knee • Indicates: Meniscal tear (medial or lateral)
Apley's Compression Test
What knee ortho am I? • Pt Prone w/knee flexed to 90°, • Dr anchors the thigh of the pt & grasps proximal to foot & applies upward pressure & rotates leg internally & externally. • Heel points towards side being tested • (+) Pain in knee • Indicates: Collateral Ligament tear
Apley's Distraction Test
Which shoulder ortho am I? • Pt seated & instructed to actively put hand behind head & touch opposite superior angle of scapula • then place hand behind back & touch opposite inferior angle of scapula • (+) Pain or decreased ROM • Indicates: Degenerative tendonitis of rotator cuff
Apley's test aka Apley's Scratch test
Which shoulder ortho am I? • Dr abducts & slowly externally rotates the affected shoulder • (+) Pt shows signs of apprehension or alarm • Indicates: Chronic shoulder dislocation
Apprehension test
What am I? • Middle layer of meninges • More dedicate and avascular and is attached to the inner surface of the dura • Thin weblike projections extend from the arachnoid to the pia
Arachnoid mater
What is motor for Axillary nerve?
Arm abduction
What am I? • Odor of garlic
Arsenic
What am I? • Gives valuable information on the nature of joint pain, the relationship of joint pain to joint dysfunction, and the role of manipulative procedures in affecting joint pain
Articular Neurology
What am I? • A major fixation due to intra-articular adhesion. • The joint has no end movement and is painful when challenged. • May come ankylosis (frozen shoulder
Articular/capsular fixation (gillet)
Which of the following is a known carcinogen in the work force?
Asbestosis
What symptoms will be seen in Guillain Barre Syndrome?
Ascending paralysis & sensory symptoms
What am I? • Disorder on the autism spectrum (milder form)
Asperger's syndrome
What am I? • Threat of violence to another person
Assault
What phobia am I? • Fear of stars or celestial space
Astraphobia
What am I? • Another component of neutral function proposed to be affected by vertebral subluxation • This component is a non impulse mechanism based not on transmission of signals along the surface of the neuron but rather on the intra axonal transport and exchange of macromolecular materials • Chemicals transported by this process are collectively known as tropic (relating to growth) substances and have been found to be essential for the maintenance of proper tissue function • Tropic functions influences the development and maintenance of chemical changes in celled supplied by the nerve. These chemicals are carried to the full length of the axon to the terminals after which materials from the terminals are returned to the cell body for reprocessing. This is termed axoplasmic transport. • Axoplasmic transport: mechanism by which the nerve is provided nutrition thru the flow of proteins and other materials by way of sliding filaments (similar to myosin cross bridges). There are fast, slow and bulk mechanism that transmit proteins, glycoproteins, and neurotransmitters in both directions along the nerve fiber. • Transport materials is in both directions. The slower kind is called axoplasmic flow
Atonal Aberation-Trophic Models
What am I? • major cause is trauma • no labs • self resolving but it takes 8months-2years • all types can lead to DJD • Special test: Bone cane or MRI
Avascular Necrosis (aka Osteonecrosis/Osteochondrosis)
What type of fracture am I? • portion if bone trn away by muscle or ligament tractional force
Avulsion fracture
What os Osgood's Schlatter's?
Avulsion of the tibial tuberosity from repetitive knee extension
What am I? • Film: 10x12 • FFD: 40 (37) • 15 caudal tilt if P-A, • 15 cephalic if AP
Axial clavicle
What am I? • Signals which travel as action potentials are generated here
Axon
What am I? • Type II nerve injury • PHysical disruption of the axon and myelin sheath with Wallerian degeneration results in temporary paralysis and sensory changes. • INtact sheath of Schwann allows recover in weeks to months. • Partial reaction of degeneration
Axonotmesis
What am I? • The ___ differ in diameter and conduction velocity, from the largest heavily myelinated Aa-fibers to the smallest unmyelinated C fibers • All are derived from the ___ and ___ as well as the recurrent meningeal nerve of each segmental spinal nerve
Axons dorsal and ventral
What am I? • Protein/macromolecule transport • Secondary to neural compression • Axoplasmic flow "the flow is ssllloowww" • 2 directions: antegrade- faster (cell body to end organ) retrograde- slower (end organ to cell body)
Axoplasmic aberration
Which flow of the axoplasmic transport am I? • Forward moving • Cell body to terminal • Nerve growth (trophic) • Faster • More common
Axoplasmic transport: Antegrade
Which flow of the axoplasmic transport am I? • Backward moving • Brings products/wastes to cell body • Slower • Less common
Axoplasmic transport: retrograde Aka axoplasmic flow
What am I? • Preganglionic autonomic efferent • White rami communicantes
B peripheral nerve fibers
Which of the following vitamins is deficient in a vegetarian?
B12
What causes Posterolateral sclerosis?
B12 deficiency
In Meningeal irritation, what does a decrease in glucose indicate?
Bacterial
What cervical spine test am I? •While seated, patient places affected arm's palm on top of the head. The elbow should be at the level of the head •(+) - Relief of pain •Indicates: IVF Encroachment
Bakody's Test (aka Shoulder Abduction test)
What does the cerebellum control?
Balance and coordination
What does the Vestibulospinal tract control?
Balance reflexes & postural muscles
What type of fracture am I? •Fx of 4th and 5th metacarpal
Bar room
What am I? • Sleeping pills can produce respiratory depression
Barbiturates
What hip ortho am I? • Babies hip in adduction, in which gentle posterior pressure is placed on each hip, one at a time • (+) Deep-sounding "thunk" as the ball subluxates out of the socket • Indicates: Congenital Hip dysplasia
Barlow's test
Who am I? • Developer of chiropractic • Introduced the neurocalometer (detects heat imbalances • Metric chart of nerve training • HIO technique- "hole in one"—> only c1/C2 were capable of subluxations and producing significant problems • Cord compression theory
Bartlett Joshua Palmer (BJ palmer)
What am I? • Mc skin cancer, waxy and infuriated
Basal cell
What Line of Mensuration am I? • Landmarks: A line is drawn from the nasion to the center of the sella turcica • A line is drawn from the basion (anterior foramen magnum) to the center of the sella turcica • Significance: If this angle is >152° it is indicative of platybasia which may be associated with basilar impression
Basilar Angle aka Martin's Basilar Angle
What am I? • Adjusting without consent is considered
Battery
What am I? • Ecchymosis around the mastoid. Indicates possible basilar skull fracture
Battle sign
What am I? • The umbilical cord is attached at the margin of the placenta • Rarely occurs and does not affect placental functioning
Battledore placenta
What lumbar ortho am I? • Pt seated, Pt attempts to extend each leg 1 at a time. • Dr places 1 hand on side being tested to resist hip flexion by pt. Pt then attempts to extend both legs together w/both thighs stabilized by the Dr. • (+) Pain or leaning back • Indicates: DIsc; Posteromedial disc if pain when good leg raised
Bechterew's Sitting Test
What lumbar ortho am I? • Pt bends forward & examiner notes when pain occurs • Then while Dr is behind pt • Dr grasps the ASIS & braces their hip into the sacrum • Pt then flexes again & ROM is noted • If lesion in pelvis: No pain while pelvis stabilized • If lesion in spine: Pain will be present in both situations
Belt test aka Supported Adam's test
What am I? • Used to treat anxiety side effect is tremors • muscle relaxant
Benzodiazepine
What am I? • Given for hypertension and arrhythmia • blocks epinephrine and norepinephrine
Beta blockers
What is the reason to incorporate the use of a small focal spot?
Better detail
Where does a morton's neuroma occur?
Between 3rd & 4th metatarsals
Where is Pronator Tere's syndrome occur?
Between heads of pronator teres at the elbow
What thoracic outlet syndrome (aka neurovascular compression syndrome) spine test am I? • Pt actively abducts shoulder to 90 w/elbow flexed to 90 then extends the shoulder • Now pt extends elbow • (+) Resistance & increased radicular pain • Indicates: TOS, Brachial plexus neuritis, Meningeal irritation
Bikele's Sign
What am I? • A dispute that is resolved by an unbiased third party and has no appeal process
Binding arbitration
What am I? • Behavior alternates between mania and melancholia, highs and lows. First occurs between childhood and age 50. Avg. manic episode last 3 months. Depressive phase 6-9 months
Bipolar affective disorder aka manic depressive
Static electricity produce when removing the film quickly from cassette can cause
Black and branching lightning like lines on the fim
What am I? • Skin vasoconstriction • Increased sudomotor activity • Pupil dilation • Bronchodilator • Tachycardia • Blood to large muscles • Pilomotor response
Body responses seen for sympathetic adrenergic (epinephrine)
What am I? • Increased peristalsis • Increased smooth muscle activity • Depressed respiration • Pupil constriction • Bradycardia • Bowel and bladder active • Stimulation of secretions
Body responses seen with parasympathetic cholinergic (acetylcholine)
What Line of Mensuration am I? • Landmarks: The 3 highest points on the superior aspect of the calcaneus are connected with 2 lines • Significance: If the distance is <28° this indicates calcaneal fracture or dysplastic calcaneus
Bohler's Angle
What special imaging is this? • Uses an injection of radioactive substance (usually Technetium 99) • Measures the body's "attempt" to lay down new bone • Hot is positive: All AVN's, Blastic and Lytic Mets, Paget's, Hodgkin's, and fractures • Cold means nothing is occurring. MM.
Bone Scan (Scintigraphy)
What am I? • Fixation due to exostosis. • The joint exhibits free motion up to a point where there is an abrupt, complete and hard arrest (advanced DJD)
Boney fixation (gillet)
What lumbar ortho am I? • Pt supine • Dr stands on side being tested, • Dr internally rotates leg, adducts leg then performs SLR • (+) Radicular pain into limb • Indicates: Piriformis syndrome
Bonnet's Sign
What am I? • Hard, non giving abrupt stop as 2 surfaces meet • ex. elbow extension • Abnormal ex. bony exostosis (DJD)
Bony
What am I? • An abrupt halt as two Hard surfaces meet • Full range of motion has been achieved • Ex elbow extension
Bony palpation
What tracts are affected in MS?
Both motor & sensory tracts
What am I? • Food poisoning produced by honey, corn syrup, and molasses in newborns
Botulism
What knee ortho am I? • Pt supine w/knee flexed completely. • Knee is then dropped into extension • (+) Incomplete extension • Indicates: Torn meniscus
Bounce Home Test
What lumbar ortho am I? • Dr Performs SLR to point of pain, Knee is flexed slightly & placed on Dr's shoulder. • Digital pressure is places above popliteal fossa then in popliteal fossa • (+) Pain in lumbar region or radiculopathy • Indicates: Sciatica
Bowstrings Sign
What type of fracture am I? • Fracture of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpal
Boxer's
Muscular dystrophy is most commonly seen in whom?
Boys age 3-7
What is treatment for De Quervain's Tenosynovitis?
Bracing the thumb & wrist
What am I? • Released from damaged muscle tissue • Inflammatory process and sensitized nociceptors
Bradykinin
What lumbar ortho am I? • After pain w/SLR, leg is lowered below the point of discomfort & foot is sharply dorsiflexed • (+) Pain in affected leg • Indicates: Sciatica
Bragard's Sign
What is the Visceral organic reflexes?
Brainstem integrates these reflexes - Absent in UMNL & LMNL
What am I? • Early uterine contractions (oxytocin) without cervical changes
Braxton Hick's Contractions
Which of the following is the most common radionuclide substance in drinking water?
Bromine
What ortho am I? • Pt supine • Dr passively flexes pt's head approximating the chin to chest • (+) Buckling of patient's knees • Indicates: Meningitis
Brudzinski Sign
What am I? • Preoccupation with food. binge eating with subsequent purging. Body image distortion
Bulimia nervous
What ortho am I? • Pt instructed to kneel on a table 18" from floor • bend forward at the trunk & touch the floor. • Dr holds ankles • (+) Patient refuses to perform • Indicates: Malingering
Burn's Bench Test
Someone with Meralgia paresthetica will present with what symptoms?
Burning dysesthesia on the anterolateral thigh
What am I? • Failure of the center of the vertebral body to ossify properly
Butterfly Vertebra
What am I? • Caused by cotton dust (textile workers)
Byssinosis
Which of the following is a cause of lung disease in a person working in a cotton textile industry?
Byssinosis
What am I? • CIn-myelinated pain fibers • Small diameter • Slow conductivity • Primary neurotransmitter is substance P • Sensory fibers only-IV • Slow pain temperature afferent • Postganglionic automotive efferent • Gray rami communicantes
C peripheral nerve fibers
ABC's of CPR ** REMEMBER before you start any rescue efforts, you must remember to check the victim for responsiveness
C- Circulation: check carotid artery, if no pulse begin compressions. A- airway: if victim is unconscious and is unresponsive, you need to make sure that his airway is clear of any obstruction B- Breathing: with victim's airway clear, gently support chin and tilt head. Pinch nose and ventilate. Watch victim for chest rise
What vertebral Level is hypoid bone, and carotid artery?
C3
What vertebral Level is the thyroid cartilage?
C4/5
In Syringomyelia, there is usually congenital weakening of what levels?
C5-C6
What vertebral Level is the cricoid cartilage, carotid tubercle; last moveable segment?
C6
What special imaging is this? • Presents structures in different planes with equal clarity • Uses contract and is 1-x better than plain film • Visualizes occult fx, bone fragment location, intra-articular fx, calcified soft tissue lesions, and Brodie's abscess • Traumatic lesions, pathology, or anomalies • Anything in LUNGS • Discitis, osteomyelitis, Brodies abscess • Aneurysms • Spina bifida's, spondylosis, spinal stenosis, lateral recess stenosis
CT
What am I? • Between articular processes
Capsular ligament
What am I? • Baby's head has an unusual shape due to swelling of the scalp; considered benign.
Caput succedaneum
Which of the following is the MC air pollutant?
Carbon Monoxide
Which of the following substances, contributes most to the greenhouse effect?
Carbon dioxide
What am I? • Cellular effects of carboxyhemoglobin • associated with blue mucous membranes and cherry red lips
Carbon monoxide
Which of the following is most common air pollutant?
Carbon monoxide
What am I? • It was formerly widely used in fire extinguishers, as a precursor to refrigerants, and as a cleaning agent. • It is a colorless liquid with a sweet smell that can be detected at low levels
Carbon tetrachloride
What am I? • Call it a carload of furuncles • Same organism and lesion location as fur uncle
Carbuncle
What is the reason the amount of nitrites were lowered in. Lunch meats?
Carcinogenic
What type of shock am I? • Result of the heart being unable to supply adequate blood circulation to the vital organs. • Can be caused by trauma or disease. • Care: pt supine with feet higher than head
Carcinogenic shock
Who am I? • Subluxations are from abnormal biomechanics caused by muscle imbalance in a weight bearing spine. • Pelvic distortion model (basic distortion of the spine starts in the pelvis
Carver
What am I? • A written report on the details fo a single case
Case study
What am I? • Associated with muscle inhibition
Catalonia
What disorder is associated with S2-S4?
Cauda Equina
Who is responsible for Providing programs for the elderly some disabilities, and poor americans?
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid services
Where are the following congenital anomalies/variants located? • Posterior Ponticle • Down's Syndrome • Os Odontoideum • Congenital Block • Klippel-Feil Syndrome
Cervical
What adjustment technique am I? • PP: Prone Antigravity • DP: Dr stands on side of spinous rotation using fencer stance facing cephalad • CP: Thumb tip on lateral aspect of the SP of C7 • SH: Palm of Hand Cups the ear • PRO: Thumb pad on C7 spinous. Dr rotates face away and laterally flexes head toward side of contact • LOD: P-A,L-M,I-S
Cervical Patient Prone Thumb-Spinous Contact
These orthos are to test what part of the body? • Bakody's Test (aka Shoulder ABDuction Test) • Foraminal Compression Test • Jackson Compression Test • Maximum Cervical Compression Test • Distraction Test • Shoulder Depression Test • Soto Hall Sign • Spurling's Test • Valsalva maneuver • Naffziger's Test
Cervical Spine
What am I? • If for trauma, evaluate standard series for fracture or signs of instability before proceeding with extension • FFD: 72 • Tube Tilt: None
Cervical extension x rays
What am I? • Motive IVF's • Film: 8x10 • FFD: 72 (we learn 69) • Tube tilt 15 (anterior causal, posterior cephalad) • Ant: Facing the Bucky the body is rotated 45 decrees away. The head is then rotated to be parallel with the plane of the Bucky • Posterior obliques- facing the tube • Named for what is touching the Bucky (posterior obliques Back to Bucky)
Cervical obliques
What am I? • Articular processes and apophyseal joints • Film: 8x10 • FFD; 40Tube tilt (35 cephalad), so we would say FFD 33 • Patient position P-A
Cervical pillar x ray
What am I? • Mc malignancy of the female genital tract
Cervix
What am I? • Bluish discoloration of the vagina
Chadwick's sign
What Line of Mensuration am I? • Landmarks: the hard palate to the opisthion (posterior foramen magnum) • Significance: If the odontoid is >7mm above this line, this indicates basilar impression
Chamberlain's Line
What type of fracture am I? • horizontal fx through a single body and posterior arch • MC L1-L3
Chance (aka seatbelt)
Diagnose Me: • Organism is Haemophilus Ducreyi. • Papules which become soft and painful (Frei test)
Chancroid
What am I? • A high intensity electron hits an inner shell electron, which is knocked out of its position in orbit. • An outer shell electron then fills its spot
Characteristic radiation
What ortho am I? • Tape measure placed around 4th intercostal space. • Pt exhales completely, measurement taken, then patient inhales deeply, measurement taken. • Normal 1.5-3"(+) <1.5" in women; <2" in men • Indicates: Ankylosing Spondylitis
Chest expansion Test
Diagnose Me: • Causative organism for Reiter's disease and ophthalmia neonaturm. • Causes PID in females, males asymptomatic. • MC cause of female infertility in the US
Chlamydia
WHat am I? • affiliated with the 9 Fs???? • pain referral to the inferior border of the right scapula (viscerospmatic) • Murphy's Inspiratory Arrest • Special Test: Ultrasound and Cholecystogram
Cholelithiasis
How is Myasthenia Gravis treated?
Cholinesterase inhibiting drugs
What am I? • An organophosphate that increases the effectiveness of acetylcholine
Cholinesterase inhibitor
What am I? •epiphyseal/metaphyseal location • <20yrs
Chondroblastoma
What am I? • >40yr old creates spiculated/radiating/sunburst in periosteal reaction of long bones
Chondrosarcoma and Fibrosarcoma
What am I? • >40yr old • Aberrant notochordal cell tumor • MC commonly found in the sacrum • 2nd MC location is in the skull
Chordoma
What am I? • Malignancy of the placenta due to abnormal epithelium
Choriocarcinoma
What is Parkinson's Disease?
Chronic progressive condition that causes basal ganglionic dysfunction
What am I? • 2 events that occur close together in time become fused in the person's mind. Ex: Pavlov's dogs
Classical conditioning
What am I? • Low energy x ray that changes direction with no energy loss. • Contributes to film fog
Classical scatter aka Thompson scatter aka coherent scatter
What disorder is associated with Ulnar n?
Claw hand
What symptom is seen with Klumpke's paralysis?
Claw hand deformity w/flexion of the wrist
What type of fracture am I? • avulsion fx of the spinous process • MC C6-T1 • Hyperflexion injury
Clay Shoveler's
What am I? • Limits the size of the beam to the size of the body part you need to capture on film • The best way to reduce scatter radiation to the patient as well as to the film
Collimation
What am I? • First breast milk
Colostrum
What am I? • Acidified/activator—- neutralies the developer "stop bath"—-acetic acid • Clearing agent— removes undeveloped Ag Hali's "hypo solution"— ammonium/ NA+ thiosulfate • Hardener— stiffens/shrinks the emulsion— Potassium alum • Preservative— maintains pH of fixer—sodium sulfite
Components, function and chemicals fo x ray fixer
What am I? • Adjacent vertebra osseously fused from birth • Associated with wasp waist and hypoplastic dic
Congeniral block
What am I? • Putti's Triad: hypoplastic femoral head, shallow acetabular shelf, and femoral head outside of acetabulum • Orthopedic exams: Telescoping, Ortolani, Barlow, and Allis
Congenital Hip Dysplasia
What am I? • A comparison group assignment in a clinical trial that receives no treatment, a placebo treatment or an alternative treatment
Control group
What am I? • Loss or change of physical function caused by a psychological conflict. • Conversion symptoms are not supported by medical evidence but not faked. • Often appear rapidly after trauma. Involuntary response. • Most common disability seen: paralysis, blindness, mutism, deafness, seizures
Conversion hysteria aka conversion reaction
What am I? • Compressive myelopathy or cord compression refers to destruction of spinal cord tissue caused by pressure from neoplasms, hematoma, congenital defects and extreme trauma • This was the hypothesis BJ palmer utilized to explain his Hole in ONe technique. • He believed that the C1-2 was the most important area of the spine because according to BJ misalignments of the associated cervical vertebrae would affect any and all functions of the body
Cord Compression (Compressive Myelopathy)
What am I? • HIO technique-based on the original model of cord compression) • Via upper cervical compromise (canal stenosis in lumbar also a form) • Etiology: any inflammation, Arthritides, trauma, central disc herniation, Fox, dislocation,subluxation, stenosis, DJD, Down's • SIDS- all cases studied-> inversion of atlas
Cord compression summary Aka cord myelopathy(BJ)
What thoracic outlet syndrome (aka neurovascular compression syndrome) spine test am I? • Dr Palpates radial pulse while drawing pts shoulder down & back. • Pt flexes chin to chest • (+) Alteration in amplitude of radial pulse • Indicates: Compression between 1st rib & clavicle
Costoclavicular Maneuver aka Eden's test
Coupled Motion CHART
Coupled Motion CHART
Who am I? • Flexion distraction • Developed a protocol for the treatment of lumbar disc protrusions, spondylolisthesis, facet syndrome, subluxation, and scoliotic curves
Cox
WHat am I? • greater than 130° normal coxa-femoral angle is 120°-130° •Mikuliez's line on mensuration
Coxa Valgus
WHat am I? • less than 120° normal coxa-femoral angle is 120°-130° • Mikuliez's line on mensuration
Coxa Vara
Close packed position of hip
Coxafemoral joint max extension, internal rotation and abduction
What shoulder ortho am I? • Pts elbow is flexed to 90 w/forearm pronated & fist dorsiflexed. • Dr stabilizes elbow & resists pts dorsiflexion • (+) Pain in lateral elbow • Indicates: Lateral Epicondylitis ****EXTENSION
Cozen's test
What am I? • Similar to seborrheic dermatitis in an adult
Cradle cap
What am I? • An increase in strain of a material that occurs during constant stress from loading • It is a deformation of a viscoelastic tissue to a constant, steadily applied load. • In the body, the structure may or may not return to its original length or shape
Creep
What adjustment technique am I? • PP: prone antigravity • DP: Fencer stance facing cephalad on the side of contact lean directly over the contact hand closet to Dr is the one the induces thrust • CP: Pisiform contact in TO with tissue ull M-L • SH: Contralateral TP at the same level • PRO: M-L tissue pull applies contact the TP and the other TP at the same level crossed hands • LOD: P-A with thrust to induce flexion or rotation
Crossed Bilateral Pisiform/Hypothenar TP contact
What does the Lateral corticospinal tract control & cross?
Crosses at medullary pyramids & travels to the flexors of the extremities
Where does the Ventral corticospinal tract cross and control?
Crosses at the segmental level then to flexors of the trunk
What am I? • Virus • Childhood disease characterized by a resonating barking cough; laryngeal spasm may have a membrane
Croup
These knee orthos are testing for what issue? • Drawer Test • Slocum Test • Lachman • Posterior Sag Sign
Cruciate Ligament
What am I? • C0 to body of C2. • Cross- shaped • Includes transverse ligament as horizontal portion
Cruciate ligament
What does the anterior spinothalamic tract control?
Crude light touch
What am I? • Found in plants, apple seeds, mango seeds, peach pits, bitter almonds • Affects CNS and heart
Cyanide
What am I? • Herniation of the urinary bladder into the vagina
Cystocele
What are the 5Ds, 3Ns, and 1A of Vascular insufficiency model?
D's & N's Stroke warning signs= 5D 3N 1A 1. Dysphasia 2. Dysarthria 3. Diplopia 4. Dizziness 5. Drop attacks 1. Nausea 2. Nystagmus 3. Numbness 1. Ataxia
Who am I? • Discoverer/founder of chiropractic (1895) • First to use short levers (spinous and TVP) • TONE (nerves too tense or too slack) is the foundation that chiropractic is based upon • Nerve Compression Theory • Stated the causes of subluxation are CHEMICAL (toxins), MECHANICAL (trauma) or PSYCHIC (thoughts) • Talked about innate intelligence; confined the term innate from Christianity • Learned chiropractic from eastern Europe a Bone setters • Chiropractic philosophy based upon the principle of STRUCTURE (spinal column) to FUNCTION (nervous system for healing) • Innate is similar to homeostasis—> self regulating and self healing • Vitalism—> suggests that the body requires something greater than physical and chemical processes to function
Daniel David Palmer (DDP)
What is the Diagnostic test for syphilis?
Dark Field microscopy Labs--> VDRL (MC), FTA/ABS, TPI
Which shoulder ortho am I? • Deep palpation over subacromial bursa elicits pain. w/o moving fingers arm is passively abducted • (+) Reduction of pain • Indicates: Subacromial Bursitis
Dawbarn's Sign
Who am I? • SOT—> CSF flow through the pumping action of the sacrum and the cranial dura mater
DeJarnette
Hamstrings are pulled by athletes who do what?
Deaccelerate quickly or kick and pulling the muscle off the ischial tuberosity
What am I? • Bed sore that requires protein for healing.Most common over the sacrum
Decubitus ulcer
What am I? • Any intentional false communication either written or spoken that harms a person's reputation
Defamation of character
What am I? • Unconscious strategies utilized to cope with reality
Defense mechanisms
What am I? • Clarity and sharpness • Umbra is the picture made by the useful beam • Penumbra is the blurry hallo parts of the image (unsharpness) • Penumbra is caused by having the tube too close to the film (short FFD) having the patient too far from the film (long OFD) or having too big of a filament not he cathode, making the focal spot too big
Definition of xrays
What is Mallet Finger?
Deformity where the fingertip is curled in & cannot straighten itself
What am I? • NON INFLAMMATORY; MC involves weight bearing joints • usually stiffens with rest and mproves with activity • complications include spinal stenosis and IVF encroachment; mc site affected in spine is C5/C6 • SPINE: IVD narrowing, osteophytes, endplate sclerosis • HAND: Heberden's (DIP) nodes, ↓ joint space with sclerosis, asymmetrical distribution, non-union loss of space • HIP: ↓ superolateral joint space with sclerosis • KNEE: ↓ medial joint space with lateral space preserved
Degenerative Joint Disease (Aka osteoarthritis)
What does a Depressed fontanelle indicate?
Dehydration
What ortho am I? • Pt reports pain is brought on by coughing, sneezing, or straining at the stool • Indicates: Space occupying lesion
Dejerine's Triad
What muscles are innervated by Axillary Nerve?
Deltoid & Teres minor
What am I? • MS
Demyelination of CNS
What causes MS?
Demyelination of the CNS causing demyelination of the spinal cord & later the brain
What am I? • Extends from neuron body • Receives signal information from the local environment • Associated with receptors that are designed to sense specific stimuli or react to specific chemical transmitters
Dendrite
What am I? • Refusal to perceive unpleasant realities. Painful subject stems from external sources such as impulses or fantasies. Mc see in alcoholics
Denial
What am I? • The overall blackening on a film • Radiolucent: structures that produce more blackening on the film • Radiopaque: structures that produce less blackening on the film (whiter)
Density
What am I? • Denser tissue absorbs x rays whereas less dense tissue transmits more x rays. • Normal radiographic densities: -Gas: black -Fat: black -Muscle, water, ST: gray -Bone and metal: white
Differential absorption of x rays
What am I? • Males > 40yr with neck stiffness or pain on swallowing • associated with diabetes mellitus • can cause ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) • Radiographic findings: flowing hyperotosis, candle wax drippings, 4 contiguous segments involved; disc space preserved
Diffuse Idiopathic Hyperostosis
What am I? • Used to increase cardiac contractility (antiarrhythmic agent) overdose can cause heart block
Digitalis
What am I? • Expansion or stretching of the cervix during the 1st stage of labor
Dilation of the cervix
What am I? • Caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria. • A gray pseudomembrane on the throat
Diphtheria
What adjustment technique am I? • PP: supine • DP: Dr same as contact side at head of table • CP: Lateral surface of distal index finger on pedicle lamina junction articular pillar opposite spinous rotation • SH: Dr cups the ear and supports contralateral occiput • PRO: Dr applies a P-A tissue pull rotates head away from side of contact and laterally flexes over contact • LOD: P-A, L-M, I-S (C2-C6) P-A, L-M, S-I (C1)
Diversified Cervical LPJ/Articular Pillar Contact
What am I? • Innervate the skin and intrinsic muscles of the back
Dorsal rami
Where is sensory for Radial nerve?
Dorsal web between thumb & index
What am I? • An experiment in which patients and either doctors or outcome assessors are blinded
Double blind study
What am I? • 20% are born without the transverse ligament • ↑ ADI indicates atlantoaxial instability • Must perform stress films before tx is commenced
Down's Syndrome
What knee ortho am I? • Pt supine, knee flexed to 90° & hip to 45°. • Dr stabilizes foot on table. • Tibia is then drawn forward/posterior • (+) Pain or joint laxity Indicates: • Anterior (pulling P-A) ACL; • Posterior (pulling A-P): PCL
Drawer test
What knee ortho am I? • Supine pt is asked to raise their extended leg & is unable to do so. • Dr applies pressure to the quads & pt can lift the leg • (+) Pt can only lift leg w/pressure at quads • Indicates: Fractured Patella
Dreyer's Test
Which shoulder ortho am I? • Pt places hand of affected shoulder on opposite shoulder & attempts to touch the chest w/elbow • (+) Unable to perform • Indicates: Acute shoulder dislocation
Dugas' test
What am I? • Most external layer of the meninges • Thick and tough connective tissue. • Continuous from cranial cavity to the sacrum. • The dura covers individual nerve roots and nerves as they exit the spinal canal. • The sleeves of the dura follow the nerves to the IVF and surround a swelling, which represents the location of the dorsal root ganglion
Dura mater
What am I? • The dentate ligaments give us this theory of rotational stress or the concept of meningeal torsion
Dural Torque Theory
What am I? • Dentate ligament (connects pia to dura) • Concept of meningeal torsion (rotational stress) • Upper cervical or craniosacral involvement
Dural torque summary • Usually seen as an alt her at upper cervical theory
What am I? • These are from the motion palpation findings • ALWAYS REFER TO VERTEBRAL BODY • Fixated: Segment is stuck in that position that is being described • Restricted or decreased: segment can't move to the position that is described (opposite of fixated)
Dynamic Listings
What am I? • Painful menses. •Primary increased prostaglandin •Secondary from pathology i.e. Endometriosis
Dysmenorrhea
What am I? • Mild chronic depression. Symptoms need to occur most of the time for 2 years. Begins in adolescence or early adulthood. Same symptoms as depression but not as severe.
Dysthymia disorder
What am I? • Abnormal, painful or prolonged labor
Dystocia
What am I? • A comprehensive model is used in health promotion that is aimed more at a macro (population) • It has constructs that take into consideration the micro issues of the person, as well as the macro issues of the community
Ecological Model of Health Promotion
What am I? • Thinning of the cervix
Effacement
What am I? • Motor impulses for the anterior horn of the spinal cord to the periphery
Efferent
What Line of Mensuration am I? • Landmarks: Line drawn to connect the tops of the superior and inferior articular processes. The distance to the posterior body margin at the midpoint is measured Significance: Measurement <15mm: SPinal Canal Stenosis
Eisenstein's Method of Sagittal Canal Measurement
What am I? • The tendency of tissue under load to return to its original size and shape after removal of the load • Rubber bands and ligaments
Elasticity
These orthos are designed to test for what? • Lateral Epicondylitis (AKA radiohumeral bursitis, tennis elbow) • Medial Epicondylitis (AKA little leaguer's elbow, golfer) • Cozen • Reverse Cozen • Mill's
Elbow
Where does Cubital tunnel syndrome occur?
Elbow
What is motor for Musculocutaneous n?
Elbow flexion
What am I? • Vision
Electromagnetic sensory neurons
What is motor for Dorsal scapular n?
Elevation & retraction of scapula
What hip ortho am I? • Pt prone, • Heel is approximated to butt after flexion of knee (sign). • Approximated to opposite butt & hyperextended (+) Pain Indicates: • Ely's sign: Rectus femoris contracture • Ely's test: Hip lesion or iliopsoas irritation or inflamed lumbar nerve roots
Ely's Sign/Test
How do you provide care for inhaled poisons?
Emergency oxygen ASAP
What am I? • Substance that makes you vomit • if the toxic substance is taken by mouth normally then use an emetic to get rid of it (dont use with gasoline)
Emetic
What am I? • Pain is felt by the patient before full range of motion is achievedSuggests possible pathology (bursitis, abscess, or neoplasm)
Empty feel
What am I? • MC benign bone tumor of the hand • May have a stippled appearance • multiple echondromas is called Ollier's Disease • ollier's → 10-50% rate if malignant degeneration • With soft tissue calcification is known as Maffucci Syndrome
Enchondroma
What am I? • Disease or other occurrence that is constantly present in a population
Endemic
What am I? • Derived from normal microbiota that become opportunistic while the patient is in the health care setting.
Endogenous
What is the AKA for Meniere's Disease?
Endolymphatic Hydrops
What am I? • Abnormal endometrial tissue outside the uterus • Abdominal/back pain and can cause infertility
Endometriosis
What am I? • Mc type of postpartum infection (staph/strep) inflammation of endometrium
Endometritis
What am I? • Connective tissue that surrounds individual nerve fibers
Endoneurium
What am I? • Identical to AS in the pelvis with GI dysfunction • MC in women • bilateral SI pain
Enteropathic Arthropathy
What am I? • Bed wetting
Enuresis
What am I? • Whenever a disease occurs at a greater frequency than normal for a population or area
Epidemic
CN X Gives sensory to what?
Epiglottis & Laryngeal muscles of swallowing
What am I? • Connective tissue that surrounds entire nerve and its major branches
Epineurium
What am I? • Malformation of the penis in which the urethra ends in an opening on the Dortmund of the penis
Epispadia
What am I? • Hemolytic anemia in the fetus or neonate caused by trans-placental transmission of maternal antibodies to fetal RBCs. • The disorder usually results from incompatibility b/t maternal and fetal blood groups, often Rh(D) antigens
Erythroblastosis fetalis
What am I? • 10-25+ yr old • MC found in diaphysis of long bones • Permeative lesion that causes a multi-paralleled onion skin (laminated) type of periosteal reaction • bone expansion, Codman's triangle, saucerization
Ewing's Sarcoma
What am I? • Acquired from the healthcare environment, such as air conditioners or bed rails
Exogenous
What am I? • Pt has the procedure explained to them, understands and agrees to it
Expressed consent
What is Trigeminal Neuralgia?
Extreme, sporadic, sudden burning or shock-like face pain that lasts anywhere from a few seconds to as long as 2 minutes per episode- pain typically on one side of jaw/face
Which agency is responsible for assembling safety of medical devices
FDA
Which organizations sets the rules for the use of x ray equipment in chiropractors offices?
FDA
What am I? •Asymmetric articular planes • MC at L5/S1
Facet Troposm
What am I? • Responsible for direction of motion (directional guidance)
Facets
Facets Planes and Motions CHART
Facets Planes and Motions CHART
CN VII
Facial
What am I? • Increase in afferent stimuli causes a decreased threshold for firing • Continued stimulation result in hyperactive responses
Facilitation
What theory am I? • Aka: fixation theory; segmental facilitation's; segmental hypothesis; gamma motor gain; proprioception insult; sympatheticotonia • Segmental facilitation is defined as a lower threshold for firing in a spinal cord segment, as a result of afferent bombardment assisted with spinal lesions • Korr developed this first model to explain neurological effects of segmental dysfunction. His model describes segmental dysfunction resulting in a sustained hyperactivity if a segment caused by a muscle spindle activity. He focused in the muscle spindle as the coordination that may increase or decrease muscle contraction according to the direction of motion in the joint. The neurological implications of this model suggest that segmental dysfunction creates pathological somatic and visceral process • Explains that a vertebra is "stuck" in a normal or abnormal position but always with a NORMAL range of motion due to a muscle spasm producing hypomobility and nociception • Facilitation: continuous firing of nociception lowers the threshold for firing in this segment. This is called proprioceptive insult.
Facilitation hypothesis
Which of the following is an occupational hazard for skin cancer?
Farmer
Who am I? • Fixation theory of joint hypomobility
Faye
What am I? • Used for arthritis (RA and OA
Feldene
Who does Myasthenia Gravis most commonly affect?
Females 20-40 yo
Who is MS most commonly seen in?
Females 20-40 yo
What nerve/root is the patellar reflex?
Femoral L4
What Line of Mensuration am I? • LandmarksL 2 lines are drawn through and parallel to the mid-axis of the femoral shaft and the femoral neck •Significance: Normal Angle: 120°-130° <120°: Coxa Vara >130°: Coxa Valga
Femoral Angle aka Mikulicz's Angle
Where is this type of this Avascular Necrosis (aka Osteonecrosis/Osteochondrosis) located? • Legg Calve Perthes
Femoral Epiphysis
What am I? • Presents with delayed growth, microcephaly, retardation
Fetal alcohol syndrome
What am I? • Palpable nodules in breast after ovulation with regression after menses (overweight diabetic women)
Fibrocystic breast disease
What am I? • monostatic form (70%) associated "rind sign" • polyostotic form (30%) • Physiologic resorption of normal bone replaced by fibrous tissue • causes deformity (Saber shin tibia and Sheppard;s Crook) • "Ground glass" appearance • "Cafe au lait" spots with coast of main appearance
Fibrous Dysplasia
Where would a problem with Common Peroneal N occur?
Fibular head
What disorder is associated with Peroneal n?
Fibular head fx
What am I? • Preferential removal of low energy photons (this incapable to get all. The way to the screen) usually made of aluminum • Filter stops the weak photons from entering the patient's body thus protecting them from scatter radiation
Filtration
Which part of the xray machine does not allow low energy rays to get to the patient, thereby limiting scatter radiation?
Filtration
What wrist/hand ortho am I? • Pt makes a fist w/thumb tucked inside, fist is ulnar deviated • (+) pain over anatomical snuff box • Indicates: De Quervain's Dx aka Stenosing Tenosynovitis
Finkelstein's test
What is the least likely fatal injury to occur in the adult population?
Firearms
What is the name of this Avascular Necrosis (aka Osteonecrosis/Osteochondrosis) at this location? • Head of 2nd and 3rd metatarsal
Freiberg's
What am I? • A general or statistical expression of how often a condition or disease occurs
Frequency
What am I? • Development of free Association and dream analysis as a route to the unconscious mind. • Developed the psychosexual stages of development going from oral to anal to phallic or genital. • ANAL is stubborn and develops an order to every aspect of life. • Id: basic instincts; • ego: reality and control; • superego: guilt and consciousness
Freud
What am I? • 10x12 • FFD: 40 • Supine, figure 4 postion
Frog leg lateral hip
What wrist/hand ortho am I? • Dr places a piece of paper between pts thumb & index fingers & attempts to pull paper out • (+) Unable to keep paper between fingers • Indicates: Ulnar nerve palsy
Froment's Paper Sign
High intake of which of these substances is most likely to lead to metabolic syndrome?
Fructose
What SI Joint ortho am I? • Pt supine w/involved side near edge of table, Opposite knee & thigh are fully flexed & fixed against the abdomen by pt. Involved leg is gradually extended off table by examiner. • Dr then applied downward pressure against clasped knee & knee of extended hip • (+) Pain in SI joint • Indicates: SI Lesion
Gaenslen's Test
What is an antalgic gait?
Gait is utilized to avoid provoking pain
What type of fracture am I? • fx of distal 1/3 of radius with dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint
Galeazzi
What am I? • While running a finger down the ipsilateral paraspinal muscles the baby will contract to that side
Gallant reflex
What am I? • Innervate muscle spindles • Establish a set point for muscle tones
Gamma motor neurons
What am I? • Removal of stomach contents via a pump followed by a saline rinse in order to eliminate the poisons from the stomachs. Contraindications include corrosive substances, hydrocarbons, or poisons with effective antidote
Gastric lavage
What theory am I? • Selye states that exposure to stress can cause "disease of adaptation" is based on the idea that under optimum conditions the body can respond to various stressors by adapting to them • Stages of adaptation: alarm, resist, adapt, exhaust • Scientist and chiropractors now know that pathways exist which verify that the nervous system participates in the response to stress and may therefore be a factor in any of the so called " diseases of adaptation'. • Response to stress is coordinated by a neuroendocrine mechanism • Selye discovered and documented that stress differs from other physical responses in that stress is stressful whether one receives good or bad news whether the impulse is negative or positive • Negative stress: distress • Positive: eustress • The system whereby the body copes with stress, the hypothalamuc-pituitray-adrenal axis (HPA axis) system. • There is also an alarm state, a resistance state, and an exhausted state largely referring to glandular states • responses to stress is coordinated by a neuroendocrine mechanism
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Diagnose Me: • Organism is HPV. • Papilloma (painful, soft, flesh colored cauliflower erosions are linked to cervical cancer
Genital warts aka condylomata acuminata
What Line of Mensuration am I? • Landmarks: Posterior body margins are checked for alignment with what should be a smooth, continuous line • Significance: Discontinuous line may indicate A to P vertebral malposition such as anterolisthesis or retrolisthesis
George's Line
What am I? •epiphyseal/metaphyseal location • 20-40yrs • 20% of the time= quasi-maglignant • associated with soap bubble appearance (aka saponaceous)
Giant Cell Tumor
Who am I? • Considers the process of mechanical joint dysfunction thru 3 different phases of joint fixation • Muscular, ligamentous, articular • He maintains that ligamentous or articular fixations are the most significant
Gillet
Green or blue tint is added at the base of x ray film to reduce ___
Glare
What am I? • Used assess level of consciousness for any medical or Trauma pt
Glasgow scale
What disorder is associated with Axillary nerve?
Glenohumeral dislocation
Which bone is dislocated? • chronic dislocation may present with Bankhart and/or Hill-Sacks/Hachet deformity
Glenohumeral joint
CN IX
Glossopharyngeal
What lumbar ortho am I? • Pt supine w/affected leg raised slowly while hand is under lumbosacral portion of the spine. Repeat on otherside • (+) Pain • Indicates: 0°-30° SI joint; 30°-60° Lumbosacral joint; 60°-90° Lumbar spine or contralateral SI joint
Goldthwait's Test
What am I? • Receptors located at the end of muscles that detect muscle tension • Inhibited muscle contraction when stimulated
Golgi tendon organ
Diagnose Me: • Gram negative Diplococcus (N. Gonorrhea) that is grown on chocolate agar • MC symptom is dysuria • MC sign is a green mucopurulent discharge; • MC joint affected: Knee • MC sequelae site in men- testes which leads to sterility • In women salpingitis, in newborns it leads to blindness
Gonorrhea
Who am I? • Subluxations are all posterior with disc wedging
Gonstead
What am I? • Named by how the subluxation segment misaligned to the segment below 1. In gonstead the first letter always begins with P which refers to posteriority 2. Second letter refers to spinous rotation, with will be an R or L 3. Third letter refers to lateral flexion or wedding of the segment on the side of spinous rotation. Will be either S or an I 4.generally gonstead will contact on the side of open wedge. However, there are special listings that are indicated by either Sp (spinous), -La (lamina), -Tp (TVP) or - M (mammillary)
Gonstead (spinous) listings
What adjustment technique am I? • PP: Seated • DP: Dr stands posterior slightly to contact side • CP: Lateral surface of distal index finger on pedicale-lamina junction articular pillar opposite spinous process • SH: Contralateral occiput and cervical spine • PRO: Dr applies P-A tissue pull rotates head away from side of contact and laterally flexes over contact • LOD: P-A, L-M, I-S
Gonstead Cervical Distal Lateral Index Lamina/Articular Pillar Contact
What adjustment technique am I? • PP: seated • DP: stands posterior slightly to contact side • CP: lateral surface of distal index finger on posterior inf. Surface of spinous • SH: contra lateral occiput and cervical spine • PRO: Dr. applies a P-A tissue pull rotates head away from side of contact and laterally flexes over contact • LOD: PA, IS, LM
Gonstead seated cervical distal lateral index spinous contact
What am I? • Good faith rendering of care at an emergency isn't liable for civil damages
Good Samaritan Law
What am I? • Softening of the tip of the cervix
Goodell's sign
What am I? • Males >40yr old • due to overproduction of uric acid • extremely painful, red, hot, swollen joints • usually mono-articular with the most common site at MTP of the big toe (Podagra) • Tophi crystals may be seen • overhanging margin: juxta-articular erosions • LABS: increased uric acid, +ESR • SPECIAL TEST: Joint aspiration • Pharmacology: acute- colchicine, chronic allopurinol
Gout
What ortho am I? • When arising from supine position • pt turns to prone position & then climbs up on themselves • Indicates: Muscular Dystrophy
Gower's Sign
Diagnose Me: • Organism is bacterium with incubation time 8-80 days. • Presents ars red beefy lesions that are nodular and lead to ulcerations and are seen in the anogenital to perineal area
Granuloma inguinale
What are these measuring? • External auditory meats • Anterior body C7 • Middle of shoulder • Anterior 1/3 of sacral base • Middle of the hip joint • Posterior to the Patel • 1'' anterior to lateral malleolus
Gravity weight line (lateral postural analysis)
What type of fracture am I? • incomplete fracture in children
Greenstick/Hickory Stick
What am I? • Device of alternating strips of lead and spacer material • Placed between father patient and the film • Sole purpose of the grid is to improve the quality of the radiograph by absorbing scatter • Use of a grid will require an increase in exposure factors to maintain density • Increases patient dose of radiation • Grid ration: height of lead strips to the distance between strips • 12:1 grid ratio in chiro offices
Grids
Where do the ureter's refer pain?
Groin
Who am I? • Upper cervical specific • dentate ligament
Grostic
What Line of Mensuration am I? • Landmarks: A curvilinear line is drawn along the inferior aspect of the TP, the inferior articular process, and through the joint space to the superior articular process of the vertebrae below • Significance: Should be a smooth 'S" shaped surve. An interruption in the S curve indicates subluxation or facet imbrications
Hadley's "S" Curve
Who am I? • Father of homeopathy (treats patients with heavily diluted preparations which are thought to cause effects similar to the symptoms presented)
Hahnemann
What am I? • Haloperidol is used to treat psychotic disorders (conditions that causes difficulty telling the difference between things or ideas that are real vs. not real)Haloperidol is also used to control motor tics and verbal tics in adults and children who have Tourette's disorder
Haldol
What am I? • Perception problem
Hallucinations
What am I? • Mushrooms and nutmeg
Hallucinogenic drugs
What thoracic outlet syndrome (aka neurovascular compression syndrome) spine test am I? • Pt extends head back. • The examiner slightly abducts arm then applies downward traction on arm while taking pulse • (+) Alteration in the amplitude of radial pulse • Indicates: Cervical rib
Halstead's test
During the gait cycling, de-acceleration is caused by what muscles?
Hamstrings
What muscle is associated with sciatic?
Hamstrings
Where is ALS usually first seen?
Hands/feet
What type of fracture am I? •bilateral pedicle fxs of C2 dye to hyperextension injury
Hangman's
What am I? • Ways to get people to take action on improving their health, especially to submit to a screening test • This model consists of 6 constructs: 1. Perceived susceptibility: Subjective belief regarding a person's likelihood of acquiring a disease or reaching a harmful state as a result of indulging in a particular behavior 2. Perceived severity: Subjective belief in the extent of harm that can result from an acquired disease or harmful as a result of a particular disease 3. Perceived benefits: Beliefs in the advantages of the methods suggested for reducing the risk or seriousness of the disease or harmful state resulting from a particular behavior 4. Perceived costs/barriers: Obstacles that ay discourage from taking action 5. cues to action: Precipitating forces that make a person feel the need to take action 6. Self- efficacy: The confidence that a person has in his or her ability to pursue a behavior
Health Belief Model
Who is responsible for Providing health resources to underserved persons and builds healthcare workforce?
Health resources and services administration
What am I? • A statement produced by the US department of Health and Human services • Consists of 28 focus areas and 467 national health objectives designed to identify the most significant preventable threats to health in the US and establish national goals to reduce these threats • Focuses on disease prevention and health promotion rather than disease treatment
Healthy People
What is the most common cause of death in the elderly?
Heart Disease
Which of the following is the leading cause of death for people over the age of 80?
Heart Disease
What is the number one cause of death in the US?
Heart disease
What am I? • Brief muscle cramp due to excess heat Or exercise (electrolyte deficiency)
Heat cramp
What am I? • Increased epiphyseal pressure leads to decreased growth and vice versa • ie Scheuermann's disease
Heater-Volkman's Law
What Line of Mensuration am I? •Landmarks: The shortest distance is measured between the plantar surface of the calcaneus and the external skin contour • Significance: If this distance is >25mm in a male or >23mm in a female this signifies increased thickness often associated with acromegaly
Heel Pad Measurement
What is Charcot Marie Tooth Disease?
Hereditary condition that affects both motor & sensory nerves
What am I? • found in the dorsal root ganglion. vesicular lesions that follow the course of a dermatome
Herpes zoster aka shingles
What SI Joint ortho am I? • Pt prone • Dr Stabilizes pelvis on side standing. • W/other hand, Dr grasps ankle of opposite leg & flexes knee to 90. • Dr slowly pushes leg laterally away producing internal rotation of hip • (+) SI pain/Hip pain • Indicates: SI/Hip lesion
Hibb's Test
Which of the following best decreases the contrast?
High KvP
What am I? • Low contrast=long scale • Type of film shows very little differences between densities • More shades of grey (soft tissue film) • High kVp produces more scatter, however the amount of radiation absorbed by the patient is decreased
High kVP
What muscle is associated with Obturator n?
Hip adductor muscles
What is motos for L1-L3?
Hip flexion
What am I? • Most common fractured bone in the elderly
Hip fracture
Who am I? • Father of modern medicine • First to manipulate
Hippocrates
Which part of the component model of vertebral subluxation complex (Faye) is this? • This component relates to inflammation; including pain, heat and swelling and can result from trauma, hypermobile irritation or can occur as art of the repair process • Can cause 5 signs of inflammation: 1. redness (rubor) 2. heat (calor) 3. swelling (tumor), 4. pain (dolor) 5. loss of function (functio Lasea) • Cellular flow of inflammatory process
Histopathology (tissue)
What am I? • MC form of metastasis in ages 20-40 • Ivory white vertebrae with anterior body scalloping • Unilateral hilar lymphadenopathy in Causasin (males) seen on PA chest view • Need biopsy to confirm (Reed Sternberg Cells)
Hodgkin's Disease
What ortho am I? • Pt supine in 90°/90° position, • Dr squeezes calf & dorsiflexes the foot simultaneously • (+) Deep calf pain • Indicates: DVT
Homan's Sign
What am I? • Treats patients with heavily diluted preparations (primarily form plant and mineral sources) which are thought to cause effects similar to the symptoms presented
Homeopathy
What ortho am I? • Pt supine • Dr places one hand under each heel & asks patient to list affected limb • .(+) Dr doesn't feel the unaffected side pressing downward • Indicates: Malingering
Hoover's Sign
What am I? • MC affects the shoulder joint • Round or oval calcifications near the insertion of a bursa or tendon
Hydroxyapatite Deposition Disease (HADD)
What is Boutonniere Deformity?
Hyper-extension of the DIP & Hyperflexion of the PIP
What is a swan neck deformity?
Hyper-flexion of the DIP & Hyper-extension of the POP
What would the deep tendon reflex be for an UMNL?
Hyperactive
What am I? • severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy that can cause severe dehydration in the mother and fetus
Hyperemesis gravidarum
What am I? • Presence of excess blood in the vessels supplying a particular region of the body 'hyper active responses (hyper sympatheticotonia)
Hyperemia
What is the muscle tone in an UMNL?
Hypertonic
Pronator teres syndrome is caused by what?
Hypertonicity of the muscle by things such as occupation (ex. anything using a screw driver)
What would the deep tendon reflex be for a LMNL?
Hypoactive/absent
What am I? • An exaggerated pre-occupation with bodily functions and fear that one is suffering from serious disease. • Pt believes they have a disease or one is soon going to occur. disease is thought to be imminent. • Pt presents with having diagnosed himself, in a very detailed way, hoping for a dreaded diagnosis
Hypochondriasis
What type of shock am I? • Caused by an abnormal decrease in blood volume
Hypovolemic shock
What am I? • An effect of constant loading and unloading of a tissue • This repetition may cause the elastic limit to be exceeded • In the body it can be thought of as overuse (leading forward)
Hysteresis
What am I? • Attention seeking, aggressive, seductive person who is unable to be deeply involved emotionally
Hysterical aka histrioni
What am I? • Opens in flexion and decreases in extension Boundaries: • Ant: bodies(cervical are uncinate) and IVD • Post: zygapophyseal joints (facet) • Superior and inferior: pedicles
IVF
What am I? • Induced by treatment such as with antibiotics or medical procedures such as surgery
Iatrogenic
What am I? • increased keratinization producing a non inflammatory skin lesion
Ichthyosis aka fish skin
What am I? • An injury, disease, or condition for which the cause is not determinable
Idiopathic
What am I? • Stimulated: sympathicotonia • Inhibited: sympathetic atonia
If sympathetic adrenergic (epinephrine) is stimulated/facilitated vs inhibited
What SI Joint ortho am I? • Pt side-lying position w/involved side up. • Dr's hands are placed over upper part of iliac crest. • Dr exerts downward pressure • (+) SI Pain • Indicates: SI Lesion
Iliac Compression
What Line of Mensuration am I? • Landmarks: A smooth curvilinear line is drawn along the outer ilium, across the joint and onto the femoral neck • Significance: Bilateral asymmetry indicates a slipped femoral capital epiphysis, dislocation, fracture, or dysplasia
Iliofemoral Line
In gait cycle, acceleration of the thigh is the action of what muscles?
Iliopsoas & rectus femoris
Who am I? • Joint hypermobility • described S movement and pelvic dynamics. • Discovered and tested SI ligaments
Illi
What am I? • Organism may be staph or strep (MC) crusty lesions found around the corners of the mouth or on the hands in children
Impetigo
What disorder is associated with Femoral n?
Impingement
What disorder is associated with Musculocutaneous n?
Impingement
What disorder is associated with Obturator n?
Impingement
What am I? • Pt is unable to communicate consent, but life saving interventions are required
Implied consent
According to healthy people 2020, which mental illness is the leading cause of disability?
Major depression
How do you Trouble shoot Brown films?
Inadequate developer
How do you Trouble shoot Milky films?
Inadequate fixer
What am I? • Number of cases in a given area or population in a given period of time
Incidence
What am I? • The proportion of a clearly defined group, initially free of a condition, that develops over a period of time
Incidence
What does a Bulging fontanelle indicate?
Increased intracranial pressure, possibly from excessive caring
What can cause Mallet Finger?
Injury that either damages or tears the tendon from the bone
What am I? • Consists of the fluorescent crystals. When hit by the x ray, fluorescent salt changes x ray photons into visible light photons; this can expose the film and decrease patient exposure • Large crystals: - (more light) work quickly but yelled less detail -Faster screens=Higher contrast= short scale (less pt exposure) • Small crystals work slowly but offer more detail Slow screens = lower contrast=long scale (more exposure) • Intensifying screen increase density on the film by intensifying the action of the x-rays
Intensifying screens
What am I? • Between transverse processes
Intertransverse ligament
What am I? • Reddened areas caused by moisture, friction, and warmth retention found on opposing skin surfaces
Intertrigo
What am I? • Found between bodies from C2/3 to lumbosacral junction • Responsible for 1/4 of the entire heigh of the vertebral column • Greatest height in cervicals, least in thoracics • Responsible for weight bearing and dissipating shock • Consists of 3 components: 1. Annulus fibrosis 2. Nucleus pulposus 3. Cartilaginous endplate • Annulus fibrosus: limits the amount of torsion allowed on the disc and the amount of rotation of the vertebra. Allows the disc to adapt to stress. Outer portion has a blood supply innervated by the sinuvertebral nerves. During the aging process the water content gradually decreases causing more disc herniation. • Cartilaginous Endplates: composed of hyaline cartilage that separates but also helps attach the disc to the vertebral bodies; functions to anchor the disc, to form the growth zone for the immature vertebral body and to provide a permeable barrie between the disc and body. This role allows the avascular disc to receive nutrients and repair products • Nucleus pulposus: central portion of the disc and is the embryological derivation of the notochord. Accounts for 40% of the disc and is a semifluid gel that will deform easily but is considered incompressible. Responsible for the high water content of the disc. During the aging process the water content gradually decreases • Pressure changes in the disc: recumbent-> standing-> sitting-> sitting leaning forward-> jumping • Compressive load to the disc causes fracture of the end plate but not herniation • Thoracic herniation are rare due to disc thickness is greater there • Weakest part of the dis is the posterolateral aspect (narrowing of PLL)
Intervertebral Discs (IVD)
What am I? • Intensity of radiation varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source • If a 40 inch FFD is doubled the intensity of the radiation is 1/4 the intensity of 40 inches if no factors are change • At 80 inch FFD, the radiographer must increase mAs 4x the amount from the 40 in FFD to maintain the same amount of film blackening • If an 80 inch FFD is halved the intensity of the radiation is 4x the intensity from the 80 inch FFD if no factors change. thus factors must be 1/4 at the 4 inch FFD from 80 inch FFD
Inverse square law
What am I? • A period of depression associated with menopause
Involutional melancholia
What am I? • Dense, sharply elevated, progressively enlarging scar with collagenous hyperplasia seen in African americans, latinos and asians
Keloid
What lumbar ortho am I? • Pt seated/standing & supported by Dr. • Dr rotates pts trunk from the original position & circumducts the trunk towards the affected side then away from affected side • (+) Sciatic pain down involved side Indicates: • Posteromedial disc: (+) away from pain; • Posterolateral disc: (+) into pain
Kemp's test
What ortho am I? • Pt supine, • Dr flexes the hip & knee to 90°/90° position then attempts to extend knee • (+) Patient resists extension; Resistance causes Kicking motion • Indicates: Meningitis
Kernig's Sign
What am I? • Force applied to accelerate the electrons front the cathode to the anode at the time of exposure • The greater the force, the greater the numbers of high energy x ray photons will produced • Wavelength and frequency are inversely related • Low kVp=low energy=weak penetration • Higher kVp produces shorter wavelengths with a greater ability to penetrate tissue
Kilovoltage (kVp)
What am I? • MAs is the prime method to control density although it can be affected by kVp as well. • The relationship between kVp and density is not proportional • 15% rule: an increase in kVp by 15% will double the overall density on the film. • A 15% decrease will cut density in half
Kilovoltage and density
Which part of the component model of vertebral subluxation complex (Faye) is this? •Described as hypomobility, diminished or absent joint play, or segmental hypermobility due to compensation •Lack of appropriate joint motion is proposed to be associated with a variety of nociceptive and mechanoreceptive reflex functions that include proprioception •Early manifestation of a chronically fixated vertebral articulation is shortening of ligaments as an adaptation to limited ROM •Cornerstone model of Chiropractic because it's the goal of the adjustment to restore motion
Kinesiopathophysiology (movement)
Difference in terminology between KINETIC and MEDICARE listings according to NBCE
Kinetic listing- fixed, segment is stuck, restricted or decreased, segment isn't moving Medicare- listings are used as malpositions, meaning segment is in that position as seen on x ray. Or we utilize that segment is stuck in that position. Similar to a fixation
Who am I? • He presents a pattern of spinal degeneration founded on the principle that spinal degeneration often begins with location mechanical derangement in the absence of structural alteration • Postulated that the process is often initiated with the development of individual motion segment dysfunction secondary to alternation in segmental tone and function • Joint hypermobility s speculated to initiate the degenerative cycle through the development of altered segmental biomechanics If derangement is of significant magnitude, osseous structural alteration occurs and degeneration of the joint is radiographically visible • 3 phase model of instability—> dysfunction, unstable, stabilization, breaking up spinal adhesions on an injured segment
Kirkaldy-Willis
What Line of Mensuration am I? •Landmarks: A line drawn along the outer margin of the femoral neck •Significance: The femoral head should intersect the line. Failure to intersect the line indicates a slopped capital femoral epiphysis
Klein's Line
What am I? • Patient presents with a short webbed neck, low hairline, and ↓ ROM • Multiple congenital blocks • Associated with Sprengle's Deformity and omovertebral bone
Klippel-Feil Syndrome
What condition can affect the lower brachial plexus?
Klumpke's Paralysis
What does a scissor gait look like?
Knees cross midline while walking
WHat am I? • spina bifida of S1 with L5 spinous enlargement • pain on extention
Knife Clasp Syndrome
What is the name of this Avascular Necrosis (aka Osteonecrosis/Osteochondrosis) at this location? • tarsal navicular
Kohler's
What Line of Mensuration am I? • Landmarks: A lie is drawn along the pelvic inlet to the outer aspect of the obturator foramen • Significance: If the acetabular floor crosses the line, this indicates protrusio acetabuli
Kohler's Line
Who am I? • Segmental facilitation theory • Established the concept of subluxation creating a hyperactive nervous system rather than a decrease in nerve impulses • Muscle is central to his theory
Korr
What am I? • Protein malnutrition (ascites)
Kwashiorkor
What ortho am I? • Pt seated or supine. • Pt actively/passively flexes head toward chest • (+) Sharp electric shock like sensation down the spine into extremities • Indicates: MS, Myelopathy, other demyelinating cord lesions
L'hermitte's Sign
What nerve roots are affected with problems to lateral femoral cutaneous n.?
L2-L3
What vertebral level is the umbilicus?
L3
What am I? • Infant should attempt to raise the head and arch the back when placed in a prone position
Landau Reflex
What am I? • The most common surgical procedure for the diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis
Laparoscopy
These orthos make up what criteria? and what is it testing?
Laslett's Criteria • Iliac Compression • Iliac Depression • Thigh Thrust • Sacral Thrust • Gaenslen's **Must have 3/5
What am I? • Most important of the posterior ligaments in limiting flexion • Lamina to lamina (posterior portion of canal) • Has a high elastic content; flavum means 'yellow" • Posterior Atlanta-axial: continuation of ligamentum flavum from C2 to C1 • Posterior Atlanta occipital LF from C1 to C0
Ligamentum flavum
What am I? • Continuation of the supraspinous ligament from C7 to occiput
Ligamentum nuchae
How do you Trouble shoot dark films?
Light leak, developer temp too hot, overexposed
What am I? • The baby drops into the pelvis 2 weeks before delivery and produces lower abdominal pain
Lightening
What type of shock am I? • Lay victim down with head slightly lower than trunk and legs elevated and supported
Lightning strike
What am I? • Vaginal discharge after delivery and throughout the puerperium • 1st red, 2nd yellow, 3rd white
Lochia
Trigger Finger causes The finger to do what?
Locked in a flexed position
Who am I? • Founder of Logan Basic Technique • Sacrum as keystone to spine and first to use heel lifts
Logan
What is Syringomyelia?
Longitudinal cyst of the central canal of the spinal cord
What symptoms will someone with Syringomyelia have?
Loss of pain & temp over the shoulder & back in a cape like distribution
What am I? • Anterior pelvic tilt; •ASIS move anterior to pubic symphysis •Lengthened/inhibitor muscles: hamstrings glutes, abs •Hypertonic/ facilitated muscles: psoas, quads, erector spinae
Lower cross syndrome HYPERlordosis:
What am I? • ASIS move posterior to pubic symphysis • Lengthened/inhibited: psoas, quads, erector spinae • Hypertonic/ facilitated: hamstrings,glutes, abs
Lower cross syndrome: HYPOlordosis
These orthos are testing what part of the spine? And what position is the patient in? • Straight Leg Raise • Bragard's Sign • Sicard's Sign • Turyn's Sign • Well-Leg Raiser (AKA Fajerstazn's) • Millgram's Test • Goldthwait's • Lindner's • Bowstring • Bonnet's
Lumbar Spine- SUPINE
What am I? • Motive is pars • Film: 10x12 • FFD: 40
Lumbar spine obliques
What Line of Mensuration am I? • Landmarks: Oblique line drawn through and parallel to the sacral base. Horizontal line parallel to the bottom edge of the film •Significance: Normal Angle: 26°-57° Average Angle: 41°
Lumbosacral Angle aka Sacral Base Angle aka Ferguson's Angle
What Line of Mensuration am I? •Landmarks: Lines are drawn parallel and through the inferior end plate of L5 and the superior end plate of S1 • Significance: Normal: 10-15°
Lumbosacral Disc Angle
What am I? • Strong alkaloid • highest volume found in industrial chemicals, found in some soaps, cleaners, degreasers, etc. • Can cause chemical burns, scarring and blindness
Lye
Diagnose Me: • Organism: Chlamydia • Affects lymph odes in the groin and produces rectal strictures
Lymphogranuloma Venereum
What am I? • >40yr old recent unexplained weight loss; skeletal pain worse at night • trabeculae reabsorbed turns the bone darker in color • moth eaten or permaative pattern of destruction. "Eats" away pedicle of bone, has a swiss cheese appearance in the skull • LAB: alkaline phosphatase • Special Test: Bone Scan
Lytic Metastasis
What am I? • The relationship is directly proportional • Changing the mAs is the primary method to control the blackening on the film • MAs increases= more film exposure • It takes a minimum change of 30% to see a minimum change in density on film • If the mAs is doubled the density is doubled. If the mAs is halved the density is halved
MAS and density
What special imaging is this? • Provides optimal visualization of spatial relationships and distinct soft tissue contrast to view: IVD, spinal cord, meninges, bone, meniscus, ligaments • Shows soft tissue contrast 100x better than CT • No radiation dose; gadolinium; utilizes signal intensities; uses surface oils •Best for multiple sclerosis for plaguing in the brain and spinal cord • MRI best for all AVN's • T1 weighted fatty pathologies (ex muscular dystrophy) • T2 weighted water density • Whatever is weighted is white; other density will appear gray; cortical bone is ALWAYS black (signal void)
MRI
What is the MC cause of serious injuries?
MVA
What Line of Mensuration am I? • Landmarks: a line is drawn parallel and through the inferior end plate • Significance: If the line intersects the superior articular process of the vertebra below, extension malposition or facet imbrications is suspected
Macnab's Line
What Line of Mensuration am I? • Landmarks: Anterior foramen magnum (basion) to the posterior foramen magnum (opisthion) • Significance: If the occipital bone is above the line, this indicates basilar impression
Macrae's Line
What am I? • Most common visual problem in the elderly causing blindness
Macular degeneration
What am I? • Small lesion less than .5 cm that is flat such as a freckle
Macule
WHat am I? • shortened distal radius, asymmetric prominence of ulnar styloid, posterior subluxation of distal ulna
Madelung's deformity
What ortho am I? • At the beginning of the case history • Pt is asked to point to the site of pain on the back. • The examiner marks it with a skin pencil. • Later on, patient is asked to point to the sight of pain. • (+) Patient does not point tot he same point • Indicates: Malingering
Magnusson's test
What am I? • Professional negligence by act or omission by a health care provider in which care provided deviates from accepted standards of practice in the medical community and causes injury or death to pt
Malpractice
How is the Jaw Jerk reflex conducted?
Mandible is tapped w/hammer & jaw draws upward
What ortho am I? • Dr takes resting pulse rate, • Dr then applies pressure over painful area & takes pulse rate again • (+) Increase of 10 beats per minute • Indicates: Not a malingerer
Mannkopf's Sign
What am I? • General malnutrition
Marasmus
What type of fracture am I? • stress fx of the 2nd, 3rd, or 4th metatarsal
March
What is another name for a metatarsal stress fx?
March Fx
Someone with Pes Cavus is prone to what?
March fx
What am I? • Hierarchy of human needs 1. Physiology 2. Safety 3. Love 4. Self esteem/respect 5. Self actualization
Maslow
What is the carotid reflex?
Massage carotids & HR drops
What am I? • Number of REMs a person can get in a lifetime without getting radiation poisoning • MPD= 5 (age-18)
Maximal permissible dose (MPD)
What cervical spine test am I? • Patient seated & actively rotates, laterally flexes & hyperextends the neck to the right, if no pain, patient is asked to maximally laterally flex the neck, Repeat on other side • (+) Radicular pain/localized pain • Indicates: Nerve root compression/facet pain
Maximum cervical Compression test
What Line of Mensuration am I? • Landmark's: a line is drawn from the hard palate to the base of the occiput • Significance: If the odontoid is >8mm above this line in males or >10mm above this line in females, this indicates basilar impression • This is the most accurate line to evaluate for basilar impression • should not exceed this line superiorly more than 8mm in males and 10mm in females
McGregor's Line
What knee ortho am I? • Pt supine, • Dr flexes thigh & leg to 90°, • Dr places 1 hand on the knee, the other grasps the patient's heel. • The Doctor externally rotates the leg & then slowly extends the knee. • Dr Then internally rotates the leg & brings it into extension w/a valgus stress to the joint • (+) Painful click or snap heard Indicates: • Internal rotation: Lateral meniscus; • External rotation: Medial Meniscus
McMurray Sign
What am I? • Touch, hearing
Mechanoreceptors
What am I? • 1st discharge from the intestine of newborn
Meconium
What am I? • Tube tilt: None • Patient Position: Seated at the end of the table with should, elbow, and wrist against table, Hand is pronated • FFd: 40
Medial (internal) oblique elbow
Where is sensory for L4?
Medial aspect of leg & foot
Where is sensory for T1?
Medial elbow
What am I? • Pt supine or sitting , leg extended, ankle in 90 degree dorsiflexion foot turned in 20-30 degrees
Medial oblique ankle
What am I? • Patient sitting on table with plantar surface on cassette, foot obliqued medically to 30 degrees
Medial oblique foot
What nerve is affected in Tarsal Tunnel syndrome?
Medial plantar n.
What ankle/foot ortho am I? • Pt seated or supine • Dr grasps pts foot & passively inverts & everts it • (+) Excessive gapping Indicates: • Inversion: Anterior talofibular or calcaneofibular lig tear; • Eversion: Deltoid ligament tear
Medial/Lateral Stability Test
What am I? •Flexion Malpositions: increased interspinous space b/t the involved segment and the segment below with decreased interspinous space between the involved segment and the segment above •Extension malposition: decreased interspinous space b/t the involved segment and the segment below and increased with the segment above
Medicare Listings ( Malpositions)
What disorder is associated with LAteral femoral cutaneous?
Meralgia paresthetica
What am I? • Signs and symptoms include peripheral neuropathies,brain damage, kidneys and lung problems
Mercury toxicity
What am I? • Colon • uterus (parasympathetically driven)
Meric Chart: sacrum
What am I? • Global functions, systemic effects
Meric chart C1
What am I? • Stomach
Meric chart T5-9
What am I? • Tonsils
Meric chart: C2/3
What am I? • Wood alcohol • CNS depressant • used in plastics, plywood, paints, explosives • Highly toxic causing blindness
Methanol
What Line of Mensuration am I? • Landmarks: The sacral base is divided into quarters and the relative position of the posterior inferior aspect of L5 is made •Significance: Determines the degree of anterolisthesis
Meyerding Grading Method of Spondylolisthesis
Where do you palaption the external occiput (EOP)?
Midline projection of the posterior aspect of skull
What am I? • Prickly heat
Miliaria
What am I? • Functional unit of the spine consisting of 2 VB, the disc in between those bodies, the articular facets, as well as the ligaments binding the 2 vertebrae to one another • The VB and the disc make up the anterior motion segment, while the posterior motion segment consists of the articular facets
Motion segment
What am I? • Flexors of distal extremities; hands and feet
Motor tract/ descending tracts: Corticospinal (pyramidal)
What am I? • Cerebellum and vestibular nuclei • Extensor muscles of back and legs
Motor tract/ descending tracts: Vestibulospinal tract
What am I? • Neck muscles • Reflex to light (superior colliculus) or to sound (inferior colliculus)
Motor tract/descending tracts: Tectospinal tract
What am I? • Extensor muscles of back and arms • Except any back muscles innervate day by a plexus • I.e dorsal scapular n: rhomboids and elevator scapula • Thoracodorsal N: latissimus dorsi
Motor tracts descending tracts: Reticulospinal
What am I? • Proximal muscle flexors of UE
Motor tracts/descending tracts: Rubrospinal
What am I? • aka plasma cell sarcoma • blood cancer • >50 yr old cachexia, weight loss, anemia • MC primary malignancy of bone, malignant proliferation of plasma cells infiltrating bone marrow • Multiple dark densities that are similar in size ("punched out lesions") can cause pathological collapse (vertebral plana) • associated with raindrop skull • LABS: 1. M spike on the ImmunuElectroPhoresus 2/ Reversal of the Albumin/Globulin Ratio 3. Bence Jones Proteinuria 4. Elevated ESR • Special test: Bone scan: Cold ** MOCE
Multiple Myeloma
What am I? • Guarded, resisted by muscle contraction • Muscle reaction should be felt • The end feel cannot be assessed bc of pain or guarding • Ex. hypermobility/instability
Muscle Spasm
What am I? • Firm but giving • Builds with elongation • Palpates as deep, taut, and tender fibers • exhibits restricted mobility and a rubery end block • ex. hip flexion
Muscular
What am I? • A secondary fixation due to chronic involuntary hypertonicity of muscle • Palpated a s deep, taut, and tender fibers. • Exhibits restricted mobility and a rubbery end block (acute torticollis)
Muscular fixation (gillet)
The most common injury that keeps people from work is
Musculoskeletal problems
Which of the following is the most costly work related injury/illness?
Muskuloskeletal
What am I? • Non steroidal anti-inflammatory • antipyretic, analgesic • Feldene
NSAID
What cervical spine test am I? • Pt sits erect while Dr holds digital pressure bilaterally over the jugular veins or puts a blood pressure cuff around the pts neck & pumps to 40mmHg, holds for ~30 sec, if no pain, pt instructed to cough • (+) pain • Indicates: Space occupying lesion
Naffziger's Test
What am I? • Attention seeking, regards no one else as important, strong admiration for self/exhibitioninst.
Narcissism
What am I? 1. Refer to body rotation, first letter is R or L 2. Second letter is always a P, which refers to posteriority 3. Third letter will be and S or an I, which refers to lateral flexion or wedging on the side of body rotation
National (body) listings
Which os the following organizations pays for the majority of medical research conducted in the US?
National Institute of Health
Who is responsible for medical research (I.e National cancer institute?
National institutes of health
What am I? • Taking away the aversive stimulus in response to a person's action increases the action. Ex picking up a crying baby
Negative reinforcement
What am I? • Failure to conform to the standard of care expected and imposed by law
Negligence
What lumbar ortho am I? • When bending forward from the waist the knee flexes on side of involvement • (+) Knee buckling • Indicates: Tight hamstrings
Neri's Bowing
What am I? • Historically DD Palmer Theory the profession has emphasized spinal nerve root (NR) compression as the significant neurologic disorder accompany vertebral subluxation •From the beginning of our profession, the theory that nerves can become compressed through impingement from inter-segmental spinal biomechanical derangement, •The nerve compression hypothesis states that subluxations may interfere with normal transmission of nerve energy (i.e. action potential alas and. Other associate neural phenomena) by irritating or compressing the spinal nerve roots •Emphasis is on the importance of the IVF and its anatomic contents (spinal nerve, nerve roots, BV etc) •Degenerative changes in bony structures in the IVF predisposes NR to compression. •Bone on a nerve (nerve pressure will cause the following effects: decreased sensation, pain in dermatome patterns, decreased DTRs, decreased conductivity and muscle atrophy2-5% of subluxations exhibit all of these characteristics , Unfortunately, some chiropractors have used the nerve compression hypothesis to explain all of the many and varied effects of subluxations •NR are more mechanically predisposed to irritation or compression than are peripheral nerves for the following reason: NR (endoneurium) do no have the strong connective tissue sheaths that support peripheral nerves (endoneurium and perineurium) thus NR fail before peripheral nerves when NR are tested under tension
Nerve compression
What theory am I? • Spinal biomechanical insult to nerves may affect intra-neural Axoplasmic transport mechanisms and, in turn, affect the quality of neurotrophic influence and molecular (chemical ) changes in cells • Neural dysfunction is stressful to the viscera and other body structures, which may modify the immune responses and alter the trophic function of the involved nerves • May be reduced to D. D Palmers assertion" lowered tissue resistance is the cause of disease
Neurodystrophy hypothesis aka neuroimmunomodulation Theory
What am I? • Immunity- decreased resistance, antibody production etc • Stress induces altered neuroendocrine function leading to immune suppression • Hans Sleye's work on stress and immune function, general adaptive syndrome (GAS)
Neurodystrophy theory summary Neuroimmunomodulation
What am I? • familial history • pT may present with scoliosis, cervical kyphosis, vertebral body scalloping with IVF enlargement • cafe au lait spots with the coast of california appearance • Lison nodules on iris • sequla: hypertension........
Neurofibromatosis
What am I? • secondary to impaired sensory function in joints • seen with diabetes, tabes dorsalis, syphilis, and syringomyelia • 6D's nc common in weight bearing joints: distention, density of subchonddral sclerosis, debris with joint, dislocation, disorganization, and destruction of bone.
Neurogenic Arthropathy (aka Charcot's Joint)
What type of shock am I? • Caused by trauma to the spinal cord or brain, where the blood vessel walls abnormally constrict and dilate, preventing relay messages and causing blood to pool at the lowest point of the body
Neurogenic/vasogenic shock
What model am I? • A basic chiropractic hypothesis hold that abnormal spinal biomechanics and muscle dysfunction have effects, via the nervous system, throughout the body and that the chiropractic adjustment is applied no only to restore ROM and alignment, but also to cause or relieve reflex effects in the NS. •Reflexes are simply neuronal loops in which a stimulus and response occur as the result of a direct sensorimotor hookup. •All reflex arcs must involve the spinal cord. •A reflex arc is where sensory meets motor •Reflexes can be divided into 4 types based on the contributions of somatic and autonomic nerves to the efferent and afferent pathways of the reflexes
Neurological reflex Models
Someone with Posterolateral sclerosis will have what permanent symptoms?
Neurological symptoms are irreversible
What am I? • Film: 8x10 0r 10x12 • FFD: 72 inches
Neutral lateral cervical
The accumulation of smog consists mostly of ___.
Nitrogen dioxide
What am I? • Used to treat episodes of angina in people who have CAD
Nitroglycerin
What am I? • Calcium channel blocker used to treat hypertension or angina
Norvasc
What am I? • Acquired by patients or staff in health care facilities
Nosocomial infections
What am I? • Never given birth to a viable infant
Nulliparous
What's with carpal tunnel syndrome present with what symptoms?
Numbness & tingling in the 1st 3 digits
What am I? • Discrete coin shaped, ring or annular lesion that coalesce to form patches which ooze and crust over.
Nummular eczema
What ortho am I? CAN BE PERFORMED ON ANY JOINT • Pt actively moves against resistance, then passively moves the part through a full ROM • (+) Pain Indicates: • Sprain if pain during passive ROM • Strain is pain during active ROM
O'Donohue's Test
Which of the following agencies wrote about the blood borne pathogens t protect health care workers?
OSHA
What hip ortho am I? • Pt side-lying, involved side up. • Dr places 1 hand on pelvis. • Thigh is abducted & extended. • Dr. allows leg to drop into adduction • (+) Knee stays elevated • Indicates: Tensor Fascia Lata contracture
Ober's test
What am I? • Distance between patient and film • As you increase OFD, the image becomes bigger and blurrier (more penumbra) • Decrease it and image becomes smaller and more clear • Object as close to film as possible for better detail
Object film distance (OFD)
What am I? • Obsession: reoccurring intrusive thought or image that seems senseless or unpleasant • Compulsion: activity designed to reduce anxiety that a person feels compelled to repeat with no conscious desire to do so • Perfectionist: inflexible, uncontrollable entangled with details and nightly repetitive activities • Persistent thoughts are obsessive while persistent actions are compulsive • Most often begins in early adolescence but can begin in childhood
Obsessive Compulsive
What type of shock am I? • Caused by an obstruction to blood flow, usually within the flood vessels, such as a pulmonary embolism
Obstructive shock
What type of fracture am I? •Clinically evident but not seen on xray • May become evident a week to 10 days later
Occult Fracture
How do you Trouble shoot Increased fogs in film?
Old film, hot developer, contaminated chemicals
What am I? • Produce myelin in CNS
Oligodendrocytes
What hip ortho am I? • Infant supine • legs abducted & externally rotated • (+) Palpable or audible click • Indicates: Congenital hip dislocation
Ortolani's Test
What am I? • Normally developed cephalic part of the dens is not fused with C2 body • Smooth, wide, lucent defect btwn the body of C2 body and dens
Os Odontoideum
What am I? • pregnant • multipatous females, 20-40yr old • bilateral/symmetric triangular sclerotic areas on the lower hlaf of the ilium; joint space is notmal • self resloving, no labs • case managementL trochanteric belt for stability
Osteitis Condensans Ilia (aka osteitis truangularis)
What am I? • 16-25+/- • athletes • knee locks out on extension • associated with Wilson's sign • best seen on tunnel view radiograph
Osteochondritis Dessicans
What am I? •Most common BBT of the appendicular skeleton • either pedunculated (broccoli, aka coat coat hanger exostosis/cauliflower like) or sessile (smooth) • hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) are multiple osteochondroma • 20% undergo malignancy
Osteochondroma
What am I? • Focus was on the "rule of the artery" and the use of nonspecific manipulation to enhance flow of blood
Osteopathy
What am I? • aka polka dots in bone • MC in hands, pelvis, and feet • no labs, run alkaline- phosphatase to rule out • multiple bone islands • blastic mets, incidental findings and asymptomatic
Osteopoikilosis
What am I? • MC malignancy found in children • Age group 10-3- • Causes a periosteal reaction that is spiculated/radiating/sunburst in appearance • Labs: ↑ alkaline phosphatase • Special test: Bone scan
Osteosarcoma
What am I? • Cluster of cases occurring during a brief period affecting a specific population
Outbreak
What am I? • A subfield of health services research that focuses primarily on patient-oriented outcomes such as physical and psychological function, disability, mortality, return to work, overall quality of life, and satisfaction with care • Cost, use, and complications of health care may also be considered in outcomes research
Outcomes Research
What am I? • Carpals • FFD: 40 • Seated at end of table with elbow and wrist against table and hand pronated with fingers in loosely curled fist
PA wrist
What am I? • aka Osteitis Deformans • males >50yr old • Stages 1. Lytic or destructive 2. Combined 3. Sclerotic 4. Malignant (osteosarcoma) • Causes cortical thickening, picture frame vertebra, ↑ bone density, coarsened trabeculae, bone expansion, bowing deformities • Labs: ↑ alkaline phosphatase • Special test: Bone scan
Paget's
What is referred pain?
Pain along scleroderma of origination involving more than one kind of tissue (Shared pathways)
What is Radicular pain?
Pain along the course of a dermatome due to irritation of a nerve root
What is Dermatogenous pain?
Pain along the sensory distribution of a nerve root
What are positive tests for SI joints?
Pain and it indicates a SI lesion (unless noted otherwise)
Patient's with a Morton's Neuroma will present with what symptoms?
Pain in the toes & dorsum of the foot
What am I? • An epidemic occurring on more than 1 continent
Pandemic
What am I? • Cranial sacral division • CN III, VII, IX, X • Sacral nerves 2,3,4 • "Rest and digest" • Urination,defecation, eating, sexual activity
Parasympathetic cholinergic (acetylcholine) location
What am I? • tender bacterial or fungal hand infection where the nail and skin meet at the side
Paronychia
Which part of the component model of vertebral subluxation complex (Faye) is this? • Hormonal and chemical effects or imbalances related to the pre-inflammatory stress syndrome and the production of histamines prostaglandins, and bradykinin • Stress syndrome • Pro inflammatory • End result of the VSC is DIS- EASE
Pathophysiology (biochemical)
What hip ortho am I? • Pt supine, thigh flexed, abducted, externally rotated & extended while downward pressure is placed on the opposite ASIS & same knee • (+) Pain in hip • Indicates: Hip lesion
Patrick's Test aka FABERE
What am I? • Classical condition
Pavlov
What am I? • Contra lateral pedicle hypertrophy and sclerosis
Pedicle Agenesis
WHat am I? • calcification of the medial collateral ligament
Pelligrini Stedia
Diagnose Me: • An infection of the organs of reproduction especially the Fallopian tubes where inflammation is caused by Gonorrhea and Chlamydia
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
What am I? • While running a finger down the spine of the prone infant the whole body will extend
Perez Reflex
What is sensory for S2-S4?
Perianal
What am I? • Connective tissue that surrounds smaller bundles of nerve fibers
Perineurium
Persistent disorders characterized by a relatively inflexible reaction to stress
Personality disorders
What am I? • Caused by bordetella pertusss • Most dangerous to infants under one year and fatalities are due to bronchopneumonia (death by anoxia)
Pertussis aka whooping cough
What wrist/hand ortho am I? • Pt flexes wrists maximally & hold position for up to 60 sec by pushing both wrists together • (+) Tingling into the 1st 3 digits of the hand • Indicates: Carpal Tunnel syndrome
Phalen's sign
What am I? • Analgesic used to treat mild pain but does not treat inflammation.
Phenaphen
What am I? • Genetic disorder which creates the enzyme phenylalanine nonfunctional. • Can lead to mental retardation and seizures
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
What am I? • An irrational or unrealistic fear of a situation, animal, person, or activity
Phobic
What am I? • Low energy photon is absorbed by the subject creating a late net image on the film
Photoelectric effect
What am I? • Single cell connective tissue layer that adheres directly to the surface the neural tissue, including the individual cranial and spinal rootlets
Pia mater
What test can be done for pronator teres syndrome?
Pinch grip test
What disorder is associated with Sciatic n?
Piriformis syndrome
What am I? • Enlargement of the uterus near the uterine tube over the site of implantation
Piskacek's sign
What am I? • low lying placenta with partial obstruction of the internal os
Placenta Praevia
What am I? • Normally placed • Detaches from the site • spontaneous abortion/premature separation.
Placenta abruptio
What am I? • Does not separate after delivery
Placenta accretion
What am I? • Property of a material that instantly deforms when a load is applied and does not return to its original shape when load is removed • Ex. Bone
Plasticity
These conditions are what kind of disease? • Asbestosis • Siderosis • Anthracosis • Byssinosis • Silicosis
Pneumoconiosis
What am I? • Chronic respiratory disease caused by the inhalation of various mineral or metallic particles
Pneumoconiosis
What am I? • Presence of numerous cyst along the outer edge of the ovary caused by hormonal imbalance
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
What am I? • Mc from C section • Mc complication of childbirth
Post partum infection
What Line of Mensuration am I? • Landmarks: Lines drawn at each spinolaminar junction should form a smooth arc-like curve • Significance: Discontinuous line may indicate A to P vertebral malposition such as anterolisthesis or retrolisthesis
Posterior Cervical Spine
What am I? • Arcuate foramen forms when atlanto-occipital ligaments calcifies • Transmits the sub-occipital nerve and vertebral artery
Posterior Ponticle (aka posticus ponticus)
What knee ortho am I? • Pt supine w/knees flexed to 90° & hips flexed to 45°. • Dr. Compares the prominence of the tibial tuberosities • (+) Tibia drops back (sags) on the femur • Indicates: PCL Test
Posterior Sag Sign
What is a slappage/sensory ataxia?
Posterior column disease • difficult walking in the dark
What am I? • Limits flexion • Back of VB (anterior portion of canal) • Tectorial membrane: Continuation of the PLL form C2 to occiput • Wider in cervicals, thinner in lumbars and thinnest at L5
Posterior longitudinal ligament
What am I? • Articular facets • Responsible for directional guidance, mechanoreceptor and nociceptors surround the posterior motion segment
Posterior motion segment
What are these measuring? • Scapula winging • Scapula flaring • Scoliosis • Foot angle
Posterior postural analysis
What level of primary care and prevention am I? • Office setting based • concerned with outpatients who are ambulatory • emphasizes preventions, health promotion, and head maintenance • Has a pattern of care that is more general specialized • Deals with more minor health problems in their earlier stages includes basic public health screenings and a degree of comprehensiveness of services either directly or by referral
Primary Care
Which of the following methods should be utilized to prevent the onset of an illness?
Primary intervention
What am I? • Forestalling of the onset of illness or injury during pathogenesis period
Primary prevention of disease
What am I? • 1st pregnancy with a viable infant
Primpara
What am I? • Solution temperature that are too hot will increase density • Too low temp will produce radiographs with insufficient density
Processing
What am I? •Fast moving electrons collide with matter in any form, xrays are produced •In an x ray tube this is done by directing a stream of electrons at a high speed against a metal target •As they interact with the atoms of the target, the electrons give up most of their energy in the form of heat •However about 1% of their energy is emitted as x radiation •The X-ray tube is inside a heavily lead lined protective housing. •The x ray tube is located within a glass envelope (Pyrex inside the tube housing. •The tube consists of 2 electrons called the cathode and anode
Production of X rays
What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis?
Progressive, degenerative disease with loss of upper and lower motor neurons
What am I? • Act of assigning a feeling or belief to another person, group or to the outside world
Projection
What am I? • Responsible for milk production
Prolactin
What am I? • Leads to fetal suffocation
Prolapsed cord
These lumbar orthos are done with the patient in what position? • Ely's • Nachlas
Prone
What am I? • "Mechanoreceptor funk • "Biochemical aberration-> sensory flood (post horn) affecting interneuronal pools • Commonly implied with post traumatic disorders and surgical recovery
Proprioceptive insult
What am I? • Receptors in muscles, tendons, and joints that detect position and motion of the body
Proprioceptors
What type of gait is seen in Parkinson's?
Propulsion/festinating/shuffling
What am I? • A study that reviews events that have already occured
Prospective study
What is motor for long thoracic n?
Protraction of scapula
What am I? • axial migration of femoral head with uniform loss of joint space •bilaterally most often occurs with rheumatoid arthritis • also seen with osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget's, Trauma and idiopathic • obliteration of Kohler's teardrop • Line of Mensuration: Kohler's
Protrusio Acetabuli
What am I? • Used to treat depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder. Some eating disorders, and panic attacks
Prozac
What am I? • Males 20-50 • Silver scaly lesions on extensors, pitted nails, cocktail sauage digits • Increase joint space, mouse ear deformity, pencil in cup deformity, Ray sign, atlantoaxial instability, non-marginal syndesmophytes in the spine • Lab: +HLA B27 * you can have psoriasis w/o this
Psoriatic Arthtitis
What am I? • Thinking about something
Psycho
During the gait cycle, what muscles are used during toe off?
Quads concentrically to help plantar-flexors push body ahead by elongating lower limb
What am I? • Mottle caused by the fluctuation of the number of photons absorbed by the intensifying screens to form the image on the film, faster screens produce more quantum mottle. • The use of high mAs low kVp will decrease radiographic noise
Quantum mottle aka radiographic noise
What am I? • 1st perception by the mother of fetal life
Quickening
Swan neck deformity is seen in what conditions?
RA
What condition is Boutonniere Deformity seen in?
RA
What am I? •When the injury produces back and blue spots around the eyes
Raccoon sign
What am I? • Used to identify irradiation of patients • Measures the radiation energy absorbed • 1 RAD= 1 REM
Radiation absorbed dose (RAD)
What am I? • Unit typically applied to occupationally exposed persons • Identifies the biological effectiveness of the radiation absorbed • 5 REMs (or RADs) is the safe limit/year • Measured on radiation workers by photosensitive badge worn on the collar
Radiation equivalent Man (REM)
What am I? • Depressed, unacceptable behavior expressed in an exaggerated form of an opposite behavior
Reaction formation
What am I? • Meissners/Merkels- touch • Pacinian- vibration • Ruffini- joint position sense
Receptors for dorsal columns Medial lemniscus
What am I? • deficiency of Vitamin D, Ca+, or phosphorus • seen at growth plates, especially in long bones • muscle tetany and weakness • bone deformity and lucency • "paintbrush metaphysis" (absent zone of provisinal calcification)
Rickets
What type of fracture am I? •avulsion of the ischial tuberosity
Rider's bone
How do you monitor Scoliosis?
Risser sign and Films
What Line of Mensuration am I? •Landmarks: Locate superior and inferior extremes of scoliosis and apical segment. Diagonal lines are drawn to locate the center of the vertebral bodies. Two lines are drawn connecting center of apical segment with each end vertebra and resultant angle measured Significance: Scoliosis evaluation. Values are 25% below Cobb Method of evaluation
Risser-Ferguson Method of Scoliosis Evaluation
What thoracic outlet syndrome (aka neurovascular compression syndrome) spine test am I? • Pt seated, both arms at 90 then abducts & externally rotates them. • • Pt then repeatedly opens & closes the fists for 3-5 mins • (+) Reproduction of the symptoms or unusually discomfort • Indicates: TOS
Roos' Test (EAST)
What am I? • Established by stroking the corner of the mouth • the infant's mouth will open and turn to the side that was touched • most basic primitive reflex originating from the brain stem
Rooting reflex
What am I? • Psychological testing using a series of ink blot images
Rorschach Test
What am I? • Less than 2 years of age • Rash starts on the truck and goes to the extremities. • The rash comes out when the fever breaks
Roseola Infantum
WHich of the following would NOT affect the quantity of xrays produced?
Rotating anode
What am I? • Virus • Aka German measles • 3 day measles; lasts a short period of time with a maculopapular rash and mild fever • Danger to the fetus in the 1st trimester because it may result in birth defects
Rubella
What am I? • Virus • Has a prodromal stage of coryza (runny nose) and Koplik spots on the buccal mucosa • Lasts 2 weeks and presents with a maculopapular rash and high fever. • The most common serious complication is bronchopneumonia
Rubeola
Who is TFL syndrome seen in?
Runners
What ortho am I? • Pt spontaneously grasps the head w/both hands when rising from the recumbent position • Indicates: Cervical instability due to sprain/strain, fx, RA
Rust Sign
What vertebral level is the PSIS?
S2
What is this dislocation mneunomic? • superior labrum anterior to posterior • glenoid labral tear • associated with instability
SLAP
What Line of Mensuration am I? • Landmarks: Tangential line is drawn parallel and through the posterior margin of S1 and a vertical line is drawn intersecting the sacral line Significance: Normal Angle: 30°-72° Average Angle: 46°
Sacral Inclination
What am I? • Caused by Group a strep pyogenes. Results in the desquamation (peeling) of the superficial layer also associated with strawberry tongue, ASO titer
Scarlet fever
What am I? • When x ray strike an object 1 of 3 things occurs: scatter, absorbed or penetrated • Can be reduced by using one of the following grids, air gap technique, collimation or filters
Scatter radiation
What ortho am I? • Pt raises both arms over head while seated & laterally bends to both sides. (+)/Indicates: • Pain on concave side: Intercostal Neuralgia; • Pain on convexity: Pleurisy or Myofascitis
Schepelmann's Sign
What is the name of this Avascular Necrosis (aka Osteonecrosis/Osteochondrosis) at this location? • Vertebral end plate epiphysis
Scheuermann's
What am I? • MC seen btwn 10-16 +/- • case history of rounding of the shoulders • ↑ kyphosis or young children with back pain • RADIOGRAPHIC SIGNS: 1. slight loss of anterior body height of one or more vertebrae (10-15%) 2. Multiple endplate irregularities of 3 or more continuous vertebrae • CASE MANAGEMENT: thoracolumbar brace, strengthen the erectors and stretch the pecs • Can lead to permanent postural deformity and early DJD
Scheuermann's Disease
What test will be positive with Posterolateral sclerosis?
Schillings test
What am I? • Ungluing of "reason" and emotions. Introverted and withdrawn, emotionally cold and distant, avoids social interaction. Delusions and hallucinations
Schizoid
What am I? • Delusions, hallucination, socal withdrawal, daily function impairment, and bizarre behavior
Schizophrenia
What nerve/root is the medial hamstring reflex?
Sciatic L5
What am I? • Film screen contact is the pressure exerted by the film holder as it encloses the x ray film • Pressure should be evenly distributed across the surface of the film • Wire mesh test is best for screen film contact • Poor screen film contact reduces the image sharpness
Screen film contrast and definition
These lumbar orthos are done with the patient in what position? • Bechterew's • Minors
Seated
What am I? • Brand name for a drug with an active ingredient called secibarbutak, • Used as a barbutrate that is classified as a seductive-hypnotic, meaning it acts as a depressant and makes you feel sleepy. • used to treat insomnia, and may also be prescribed to reduce anxiety or to help calm pts before surgery
Seconal
What level of primary care and prevention am I? • Hospital setting based • Concerned with in patients who have been rendered at least partially non ambulatory by their health problems and are hospital bed ridden for at least a portion of the day • Includes so called routine surgeries • More specialized, intensive, and costly than primary care
Secondary Care
What am I? • Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of diseases before the disease becomes advanced and disability becomes severe via health screenings, early detection and early intervention
Secondary prevention of disease
What am I? • Scoliosis and/or alteration of curve secondary to muscular imbalance ???
Sectional intersegmental???
Who am I? • General adaptation syndrome states under optimum conditions the body can respond to stressors
Selye
What am I? • Proportion of times a diagnostic study is correct in patients without a specific diagnosis
Sensitivity
What Line of Mensuration am I? • Landmarks: A smooth curvilinear line is drawn along the inferior femoral neck to the superior aspect of the obturator foramen • Significance: An interrupted, discontinuous line indicates a dislocation, neck fracture, or slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Shenton's Line
These are the different type of what? • Cardiogenic • Hypovolemic • Neurogenic/Vasogenic • Obstructive • Respiratory • Septic • Lightening Strike
Shock
Which of the following is a cause of lung disease in a patient working in the sand blasting industry?
Siderosis
What am I? • Menses 3 weeks late and presence of fetal heartbeat *best
Signs of pregnancy
What am I? • Caused by glass. Sand/stone dust (pottery)
Silicosis
Which of the following is a cause of lung disease in a person working in the granite industry?
Silicosis
De Quervain's Tenosynovitis can be brought on by what?
Simple strain injury
What adjustment technique am I? • PP: Prone Antigravity • DP: Stance on side of contact perpendicular to contact straight arm slightly bent • CP: Tissue pull M-L with pisiform/hypothenar on lateral side of the SP • SH: Reinforce contact • PRO: Lateral to medial tissue pull • LOD: P-A, L-M with thrust to induce rotation and lateral flexion
Single Hand Move SP contact
What adjustment technique am I? • PP: Prone Antigravity • DP: Stance on the side of contact perpendicular to contact straight-arm slightly bent • CP: Contact over TP on side opposite spinous rotation • SH: Reinforces contact • PRO: Grasping the wrist of contract hand • LOD: P-A with trust to induce rotation
Single Hand TP Contact
What am I? • A study in which the patients are blinded as to whether they are in the experimental group or the comparison group
Single blind study
What Line of Mensuration am I? • Landmarks: A line is drawn through the parallel to the femoral shaft. A perpendicular line is drawn tangential to the top of the greater trochanter
Skinner's Line
What am I? • False verbal statement about another
Slander
What am I? • Boys 10-16 +/- • Salter Harris Type I fracture • Femoral head slides inferior and medial neck slides superior and lateral • Klein's, Shenton, and Skinner's lines • Refer to orthopedist
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
What knee ortho am I? • Pt supine knee flexed to 90°, • foot is put in internal/external rotation; • Dr stabilizes the foot & grasps the leg w/the thumbs palpating the knee joint. • Dr pulls tibia applying P-A stress in the knee • (+) Pain or joint laxity • Indicates: ACL & MCL (external) or LCL (internal)
Slocum's Test
In what stage of the water purification process is the most anaerobic bacterium?
Sludge digestion
Which of the following will give the best detail?
Small filament
What type of fracture am I? •fx of the distal radius with anterior displacement of the distal fragment
Smith's
Which of the following is the most preventable factor in the US that leads to disease?
Smoking
Which of the following is the secondary preventable factor that leads to diseases?
Smoking
What am I? • Giving, squeezing quality • Results from the approximation of soft tissues • Typically painless • ex. Elbow flexion • Abnormal ex. Muscle hypertrophy, soft tissue swelling
Soft Tissue Approximation
What am I? • The normal resistance felt when joint motion is restricted by soft tissue • Ex. Elbow flexion
Soft tissue approximation
What am I? • Essentially refers to skin, bon, nerve and muscle
Soma (somatic)
What am I? • Refers to skin, bone, muscle, nerve
Somatic
What am I? • Alpha and gamma
Somatic motor neurons
What am I? • Chronic, cyclic multiple somatic complaints not due to a physical illness, symptoms cannot be explained by physical syndrome. • Pt seeks treatment and changes life as a result of the symptoms. • Pt presents with symptoms in a vague and exaggerated way. • More concerned with discomfort than disease
Somatization disorder
What am I? • SNS and PNS balance-critical to health, scientific, and medical support • Central modulation- descending inhibition regulates dorsal horn input • Peripheral modulation- prolonged bombardment of dorsal horn
Somato Autonomic reflex summary SAR
What am I? • Psychological conflicts take on a physical form and no organic evidence exists to explain symptoms
Somatoform disorders
Which neurological reflex is this? • reflexes who's afferent and efferent are somatic nerve fibers. • In this reflex hypothesis, stimulus at one level of the MSK system produces reflex activity in the NS, which is then exhibited elsewhere in the MSK system. • The knee-jerk reflex is an example
Somatosomatic
Which neurological reflex is this? • reflexes whose afferent are somatic sensory fibers and whose efferent are autonomic efferent fibers. • In this concept, a stimulus to nerves or receptors related to spinal structures produces reflexive responses influencing function in the visceral organs. • Spinal adjusting may be effective for relieving pain and distress of primary dysmenorrhea is an example of this reflex arc
Somatovisceral (somatic autonomic)
What cervical spine test am I? • W/patient spine, Dr places one hand on the sternum while passively flexing the patient's head toward the chest • (+) Localized pain • Indicates: Fx (anterior pain), Ligament damage (posterior pain)
Soto Hall Sign
What am I? • Guarded, resisted by muscular contraction. • Should feel muscle reaction. • End feel cannot be asserted because of pain or guarding. • Possible contraindication to adjusting (torticollis)
Spasm palaption
What am I? • failure of the lamina to fuse • elevated alpha fetoprotein and folic acid (B9) deficiency
Spina Bifida
Where does the pancreas refer pain?
Spinal at T10 level (Epigastric)
What am I? • Somatic structures=bones (vertebrae), muscles, ligaments, joint capsules airings from the same somite"It's all int eh name": each reflex is named cause-> effectEx. • Somato Somatic reflex- subluxation causes muscle spasms • Viscerosomatic-gallstones cause right shoulder pain • Somatovisceral-subluxation causes constipation • Somatoautonomic-subluxation ation affecting SNS resulting in excessive sweating
Spinal reflexes: • Somatic Autonomic • Somatovisceral • Somatosomatic • Viscerosomatic • Viscerovisceral
What am I? • Carry unconscious proprioception • MSC-muscle Spindle cell— Type 1A fiber— stretch (think spindle stretch) • GTO- golgi Tendon organ- type. 1b fibers — tension (think Tendon=tension)
Spinocerebellar pathways
What am I? • Crude touch and pressure
Spinothalamic tract: ventral
What am I? • Pain and temperature
Spinothalamic tracts: lateral
Where do Radial nerve problems occur?
Spiral groove
What type of fracture am I? • slippage of the vertebral body with or without fx • uses Ullman's line • 5 types: Dysplastic, Isthmic, Degenerative, Trauamic, Pathological • Meyerding's Grading Scale • Flexion and extension radiographics for stability SPECIAL TEST: SPECT
Spondylolisthesis
What am I? • When only a few scattered cases occur
Sporadic
Which of the following is the least likely way for the elderly to get injured?
Sports
Which of these is the most common type of workplace injury?
Sprain strain
What am I? • Slight "rebound" at eh end of ROM may suggest an internal derangement of the joint as in a meniscus tear (+ bounce home test)
Springy block
Why is the rectus femoris important in the gait cycle?
Sprinters can tear this off the anterior inferior spine where it originates- comes off easily due to cartilaginous apophysis attachment
What cervical spine test am I? • Pt actively maximally rotates & laterally flexes head to the affected side, Dr delivers a vertical blow to the pot of the pts head • (+) Pain in the neck, shoulder or arm • Indicates: Space occupying lesion
Spurling's test
What am I? • Malignant tumor of epithelial cells (irregular and flaky)
Squamous cell
What stage of syphilis am I? Hard chancre that is singular and painless (up to 8 weeks)
Stage 1
What General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) stage am I? • Upon encountering a stressor, body reacts with "fight or flight" response and sympathetic nervous system is activated • Hormones such as cortisol and adrenalin released into the bloodstream to meet the threat or danger • The body's resources now mobilized
Stage 1: Alarm
What General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) stage am I? • Parasympathetic nervous system returns many physiological functions to normal levels while body focuses resources against the stressor • Blood glucose levels remain high, cortisol and adrenalin continue to circulate at elevated levels, but outward appearance of organism seems normal • Increase HR, BP, and breathing • Body remains on red alert
Stage 2: Resistance
What stage of syphilis am I? • Tabes dorsalis, gum as or vascular damage (aortic aneurysm or aortic valve insufficiency.) • No transmission during this stage (>25 years)
Stage 3
What General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) stage am I? • If stressor continues beyond body's capacity, organism exhausts resources and becomes susceptible to disease and death
Stage 3: Exhaustion
What am I? • FORMAL DIAGNOSTIC AND TREATMENT PROCESS a doctor will follow for a pt with a certain set of symptoms or a specific illness • That standard will follow guidelines and protocols that experts would agree with as most appropriate, also called "best practice"
Standards of care
What am I? • Initiated the modern field of intelligence testing and was one of the first examples of an adaptive test
Stanford Binet test
What am I? • Identifies the fetal position (cm) in relation. To the spines of the is
Station
What lumbar ortho am I? • Pt supine w/legs extended. Dr places one hand under heel & other over knee & slowly raises leg(+) Pain down affected side • Indicates: 0°-35°=Sciatica 35°-70° =disc 75°+= lumbar lesion
Straight-leg raising test
What Line of Mensuration am I? • Landmarks: Lines drawn at the posterior bodies of C2 and C7 • Significance: Flexion should intersect at C4/C5; may be altered by muscle spasm, joint fixation, or disc degeneration
Stress Lines of the Cervical Spine
What type of fracture am I? • Insufficiency or repetative stress causing a fracture
Stress/Fatigue fracture
How do you do the Chaddock reflex?Response?
Stroke lateral malleolus to 5th toe •Response: Babinski-like
How is the plantar reflex done?
Stroke up sole of foot to see curling of toes & pulling away of foot
What am I? • Usually the result of a cerebral aneurysm. Considered a form of stroke
Subarachnoid hematoma
What am I? • Usually the result of a serious head injury. • Acute subdural hematoma are among the deadliest of all head injuries. • Symptoms have a slower onset than those of epidural hemorrhages because the lower pressure veins bleed more slowly than arteries
Subdural hematoma
What am I? • Channeling unacceptable impulses or energy into socially acceptable activity
Sublimation
Who is responsible for the Prevention and treatment of addictive and mental disorders?
Substance abuse and mental health services administration
What am I? • The standard of care is the basis on which negligence and fault are determined in medical malpractice lawsuits. • It refers to the level of care, skill and knowledge that is expected of all physicians in a particular field, in a particular region, acting in similar circumstance. • Substandard care, treatment and surgery occur when a doctor fails to meet this stand of care
Substandard care
What am I? • Elicited by placing a finger or nipple in the mouth of the newborn • stimulates oxytocin release
Sucking reflex
Which of the following is present following acid rain?
Sulfuric acid
What am I? • DD palmer Original "bone out of place" Via subluxation, DJD (osteophytes) etc • Decreased nerve transmission 'action potentials' • Direct relationship with axoplasmic aberration (AXT) • Wallerian degeneration if chronic • Crelin (1973): nerve roots and sheaths only 35050% of IVF • Acute: increased signals, irritation/excitation,hyperesthesia, spasms, increased SNS/ decreased PNS • Chronic: decreased signals, anesthesia/hyperesthesia, increased PNS, decreased SNS, atonia, flaccid paralysis paresis
Summary of Nerve compression theory
Where does the bladder refer pain?
Suprapubic area
What tendon is most commonly torn in the shoulder?Where?
Supraspinatus m.- Point of insertion at greater tuberosity of humerus
What am I? • From spinous to spinous
Supraspinous ligament
What treatment may be needed for a Morton's Neuroma?
Surgery
With a ligament tear, what happens?
Swelling & pain occurs immediately
What happens with a Meniscal tear?
Swelling will occur 12-24 hours post injury
What am I? • Cervicogenic thoracic junction • Film: 8x10 • FFD: 40 • Tube tilt 5 caudal • Patient: standing, lateral position with arm closest to Bucky raised overhead, other arm hangs at side
Swimmers view
What am I? • MC joint affect is the knee • Results in multiple loose bodies within the joint that are round or ovoid shape
Synoviochondrometaplasia
Diagnose Me: • Organism is spirochete treponema pallidum. • Can be transmitted through the placenta • Treated with penicillin. • Associated with Hutchinson's triad (Interstitial keratitis, notched permanent incisors, CN VIII deafness
Syphilis
What can affect the Lateral spinothalamic tract?
Syringomyelia
What am I? • Induces vomiting.
Syrup of Ipecac
What am I? • females • DNA • sunlight precipitates a skin rash (malar/butterfly rash), oral ulcers, discoid lesions, alopecia, Raynaud's phenomenon • can cause ulnar deviation of the phalanges with no joint destruction, • Positive rebound effect • LABS: +LE prep, +FANA, +RA latex, +ESR, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia • Co-manage with rheumatologist
Systematic Lupus Erythematosus
WHat vertebral level is prominent in 30% of people?
T1
What vertebral level is the xiphoid process?
T10
What vertebral level is the spine of scapula?
T3
What vertebral level is the eternal angle of Louis?
T4/5
What vertebral level is the inferior angle of scapula laying down?
T6
What vertebral level is the inferior angle of scapula seated?
T7
What type of fracture am I? • avulsion of the anterior inferior aspect of the vertebral body from a hyperextension trauma • MC at C2 • Associated with acute anterior cervical cord syndrome
Teardrop
WHich of the following would not affect the developing process?
Temperature of the rinse water
WHat am I? • Cooley's anemia; Mediterranean anemia • Hereditary disorder of hemogloblin synthesis (Microcytic hypochromic anemia) • "Erlenmeyer flask deformity" → widened epiphysis • "Hair on end" appearance in skull
Thalassemia
The Posterior columns control what?
• 2-point discrimination • Vibration • Joint position sense
What am I? • Serve as the source of electrons in the production of x rays and are made of tungsten • Thermionic emission occurs when a current is applied to the filament, the coil of the wire becomes very hot, boiling off electrons • The temperature of the filament controls the quantity to electrons (mA) emitted from it. • The number of electrons determines the number of x rays created
The filaments (X-ray)
When taking an xray where does the thermionic emission occur?
The focusing cup
What is the highest risk group for occupational injuries?
The highest risk group were in the age category of 19years or less (51.9%) This age group also showed the highest incidence rate for females
What is direct light reflex?
The reflex is consensual: Normally light that is directed in one eye produces pupil constriction in both eyes. The direct response is the change in pupil size in the eye to which the light is directed (e.g., if the light is shone in the right eye, the right pupil constricts).
What am I? • The reason for the rotating target is to dissipate the heat generated • This exposes an area of the tungsten target of the anode and this area is called the focal spot • Focal spot will be determined by the size. Of filaments that is chose • Smaller filament=better detail
The rotating anode target
What disorder is associated with C8?
• Klumpke's Paralysis (C8-T1)
What hip ortho am I? • While patient is supine, thigh is flexed with the knee bent upon abdomen • (+) Opposite thigh/knee rises off table • Indicates: Hip flexion contracture
Thomas Test
What orthopedic would be positive for an Achilles tendon Rupture?
Thompson's
What ankle/foot ortho am I? • Pt prone • feet hanging off table • Dr flexes knee to 90° & squeezes calf • (+) No plantar flexion of foot • Indicates: Achilles tendon rupture
Thompson's Test Aka Simmond's Test
These orthos are designed to test what? • Allen's Test • Adson's Test (AKAScalenus Anticus) • Modified Adson's (AKA Scalenus Medius) • Costoclavicular Maneuver (AKA Eden's Test) • Wright's Test (AKA Hyperabduction Maneuver) • Reverse Bakody Maneuver • Halstead's Test • Bikele's Sign • Roo's Test
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome aka Neurovascular Compression Syndrome
What adjustment technique am I? • PP: Prone Antigravity • DP: Dr stands lateral to the side of contact in fencer stance • CP: Pisiform contact on the TP with medial to lateral tissue pull and arms straightened • SH: Palm of hand cups the ear • PRO: Dr. has to lean cephalad above the contact so the thrust a straight arm body drop is inferior to superior • LOD: P-A, L-M, I-S
Thoracic Spine Combo Pisiform/Hypothenar TP with Head Stabilization
Cognitive behavioral therapy is based on the belief that ___ affects physiology?
Thoughts
What nerve/root is the achilles reflex?
Tibial S1
What wrist/hand ortho am I? • Percuss over flexor retinaculum of wrist & tunnel of Guyon • (+) Tingling into lateral 3 fingers or medial 2 fingers • Indicates: Carpal tunnel syndrome or ulnar nerve impingement
Tinel's sign at wrist
What is motor for Medial plantar n?
Toe Flexion
What muscles are associated with Medial Plantar n?
Toe flexor muscles
Which Salter Harris Type is this? • horizontal fx thorugh growth plate
Type I
What type of receptor am I? • Confined to the outer layers of the joint capsule and are stimulated by active or passive joint motions • Their firing rate is inhibited with joint approximation and they have a low threshold, making them very sensitive to movement • Stimulation of this type is involved with: 1. Reflex modulation of posture, as well as movement, through constant monitoring of outer joint tension 2. Perception of posture and movements 3. Inhibition of flow from pain receptors via enkephalin synaptic interneuron transmitter 4. Tonic effects on lower motor neuron pools involved in the neck, limbs, jaw, and eye muscles
Type I Receptors
What type of spondylolisthesis is this? • congenitial defect
Type I: Dysplastic
Which Odontoid Fx Type is this? • fx through the base of the dens
Type II
Which Salter Harris Type is this? • Growth plate and metaphysis • MOST COMMON
Type II
What type of receptor am I? • Are found within the deeper layers of the joint capsule • They are also low threshold and again are stimulated with even minor changes in tension within the inner joint • These adapt very rapidly and quickly cease firing when the joint stops moving • Completely inactive in immobilized joints • Functions are likely to include: 1. Movement monitoring the reflex actions and perhaps perceptual sensations 2. Inhibitions of flow from pain receptors via enkephalin synaptic interneuron neural transmitter 3. Phasic effects on lower motor neuron pools involved in the neck, limbs, jaw, and eye muscles.
Type II Mechanoreceptors
What type of spondylolisthesis is this? • Fx through the pars • MC at L5
Type II: Isthmic
Which Odontoid Fx Type is this? • Fx through the body of C2
Type III
Which Salter Harris Type is this? • Growth plate and epiphysis
Type III
What type of receptor am I? • Found in the intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments of the peripheral joints, but they have been previously thought to be absent from all the synovial spinal joints •These receptors are very slow adapters with a very high threshold bc they are innervated by large myelinated fibers • They seem to be joint version of the Golgi tendon organ in that they impose an inhibitory effect on motoneurons • Likely to achieve the following: 1. Monitor direction of movement 2. Create a reflex effect on segmental muscle tone, providing a "banking mechanism" against movement that overdisplaces the joint 3. Recognize potentially harmful movements
Type III Mechanoreceptors
What type of spondylolisthesis is this? •DJD of facet joint • MC at L4 • Psedu...
Type III: Degenerative
Which Salter Harris Type is this? • Growth plate, metaphysis, and epiphysis
Type IV
What type of receptor am I? • Composed of a network of free nerve endings as well as unmyelinated fibers • They are associated with pain perception and include many different varieties with large ranges of sensations, including itch and tickle • They possess an intimate physical relationship to the mechanoreceptors • They are very high threshold receptors and are completely inactive in the physiological joint • The basic functions of the nociceptors include the following: 1. Evocation of pain 2. Tonic effects on neck, limb, jaw, and eye muscles 3. Central reflex connections for pain inhibition 4. Central reflex connections for a myriad of autonomic effects
Type IV Receptors
What type of spondylolisthesis is this? • fx through pedicle
Type IV: Traumatic
Which Salter Harris Type is this? • Compression deformity if the growth plate •MOST SEVERE
Type V
What Line of Mensuration am I? • Landmarks: Line drawn parallel and through the sacral base. Perpendicular line drawn from the sacral promontory • Significance: L5 beyond the perpendicular line: Spondylolisthesis
Ullmann's Line aka Garland Thomas Line
Where does Tunnel of Guyon occur?
Under hook of hamate
Where is Carpal tunnel syndrome felt?
Under the flexor retinaculum
What am I? • Diaphyseal/metaphyseal location •centrally located • <20yrs •fluid filled lesion •associated with "fallen fragment" sign
Unicameral Bone Cyst (UBC) aka Simple Bone Cyst (SBC)
What is Bell's Palsy?
Unilateral facial paralysis
What am I? Lengthened/inhibited (loose/weak) muscles: • Rhomboids • Lower and middle trapezius • Stratus anterior • Teres minor • Longus coli and capitis
Upper cross syndrome
WHat am I? • Fibroid cyst/Leiomyoma (tumor of smooth muscle) • MS benign rumor in females
Uterine Fibroid
What theory is this? • The subclavian arteries become the vertebral arteries which then joint to become the basilar artery • The vertebral arteries provide a large portion of the blood supply to the cranium and are the major blood supply to the brain stem • The vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency (VBAI) hypothesis states that cervical intervertebral subluxations may cause deflection or compression of the vertebral arteries, thereby altering cerebral circulation • Symptoms may include the 5 D's and 3 NS • The most common location for compression the the vertebral artery is over the posterior arch of C1 • Rotation and extension of C1 and C2 causes the most compression to the vertebral artery
Vascular insufficiency model
Rules for adjusting: the ___ is the reference structure unless other wise noted
Vertebral body
Where is this type of this Avascular Necrosis (aka Osteonecrosis/Osteochondrosis) located? • Scheuermann;s
Vertebral end plate epiphysis
How do you Store the film/ cassettes?
Vertically to avoid pressure damage
What am I? • Responsibility is imposed upon one person for failure of another in case of a special relationship (parent/child, employee/employer)
Vicarious liability
In Meningeal irritation what does an increase in protein mean?
Viral
Which neurological reflex is this? • reflexes whose afferents are visceral sensory fibers and who's efferents are somatic motor nerve fibers. • Opposite the somatovisceral reflex. • Respiratory or digestive dysfunction such as asthma or colic may cause reflex disturbances in the spine leading to us cle tension and joint subluxation
Viscerosomatic
Which neurological reflex is this? • reflexes who's afferent and efferent are visceral sensory and autonomic nerve fibers
Viscerovisceral
What am I? • The principle that maintains the laws of physics and chemistry cannot explain the nature of life
Vitalisms
What am I? • Prevents hemorrhage in newborns
Vitamin K
What makes TFL syndrome worse?
Walking or running UP/down hills/stairs
What am I? • An anticoagulant • vitamin K antagonist increases clotting time
Warfarin/Coumadin:
WHich processing factor am I? • Removes developer and fixer
Washing
What am I? • A Methods of IQ testing
Wechsler Scale
What lumbar ortho am I? • SLR w/dorsiflexion of foot is performed on asymptomatic side of sciatic pt. • (+) Pain down symptomatic side • Indicates: Medial disc lesion
Well-leg raise aka Fajerstazn's
If a patient no only wants to maintain their health, but improve their health they are candidate for a ?
Wellness care plan
What am I? • Seen in those with alcohol abuse; B1 deficiency
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Atlantodental Interspace
What Line of Mensuration am I?
Basilar Angle aka Martin's Basilar Angle
What Line of Mensuration am I?
Bohler's Angle
What Line of Mensuration am I?
Canal/Body Ratio
What Line of Mensuration am I?
Chamberlain's Line
What Line of Mensuration am I?
Cobb's Method of Scoliosis Evaluation
What Line of Mensuration am I?
Eisenstein's Method of Sagittal Canal Measurement
What Line of Mensuration am I?
Femoral Angle aka Mikulicz's Angle
What Line of Mensuration am I?
George's line
What Line of Mensuration am I?
Hadley's "S" Curve
What Line of Mensuration am I?
Heel Pad Measurement
What Line of Mensuration am I?
Iliofemoral Line
What Line of Mensuration am I?
Klein's Line
What Line of Mensuration am I?
Kohler's Line
What Line of Mensuration am I?
Lumbar Gravity Line aka Ferguson's Line
What Line of Mensuration am I?
Lumbosacral Angle aka Sacral Base Angle aka Ferguson's Angle
What Line of Mensuration am I?
Lumbosacral Disc Angle
What Line of Mensuration am I?
Macnab's Line
What Line of Mensuration am I?
Macrae's Line
What Line of Mensuration am I?
McGregor's Line
What Line of Mensuration am I?
Stress Lines of the Cervical spine
What Line of Mensuration am I?
A relationship exists between mechanoreceptors and nociceptors such that when the mechanoreceptors function correctly an inhibition occurs. The converse also holds true; when what happens?
When mechanoreceptors fail to function correctly, inhibition of nociceptors will occur less and pain will be perceived
What am I? • Bone is shaped by the forces placed on it or the lack of forces as it is immobilized
Wolff's law
What thoracic outlet syndrome (aka neurovascular compression syndrome) spine test am I? • Pt seated while Dr palpates radial pulse. • Each arm is individually abducted to 180 Dr notes angle at which radial pulse diminishes or disappears • (+) If pulses are lost w/more than 10 degree difference • Indicates: Pectoralis Minor syndrome, Axillary artery
Wright's test aka Hyperabduction Maneuver
What is the disorder associated with C7?
Wrist drop
What is the motor for the C6 nerve root?
Wrist extension
What am I? • Film is 12x 1 0 • FFD is 40 • Lateral skull- sella turcica • PA Caldwell- frontal sinus 15 caudal tube tilt • AP Townes: foramen magnum 35 causal tube tilt • Waters- maxillary sinuses
X ray positioning of skull
Where is this type of this Avascular Necrosis (aka Osteonecrosis/Osteochondrosis) located? •Sever's
calcaneus
Scoliosis Measurements: 25 years and Under What do you do when scoliosis measurements are over 50°?
cardio-pulmonary compromise and DJD
Where is this type of this Avascular Necrosis (aka Osteonecrosis/Osteochondrosis) located? •Keinboch's
carpal lunate
What am I? • a non tender epidermal cyst that filled with sebum
epidermal cyst
What am I? • diagnosis: Wood's lamp tinea corpus: body • " " pedis: athletes foot • " " ungunum: nails • " " capitus: scalp • " " cruris- jock itch • " " barbae- beard • " " versicolor: multiple hypo pigmented, • asymptomatic lesions varying in color from white to brown
fungal/mycotic infections (tinea)
What type of air pollution am I? • Chest pain, coughing bronchitis, emphysema and asthma • Main component is smog • formed when 2types of pollutants (volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxide) reacts in the presence of sunlight
ground level ozone
Where is this type of this Avascular Necrosis (aka Osteonecrosis/Osteochondrosis) located? •Freuberg's
head of 2nd or 3rd metatarsal
GAIT CYCLE CHART
helpful links: https://quizlet.com/416004237/q7-hodges-ac-care-lab-gait-analysis-flash-cards/ https://quizlet.com/379391631/q6-meisel-gait-and-posture-flash-cards/
What am I? • HSV infection characterized by small vesicles "cold sores" located on the mouth or in the genital region. Can be reactivated during delivery
herpes simplex
What am I? • females 30-50 yr old • over activity of parathyroid gland causes calcium up in the blood and phosphours down • renal calculi, "Brown tumors" (central geographic osteopenia in bones) • "salt and pepper" skull • "rugger-jersey spine" • ↑ alkaliine phosphatase
hyperparathyroidism
How does the hamstrings deaccelerate?
it comes across the hip joint and contracts eccentrically (elongates)
What type of air pollution am I? • From emission pollution
methane gas
What am I? • hereditary; absence of marrow • anemial hepatosplenomegaly • "Bone within a bone" (early) • "Sandwich vertebrae" (late)
osteopetrosis
What am I? • caused by lice. Lesion sites: pubic area-- pubis, body-- corporis, head-- capitis
pediculosis
What am I? • potentially life threatening condition exhibiting bulla (blisters) on the skin.
pemphigus vulgaris
Where does the intestines refer pain?
periumbilical
What am I? • exhibit a characteristic oval/round lesion called a herald patch. Caused by a virus.
pityriasis rosea
What is the AKA for Trigeminal Neuralgia?
tic douloureux
For CNV how do you test for face V1-V3?
touch forehead, cheekbone, and chin with cotton wisp
What is the uvular reflex?
uvula & palate deviate to opposite side of lesion when patient says Ahhh
Leading Cause of Death by Age:
• (1-22) Unintentional Injury • (45-64) Malignant Neoplasms • (65+) Heart Disease
Leading Causes of Injury Death by age:
• (1-4) Drowning • (5-34)MVA • (35-54) Unintentional Poisoning • (55-64) MVA • (65+) Falls
Burns are graded by Depth:
• 1st- redness: epidermis •2nd- blisters; epidermis and dermis but not the base of the Dermis • 3rd- charring of skin
What are the artificial ventilation rates for an adult, child, infant and newborn?
• Adult-12 (1 ventilation/5 seconds) • Child and infants: about 20 • Newborns: 30-60 ( 1 ventilation/1-2 seconds)
What is the compression to ventilation ratio for an adult, child and infant for 2 person CPR?
• Adult:30:2 • Child/infant: 15:2
What is the afferent/efferent to the carotid reflex?
• Afferent: CN IX • Efferent: CN X
What is the afferent/efferent to the gag reflex?
• Afferent: CN IX • Efferent: CN X
What is the afferent/efferent to the uvula reflex?
• Afferent: CN IX • Efferent: CN X
What is the afferent/efferent for Geigel's reflex?
• Afferent: Femoral nerve • Efferent: Genitofemoral nerve
What is the afferent/efferent for the cremasteric reflex?
• Afferent: Femoral nerve • Efferent: Genitofemoral nerve
What is the Afferent/efferent for the plantar reflex?
• Afferent: Tibial • Efferent: Tibial
What is the afferent/efferent for the Beevor's reflex?
• Afferent: Upper: T7-T9; Lower: T10-T12 •Efferent: Upper: T7-T9; Lower: T10-T12
What is the Afferent/efferent for the abdominal reflex?
• Afferent: Upper: T7-T9; Lower: T10-T12 • Efferent: Upper T7-T9; Lower: T10-T12
Anode side vs cathode side
• Anode: less x ray smaller effective focal spot, more detail, use on thinner body part • Cathode: more x ray, larger effective focal spot, less detail, use on thicker body part
You should not stop CPR unless?
• Another responder takes over • You are too exhausted to continue • The scene becomes unsafe
Where is sensory for Sciatic n?
• Ant/post leg • Dorsum/sole of foot
Where is sensory for Saphenous n?
• Anteromedial knee • Medial leg
What are the Clinical implications of axoplasmic transport?
• Any factor causing derangement of transport mechanisms in the axon could cause trophic influences to become detrimental. • The alteration would produce aberrations of structure, function and metabolism thereby contributing to dysfunction and disease
What is the motor action of C5?
• Arm abduction • Forearm flexion
What can affect the Vestibulospinal tract?
• BPV (benign positional vertigo) • Labyrinthitis
What's the difference between Bell's Palsy and a stroke?
• Bell's Palsy - Ipsilateral loss of entire face, forehead doesn't wrinkle •Stroke - Contralateral motor below eye, Forehead wrinkles
What muscles are associated with Musculocutaneous n?
• Biceps • Brachialis • Coracobrachialis
What orthos are used to test for meningeal irritation?
• Brudzinski Sign • Kernig's Sign
Someone with Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome will present with what symptoms?
• Burning paresthesia • Decreased sensation on soles of feet • Weak muscles of the foot • Aggravated by walking or standing
What disorders are associated with Median n?
• Carpal tunnel • Pronator teres • Ape hand
What conditions involve the Median n?
• Carpal tunnel syndrome • Pronator teres syndrome
What are the signs of a Heat stroke?
• Cessation of sweating and high body temperature. • Rapid weak pulse. • Shallow breathing, low blood pressure, throbbing headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting
Parasympathetics in the eye moves what?
• Ciliary muscles • COnstrictor papillae
What is a Grade 3 sprain/strain?
• Complete tear • Surgical case • Refer to orthopedist
What characteristics of pain can be felt with bone cancer?
• Constant • Deep • Boring • Nocturnal • Progressive • Unremitting
Workplace violence risk factors:
• Contact with public • Exchange of money or products • Working alone at night • Guard jobs
What characteristics of pain can be felt in a muscle?
• Cramping • radiating • Aching • Dull
close pack positions for fingers:
• DIPs and PIPS: maximal extension • MCP's: maximal flexion
EX ilium (gonstead)
• Decreased width crouching a narrow ilium • Increased width at the base of the obturator foramen • Anterior lumbar curve increases • Lowers the femur head Visualizations: causes the foot to diverge toward midline (toe in, internal rotation Imagine looking at a spine from behind in all these listings to makes sense of it
What 2 factors is Action potential speed are based on?
• Degree of myelination • Diameter
What muscles can be tested for C5?
• Deltoid • Biceps brachii
What symptoms will someone with MS present with?
• Diplopia • Scotomas • Transient blindness • Optic neuritis • Pain • Vertigo • UMNL in legs
What causes ulnar nerve problems?
• Direct trauma • Repetitive microtrauma
Where is sensory for Ulnar n?
• Distal Ulnar hand • 5th digit
Where is sensory for Median n?
• Distal radial hand • 2nd digit
What do you do when you have an Impaled object in eye?
• Don't attempt to remove • Stabilize the object by encircling the eye with a gauze dressing or sterile cloth, being careful to not apply any pressure. • Position bulking dressings around impaled object and then cover it up with a shield such as a paper cup
What do you do when you have a foreign bodies in your eye?
• Don't touch the eye • If object is visible, pull the eyelid down and try to remove the object with sterile gauze pad. • Irrigate eye
What muscles are associated with T1?
• Dorsal interossei • Palmar Interossei
During the gait cycle, the heel strike fires what muscles?
• Dorsiflexors eccentrically to lower foot to ground • Quads eccentrically contract to absorb energy to prevent knee buckling
What does DR CUMA stand for?
• Drop wrist • Radial n. • Claw hand • Ulnar n • Median n • Ape hand
What can problems to the cerebellum cause?
• Dysmetria (past pointing) • Dyssynergia (lack of coordination) • Diadochokinesis (rapid alternating movements) • Tandem gait • MS • Alcoholism • A form of Cerebral Palsy
Providing care for ingested poisons
• Emetic (substance that causes vomiting) may be advised to prevent poison from moving to SI, where absorption takes place. • IN some instances, vomiting should not be induced.
What are the symptoms for Meniere's Disease?
• Episodic rotational vertigo • Hearing loss • Tinittus
What is motor for S1?
• Eversion • Plantar flexion • Hip extension
Close pack position for elbow joints: Ulnohumeral joint
• Extension in supination Radiohumeral joint: • Flexion in supination
What action will cause pain in lateral epicondylitis?
• Extension of wrist • pronation of elbow
What are all the ways a flexion fixation can also be named?
• Extension restriction • National (VB)- anterior inferior • Medicare (malposition reference)- flexion malposition
What muscles are being tested in Finkelstein's test?
• Extensor Pollicis brevis • Abductor Pollicis longus
What muscles are tested with the C6 nerve root?
• Extensor carpi radialis/ulnaris • Brachialis
What muscles are associated with L5?
• Extensor digitorum • Extensor Hallucis Longus • Gluteus medius & minimus
What causes Lateral femoral cutaneous n. problems?
• External pressure • Obesity • Tight jeans
If parasympathetics cholinergic (acetylcholine) is stimulated/facilitated vs. inhibited
• Facilitated: parasympathetic/vagotonia • Inhibited parasympathetic atonia
What symptoms are seen with ALS?
• Fasciculations & spasticity • Increased DTR's • LMNL in arms • UMNL in legs
What lines of mensuration are used to measure scoliolis?
• Ferguson • Risser • Cobb's
With Meningeal Irritation, what will the patient present with?
• Fever • Headache • Photophobia • Nuchal rigidity
What muscles are associated with Ulnar n?
• Finger Abduction/adduction• Thumb adductors
Other deaths in order of prevalence:
• Fires/burns • drownings • other transport • firearms
What are all the ways a an extension fixation can be listed?
• Flexion restriction • National (VB)- posterior inferior • Medicare- extension malposition
What muscles are associated with C8?
• Flexor digitorum superficialis/profundus Lumbricals
What is motor for Peroneal n?
• Foot dorsiflexion • Inversion • Eversion
How do you care for someone with frostbite?
• Handle the area gently. • Do not attempt to rewarm the frost bitten area. • For a more serious injury, rewarm the body part by gently soaking it in water not warmer than 105° F
Gonstead listing: AS ilium
• Higher femur head • Posterior sacrum • Shorter innominate • Smaller obturator foramen • Decreased lumbar lordosis Palpatory findings: spongy edema at posterior inferior margin of SI joint
What is motor for Femoral n?
• Hip flexion • Knee extension
What motor is associated with L2-L4?
• Hip flexion & Adduction • Knee extension
WHich of the following is the best explanation of wellness care?
• Holistic • Proactive • Preventable
The DRG is located in the _______ and. Is most sensitive to _____ and most affected by a _____
• IVF • Compression • Subluxation
What muscles are associated with Femoral n?
• Iliopsoas • Quads
How do you Care for heat stroke?
• Immerse pt in cold water up to his/her neck (preferred method) douse the pt with ice water soaked towels over the entire body
What is a Grade 2 sprain/strain?
• Incomplete or partial rupture • Lots of swelling, bruising • Almost no ROM
Intensify screens ______ density on the film by _____ the action of x rays
• Increase • Intensifying
IN ilium (gonstead)
• Increased width of the ilium making it wider • Appears narrow at the base of the obturator foramen • Decreased normal anterior curve • Raises the femur head *visualization: causes the foot to diverge away from midline (foot flair, toe out, EX rotation) Imagine looking at a spine from behind in all these listings to makes sense of it
Brown Sequard syndrome is a unilateral lesion with what symptoms?
• Ipsilateral motor disturbance and proprioception • Contralateral loss of pain and temperature
What symptoms will be seen in Tabes Dorsalis?
• Irregularities of the pupils •Pupils doesn't respond to direct light (Argyll Robertson) • Coordination & balance disturbance • Slappage gait
Gonstead listing: PI ilium (as seen off an X-ray)
• Low femur head • Anterior sacrum • Longer innominate • Larger obturator foramen • Increased lumbar lordosis Palpating findings: spongy edema at posteriority superior margin of SI joint
What is the best way to diagnose MS?
• MRI • CSF • electrodiagnosis • sequela: vertigo, optic atrophy, urinary incontinence
What can affect the posterior columns?
• MS • Tabes Dorsalis • Leprosy
Where is sensory for C8?
• Medial forearm • Digits 4-5
What tests are for vestibular balance?
• Mittelmeyer • Barany • Caloric Test (COWS: cold opposite, warm same) • Romberg's
How do you care for someone with heat exhaustion?
• Move pt out of the hot environment to a cooler area. • Remove Excess clothing. • Cool pts body By spraying with cool water or applying cool wet cloths Or towels to the body. • Hydrate with Electrolytes *Low blood pressure and rapid, weak pulse are signs of shock
What are some malignant neoplasms?
• Multiple myeloma • Metastatic disease • Lytic Metastasis • Hodgkin's Disease • Blastic Metastasis • Paget's • Osteosarcoma • Chondrosarcoma and Fibrosarcoma • Ewing's Sarcoma • Chordoma
What is a Grade 1 sprain/strain?
• No ligamentous tear • Slight swelling & decreased ROM
Normally where does the Dr stand on? except for which moves?
• On the side on contact • seated diversified depending if it's Gonstead or Diversified
Patients with pronator teres syndrome present with what symptoms?
• Pain & paresthesia on the volar aspect of the forearm, Lateral palm & lateral digits • Pain w/pronation & wrist flexion • Thenar atrophy
Someone with common peroneal n problems would present with what?
• Pain in the lateral aspect of the leg • Weak Peroneal m. • Foot drop
What are 2 other names for Chondromalacia Patella?
• Patellofemoral tracking disorder • Runner's knee
Where does sciatica occur?
• Pelvis • Hip • Popliteal fossa
What muscles are associated with S1?
• Peroneus longus/brevis • Gluteus Maximus
Lumbosacral facet: plane and motion
• Plane: coronal • Motion: lateral flexion
Thoracic facet: plane and motion
• Plane: coronal • Motion: lateral flexion
Cervical facet: plane and motion
• Plane: transverse • Motion: rotartion
Occupational respiratory disorders:
• Pneumoconiosis • asbestosis • silicosis • byssinosis
How do you provide care for absorbed poisons?
• Poisonous plant- rinse with water for at least 20 minutes • Dry chemicals- brush off the chemicals using gloved hands before flushing with tap water. • If the poison has been in contact with the pts eye irrigate from the nose side of eye
What characteristics of pain can be felt in Scleratogenous pain?
• Poorly localized • Dull • Ache
Medical disc protrusion: dynamics of antalgia
• Pt will lean toward the side of pain to alleviate the pain. • Pt will have positive Kemp's on the side opposite of the pain.
Lateral disc protrusion: dynamics of antalgia
• Pt will lean toward the side opposite the sciatica to alleviate the pain. • Pt will have positive Kemp's to same side of pain
What are early signs of Myasthenia Gravis?
• Ptosis- drooping of the upper eyelid • Diplopia- double vision • Dysarthria- difficult or unclear articulation of speech • Fatigue of muscles (especially following exercise)
Pulse, BP and respirations for an infant
• Pulse: 100-140 BPM • BP: 70-95 mmHg systolic • Respirations: 25-50 /minute
Newborns pulse, BP and respirations
• Pulse: 120-160 BPM • BP: less than 60mmHg • Respirations: 40-60/minute
Pulse, BP, and respirations for a normal adult (12+)
• Pulse: 60-100 • BP:90-140/60-90 • Respirations: 12-20 breaths per minute
Pulse, BP, and respirations for a child 1-12 YOA
• Pulse: 80-100 Bpm • BP: 80-110mmHG • Respirations: 15-30/minute
What muscles are associated with L2-L4?
• Quadriceps • Adductors
What are the 2 different names for Lateral Epicondylitis?
• Radiohumeral bursitis • Tennis Elbow
How do you care for someone with hypothermia?
• Remove any wet clothing and dry off the pt. • Passively warm the pt by wrapping all exposed body surfaces with anything at hand. • Do not immerse pt in warm water. • Do not rub or massage the extremities
A morton's neuroma is caused by what?
• Repetitive microtrauma • Narrow toed shoes • RA • Foot deformities
What symptoms will someone with Parkinson's Disease have?
• Resting tremors • Mask like face • Festinating gait • Cogwheel/lead pipe rigidity • Forward stooped posture • BRadykinesia
What muscles provide retraction of the Scapula?
• Rhomboid Major & minor
What muscles are associated with Dorsal scapular n?
• Rhomboids • Levator scap
Other ways to list a L lateral flexion restriction?
• Right lateral flexion restriction • National (VB)- left inferior • Medicare- left lateral flexion malposition
Ways to list a left rotation and left lateral flexion fixation?
• Right rotation and R lateral flexion restriction • National (VB)- left posterior inferior • Medicare- left rotation and left lateral flexion malposition
Ways to list left rotation and Right lateral flexion fixation?
• Right rotation and left lateral flexion restriction • National (VB)- left posterior superior • Medicare- left rotation and right lateral flexion malposition
Other ways to list a Left rotation fixation?
• Right rotation restriction • National (VB)- left posterior • Malposition- left malposition
Where does the gallbladder refer pain?
• Right shoulder • Inferior scapula
What are the 2 types of measles?
• Rubella aka German measles • Rubeola
CN XI gives motor to what muscles?
• SCM • Trap Shoulder shrug with head rotation against resistance
What is Charcot's Triad seen in MS?
• Scanning speech • Intention tremors • Nystagmus
What symptoms will be seen with Cerebral Palsy?
• Scissor gait • Spastic paralysis • Athetoid & choreiform movements • Normal intelligence levels
What is the Cerebrum responsible for?
• Sensory & motor interpretations • Language
What characteristics of pain can be felt in nerves?
• Shooting • Radiating • Burning
which side of wedge should be contacted when adjusting? What is the exception to this rule
• Side of open wedge • Scoliosis
If scoliosis is present what side should you contact when adjusting
• Side of scoliosis • I think scoliosis is named for convexity
What are the 4 reflexes in the neurological reflex model?
• Somatosomatic • Viscerovisceral • Somatovisceral • Viscerosomatic
What are the An atomic contents of IVF?
• Spinal nerve • Nerve roots • Recurrent meningeal nerve • Blood vessels • Lymphatic • Connective tissue
Coupled motion of lumbar and lower thoracic spine (T7 down)
• Spinous Process: rotate into concavity, towards lateral flexion • Vertebral Body: rotate into convexity, away from lateral flexion
Coupled motion of cervical and upper thoracics (T6)
• Spinouses: rotate into convexity, away from lateral flexion • Vertebral Body: rotate into concavity , toward lateral flexion
How do you test tongue muscles?
• Stick tongue out • Deviation to side of lesion •look for atrophy & Fasciculations
What are the goals of the adjustment?
• Stimulate the 1b golgi tendons and postsynaptic inhibition of the alpha motor neurons (innervate skeletal muscles) due to the fast stretch on the tendon • Close the pain gate by sending a proprioceptive message to the CNS on large type A fibers • Increase mechanoreceptor bombardment (thereby closing the pain gate) • Break up adhesion • Increase mobility • Improve neurological functions
How is the abdominal reflex tested?
• Stroke in all 4 quadrants away from the umbilicus •Normal: Umbilicus moves toward side stroked
How is the Geigel's reflex done?
• Stroke the inner female thigh • Poupart's ligament contracts
What are the 4 muscles of the rotator cuff?
• Supraspinatus • Infraspinatus • Teres Minor • Subscapularis
Close pack position of ankle joints
• Tarsal-metatarsal joints- max inversion • Tibiotalar joint- max dorsiflexion
What will be seen clinically for carpal tunnel syndrome?
• Thenar atrophy • Nocturnal pain • Weak opponens pollicis
What characteristics of pain can be felt in circulation (ex toothache)?
• Throbbing • Pulsating
What is motor for median nerve?
• Thumb pinch • Opposition of thumb
What muscles are associated with Peroneal n?
• Tib Anterior • Toe extensors • Peroneals
What are the 4 muscles that can be affected by Anterior Compartment Syndrome?
• Tibialis Anterior • Extensor Hallucis Longus • Extensor Digitorum Longus • Peroneus Tertius
What tests can be done for Carpal tunnel syndrome?
• Tinel's • Phalen's • Grip strength
What is the motor for L5?
• Toe extension • Heel walk • Hip extension
What is treatment for both medial & lateral epicondylitis?
• Transverse massage • Ultrasound under water • Counterforce brace
What muscles provide elevation of the scapula?
• Trapezius • Levator Scap
Radial nerve problems are caused by what?
• Trauma • Lead poisoning • Pressure from crutches
What can cause carpal tunnel syndrome?
• Trauma • Obesity • Fluid retention due to pregnancy • Hypothyroidism • RA
What can cause sciatica?
• Trauma • Traction • Wallet pressure • Piriformis • muscle spasm
What causes Bell's palsy?
• Trauma • Virus • Immune mediated response
What can cause long thoracic nerve problems?
• Traumatic • Iatrogenic & Idiopathic processes
What is treatment for pronator teres syndrome?
• Trigger point therapy • Spray & stretch
What am I? • Via compromise of the cerebral blood supply • S/s: ataxia, diplopia, dizziness, diarrhea, dysphasia, falling to side, nausea, numbness nystagmus, visual is turb acnes, vomiting • Symptoms apparent with rotation and extension of the head • Never give 2nd adjustment
• VBAI theory summary • Vertebral basilar artery insufficiency
Cn VIII gives sensory to what?
• Vestibular: Balance • Cochlear: Hearing
What conditions can radial nerve problems cause?
• Wrist drop (unable to extend elbow and wrist) • Erb's Palsy (waiter's tip deformity: adduction, internal rotation and flexion of wrist) • Saturday night palsy • Crutch palsy
What is the Motor for C7?
• Wrist flexion • Finger extension
What is motor for Radial nerve?
• Wrist/finger extension • Thumb abduction
What muscles are associated with Radial nerve?
• Wrist/finger extensors • Triceps
What is Torticollis?
• Wry neck • Spasm of the SCM
Close pack position of shoulder joints: Glenohumeral joint
• abduction and extension • AC joint 90 degrees abduction • SC joint: maximal elevation
CN X is motor to what reflexes?
• gag reflex • carotid reflex
What is a Snellen chart used for?
• how vision is tested • used for visual acuity, visual fields (peripheral vision)
Someone with a radial nerve problem presents with what symptoms?
• loss of triceps reflex • Decreased sensation to posterior arm, forearm, & posterolateral 3.5 fingers
What is the MC occupational injury in the work place?
• musculoskeletal • Repeated trauma is responsible for 65% of these
What are some symptoms of sciatica?
• sensory pain in the posterior buttocks • thigh • leg down to the floor • weak knee flexion • decreased achilles reflex (DDX with facet)
Unintentional injuries in the workplace:
• sprains/strains (27%)Lacerations, • punctures, • amputations,and • avulsion (24%)
What is Talipes Equinovarus?
•Abnormality of the foot •Clubfoot; Inversion, adduction and plantar flexion of the foot
What is Pes Planus?
•Abnormality of the foot •Flat foot
What will help with Pes Cavus foot?
•Abnormality of the foot •Orthotics
What is Pes Cavus foot?
•Abnormality of the foot •Very high arch toes in flexion
What Labs are for AIDS testing?
•ELISA-screening test (RNA) • Western blot (most accurate, protein)
Where does the Appendix refer pain?
•Epigastric - early •RLQ - Late
How do you do the Hoffman reflex?Response?
•Examiner extends middle phalanx & flicks distal phalanx inferiorly •Response: Flexion & Adduction of the thumb & flexion of fingers
How do you do the Tromner reflex?Response?
•Examiner sharly taps the tips of the middle 3 fingers •REsponse: Flexion of wrist & fingers or thumb & index finger
How do you do the Chaddock's wrist reflex?Response?
•Examiner strokes the distal ulnar side of the forearm near the wrist •Response: Flexion of wrist w/extension & fanning of fingers
What causes MS to get worse?
•Moving from cold to warm climate • periods of exacerbations and remissions
What is the ciliospinal reflex?
•Pinch neck while noting dilation of eyes •Sensory from Neck: CN V •Cervical sympathetics: CN X
What conditions associated with AIDS?
•Pneumocystis Carinii- (MC) •Giardia lamblia •Kaposi's sarcoma
What is the Oculocardiac reflex?
•Press on eye & heart rate decreases •CN V Afferent •CN X Efferent • used for lasic
What is Oculocardiac reflex?
•Press on eye note slowing of the heart by 10 bpm •Sensory from neck: CN IX •Cervical sympathetics: CN X
How do you do the Schaefer reflex?Response?
•Squeeze achilles tendon •Response: Babinski like
How do you do the Gordon's Calf reflex?Response?
•Squeeze the calf below the knee •Response: Babinski-like
How do you do the Oppenheim reflex?Response?
•Stroke down tibial crest to ankle •response: Babinski-like
How do you perform the cremasteric reflex?
•Stroke inner thigh of male •Ipsilateral rise in testes
How do you do the babinski reflex?Response?
•Stroke up lateral aspect of foot to great toe •Response: Dorsiflexion of great toe w/splaying of other toes
What causes Pes Planus?
•Talar head displaces medially & plantarward
How do you do the Rossolimo reflex?Response?
•Tap the ball of the foot •Response: Plantar flexion of great toe w/curling of the other toes
What is Tabes Dorsalis?
•Tertiary syphilis •Wasting away of the posterior columns
What 2 sites/conditions can entrapment of ulnar nerve cause? -
•Tunnel of Guyon (under hook of hamate) • Cubital tunnel syndrome (elbow_
Patient with ulnar nerve problems will present with what?
•pain, tingling, numbness in the last 2 digits • Weakness of adductor pollicis- hypothenar atrophy
Why are bone tumors common in younger ages?
↑ bone production ↑ metabolic activity ↑ valcular activity ↑ hormones
