KIN 307 Exam 2 Material
Discuss the difference between chinning with the palms toward the face and chinning with the palms away from the face. Consider this muscularly and anatomically.
Chinning with the palms toward the face requires supination of the elbow and radioulnar joints. The biceps brachii and brachialis are contracting muscles and rotate inward. Chinning with the palms away from the face requires pronation of the elbow and radioulnar joints. The pronator teres muscle generates more force. Chinning this way is harder because the biceps brachii are at a mechanical disadvantage since it can't contribute as much to flexing at the elbow.
Shoulder girdle movement: Push-Up (Initial movement - lifting phase)
Movement(s): protraction (abduction) Eccentric contraction Agonist: trapezius middle and trapezius lower
Shoulder girdle movement: Push-Up (Secondary movement - lowering phase)
Movement(s): retraction (adduction) Concentric contraction Agonist: pectoralis minor, serratus minor
Shoulder girdle sport analysis: Tennis backhand (R)
Stance phase: abduction; pectoralis minor, serratus anterior Preparatory phase: abduction & upward rotation; concentric contraction Movement phase: adduction & internal rotation; pectoralis major and trapezius; eccentric contraction Follow-through phase: downward rotation & abduction
Shoulder joint sport analysis: Tennis backhand (L)
Stance: horizontal abduction Preparatory phase: horizontal abduction Movement phase: horizontal adduction Follow-through phase: horizontal adduction
Shoulder joint sport analysis: Tennis backhand (R)
Stance: horizontal adduction Preparatory phase: horizontal adduction Movement phase: horizontal abduction Follow-through phase: horizontal abduction
List the muscles involved with "tennis elbow" and describe specifically how you would encourage someone to work on both the strength and the flexibility of these muscles.
The tennis elbow uses the extensor digitorum longus muscle near its origin on the lateral epicondyle. Exercises that strengthen and increase flexibility of this muscle include arms extended and bending at the wrist and wrists curled upward with weight.
Analyze and list the differences in elbow and radioulnar joint muscle activity between turning a doorknob clockwise and pushing the door open, and turning the knob counterclockwise, and pulling the door open.
Turning the doorknob CW and pushing door open: supination of the forearm, concentric activity of supinator, external rotation of radius, and extension at the elbow. Turning doorknob CCW and pulling door open: flexion at the elbow, internal rotation of radius, and eccentric activity of pronator
relationship between radius and ulna
Ulna is larger proximally than the radius. The radius is larger distally than the ulna. The ulna and radius serve as distal attachments for some muscles. The scapula, humerus, and ulna serve as proximal attachments for muscles that pronate and supinate the radioulnar joints.
When the shoulder joint is INTERNALLY ROTATING, the shoulder girdle is...
abducting (protracting).
When the shoulder joint is in HORIZONTAL ADDUCTION, the shoulder girdle is...
abducting (protracting).
When the shoulder joint is in DIAGONAL ADDUCTION, the shoulder girdle is...
abducting (protracting)/depressing/downward rotation.
Action of supraspinatus
abduction
The scapulothoracic motion that usually accompanies glenohumeral horizontal adduction is _______.
abduction
Action of pectoralis minor muscle
abduction (protraction), downward rotation, depression
Action of serratus anterior muscle
abduction (protraction), upward rotation
Action of deltoid fibers
abduction, flexion, horizontal adduction/abduction, diagonal adduction/abduction
The clavicle joins the scapula at the _______ joint.
acromioclavicular
Which portion of the scapula articulates with the clavicle?
acromion process
When the shoulder joint is EXTERNALLY ROTATING, the shoulder girdle is...
adducting (retracting).
When the shoulder joint is in HORIZONTAL ABDUCTION, the shoulder girdle is...
adducting (retracting).
When the shoulder joint is in DIAGONAL ABDUCTION, the shoulder girdle is...
adducting (retraction)/upward rotation/elevation.
Action of rhomboid muscles (major & minor)
adduction (retraction), downward rotation, elevation
actions that occur in frontal plane
adduction and abduction
Sign of possible rotator cuff injury
an inability to smoothly abduct the arm against resistance
The MMI in flexion of the shoulder joint against resistance are the ________ and the ________.
anterior deltoid; upper pectoralis major
Scapula, clavicle, and humerus serve as ....
attachments for shoulder joint muscles
actions that occur in sagittal plane about frontal axis
backward extension and forward flexion
Muscle analysis of elbow and radioulnar joints: flexion
brachioradialis, brachialis, biceps brachii (long and short head)
Concentric contraction
causes movement against gravity, accelerate movement, and muscle shortens
Exercises that emphasize the rhomboid muscles
chin-ups, dips, and bent-over rowing
Exercises that emphasize the latissimus dorsi
chinning, rope climbing, basic rowing, "lat pulls"
The two bones that are primarily involved in movements of the shoulder girdle are....
clavicle and scapula.
Biceps brachii short head origin
coracoid process of scapula and upper lip of glenoid fossa
Eccentric contraction
decelerates movement, muscle lengthens
Superior muscles of glenohumeral joint
deltoid anterior fibers, deltoid middle fibers, deltoid posterior fibers, supraspinatus
Action of lower trapezius muscle fibers
depression, adduction (retraction) and upward rotation of the scapula
When the shoulder joint is in EXTENSION, the shoulder girdle is in...
depression/downward rotation.
glenohumeral inner rotation deficit (GIRD)
difference in internal rotation range of movement between individual's throwing and non-throwing shoulders
Exercises that emphasize the pectoralis minor muscle
dip bars or body dips, wall push-up
Exercises that emphasize the subclavius muscle
dips, push-ups
When the shoulder joint is ADDUCTING, the shoulder girdle is...
downward rotation.
Action of levator scapulae muscle
elevates the medial margin of the scapula
Action of upper trapezius muscle fibers
elevation of the scapula, upward rotation, and extension and rotation of the head at the neck
Action of middle trapezius muscle fibers
elevation, upward rotation, and adduction (retraction) of the scapula
When the shoulder joint is in FLEXION, the shoulder girdle is in...
elevation/upward rotation.
Action of teres major
extension, adduction, internal rotation
Action of latissimus dorsi
extension, adduction, internal rotation, horizontal abduction
Humeral _____ and ______ results in scapula depression, rotation downward, and adduction.
extension; adduction
Action of infraspinatus
external rotation, horizontal abduction, extension, diagonal abduction
Action of teres minor
external rotation, horizontal abduction, extension, diagonal abduction
Scapula adduction occurs with humeral _____ ______ and _____ ______.
external rotation; horizontal abduction
Humeral _______ and _______ require scapula elevation, rotation upward, and abduction.
flexion; abduction
attachment of rotator cuff
front, top, and rear of humeral head
Which portion of the scapula articulate with the humeral head?
glenoid fossa
triceps brachii long head origin
glenoid fossa of scapula
The humerus articulation with the glenoid fossa is deepened and stabilized further by the ___________.
glenoid labrum
Exercise that emphasizes the coracobrachialis?
horizontal adduction
Action of coracobrachialis
horizontal adduction and diagonal adduction
actions that occur in transverse (horizontal) plane
horizontal adduction, horizontal abduction internal rotation and external rotation
Point of insertion of rotator cuff enables....
humeral rotation
Scapula movement usually occurs with movement of the ________.
humerus
triceps brachii lateral head & medial head origin
humerus
Why is stretching of rotator cuff important?
improve performance and reduce likelihood of injury
Exercises that emphasize the infraspinatus muscle
internal rotation and extreme horizontal adduction
Action of subscapularis
internal rotation, adduction, extension
Action of pectoralis major
internal rotation, horizontal adduction, diagonal adduction, flexion
Scapula abduction occurs with humeral ______ ______ and _______ _______.
internal rotation; horizontal adduction
Exercises that emphasize teres major
lat pulls, rope climbing, internal rotation exercises against resistance
Which muscles does the teres major assist?
latissimus dorsi, pectoralis and subscapularis
Posterior muscles of glenohumeral joint
latissimus dorsi, teres major, infraspinatus, teres minor
The superior aspect of the sternum is known as the _______.
manubrium
impingement syndrome
occurs when the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles, particularly the supraspinatus and infraspinatus, become irritated and inflamed as they pass through the subacromial space. Results in pain, weakness, and loss of movement at the shoulder
triceps brachii insertion
olecranon process of the ulna
Exercises that emphasize the lower trapezius muscle fibers
parallel dips, body dips, chestproud shoulder retraction exercise (attempting to place hands in back pants pockets with depression
Anterior muscles of glenohumeral joint
pectoralis major upper fibers, pectoralis major lower fibers, subscapularis, coracobrachialis
Anterior muscles of shoulder girdle
pectoralis minor
Muscles involved in downward rotation
pectoralis minor, rhomboids
Muscles involved in shoulder girdle depression
pectoralis minor, trapezius
The prime movers of the scapula against resistance for abduction in the shoulder girdle are the _________ & _______.
pectoralis minor; serratus anterior
Muscle analysis of elbow and radioulnar joints: pronation
pronator teres, pronator quadratus, brachioradialis
action of ligaments
provide static stability
Exercises that emphasize the serratus anterior muscle
pushups, throwing a baseball, punching in boxing, shooting and guarding in basketball, and tackling in football, bench press, and overhead press
Bony landmarks of radius
radial tuberosity, olecranon process, coranoid process
Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD)
represents a difference in internal rotation range of motion between an individual's throwing and nonthrowing shoulders
Instability problems such as
rotator cuff impingement, subluxations, and dislocations
SITS
rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres major, subscapularis)
Posterior and lateral muscles of shoulder girdle
serratus anterior
Muscles involved in shoulder girdle abduction
serratus anterior and pectoralis minor
What anatomical features of the glenohumeral joint make it susceptible to frequent injury?
shallowness of glenoid fossa, laxity of ligamentous structures, lack of strength and endurance in muscles, posterior dislocations (rare), posterior instability, anterior or anteroinferior glenohumeral sublaxations and dislocations
Exercise that emphasize the levator scapulae
shoulder shrugging
Exercises that emphasize the upper and middle trapezius muscle fibers
shoulder shrugging exercises
Exercises that emphasize the deltoid muscle
sidearm dumbbell raises
The price of mobility is reduced _______.
stability
Action of subclavius muscle
stabilization and protection of the sternoclavicular joint, depression, and abduction
During a shoulder shrug exercise, most of the motion occurs at the __________ synovial joints.
sternoclavicular
Exercises that emphasize the subscapularis muscle
strengthened with exercises similar to those used for the latissimus dorsi and teres major, such as rope climbing and lat pulls
Muscle analysis of elbow and radioulnar joints: supination
supinator, brachioradialis, biceps brachii (short and long head)
biceps brachii long head origin
supraglenoid tubercle above glenoid fossa
The ________ of the rotary cuff is attached to the greater tubercle from above.
supraspinatus
Which rotator cuff is most often injured?
supraspinatus muscle
The rotator cuff is composed of the subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and the ___________.
teres minor
The border of the scapula that is medial to the infraspinatus fossa is known as the ______ border.
thoracic
Exercises that emphasize the pectoralis major
throwing a baseball, bench pressing, push ups, pull ups, tennis serves
Muscles involved in shoulder girdle adduction
trapezius middle fibers, trapezius lower fibers, rhomboids
Muscles involved in shoulder girdle elevation
trapezius upper and middle fibers, rhomboids, levator scapulae
Posterior muscles of shoulder girdle
trapezius upper fibers, trapezius middle fibers, trapezius lower fibers, rhomboids, levator scapulae
Muscle analysis of elbow and radioulnar joints: extension
triceps brachii (longitudinal, lateral, and medial head), anconeus
The scapulothoracic motion that usually accompanies glenohumeral abduction is _________.
upward rotation
When the shoulder joint is ABDUCTING, the shoulder girdle is...
upward rotation/elevation.
attachment of the shoulder joint to the axial skeleton
via the clavicle at the sternoclavicular joint and the scapula
acromioclavicular joint
where the clavicle articulates with the acromion process (superior aspect of scapula)
sternoclavicular joint
where the clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum
glenohumeral joint
where the head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa