lab final
within the potassium phosphate buffer sytem what is the weak base
(HPO4)2-
isontonic( low water potenta;
.85 NaCl
10% degree of dissocation
1*10^-1
1% degree of dissocation
1*10^-2
what is the H+ of a 0.01 M soultion of HCl and what is the Ph
1*10^-2 and 2
0.01% degree od dissociation
1*10^-4
if the molarity of an acid is 1*10^-3 and the degree of dissociationif 0.01% determine the H= and the pH
1*10^-7 and the ph is 7
at what temperature was optimal for the enzyme ( greatest reaction rate) 10 C 24 C or 60 C and how would we increase accuracy
24 because it allowed the molescules to move the fastest without damaging them, we could do multiple water baths in a more narrow range
if your totoal magnification is 250x and your ocular lens is 10x calculate the magnification of your obective lens
25x
which indicaator is used to determine if he pH of a soltion is acidic or becomes acidic
congo red
if you want to do an experiment to measure buffering capacrity why is red cabbage indicator not a good choice
it is not a good choice because it is not percise since it is qualitative and quantative
dialysis bag remins the same
same concentration
does the net movement of molecules slow down as equilibriu is reached and why
yes it does slow do because there is no long a distrinct concentration grandient, so they are just moving randomly ( no direction or high to low)
equation for pH=
-log(H+)
hypertonic solution ( low water potential
10% NaCl
uou measure the pH of your garden soil and find that it is pH 6 you measure the pH of peat moss and find that it is pH 4 how many times greater is the concentration of hydrogen ions in peat moss than in the garden soil
100x greater
equation for H+=
10^(-pH)
ocular magnification
10x
what color would the acid indicator appear at pH 2 , 7 and 11
2= blue 7= orange red 11= orange red
what color would the base indicator appear at pH 2 7 and 11
2= colorless 7= colorless 11= red
if your ocular lens is 12x and your obective lens is 30x calculate total magnification
360x
objective magnification
4x, 10x, 40x, 100x,
anthocyanins
are plant by pH, at low pH it turns red and at high turns blue
if looing under the microscope at something, and I move it towards me, it appears to be mvoing
away from me
water poteintail inside the bag is higher than water potential outside of bag
beaker has more solute than cell
water moves from dialysis bag into beaker
beaker has more solutethan cell
the solution inside the bag is hypotnic to its surroundings
beaker has more soultethan cell
what is an enzyme
biological cataysts, proteins speed up reaction without being ussed or altered
thymophthalein
chagnes color within a speiciic alkaline pH range indicating alkaline condicitons
I2kI test
dark blue or black= positive for presence of strach - amber brown=negative
what were the dependent, indepedent and controlled
dependent = rate of diffsuion independent= temp controlled= time intervals
osmotic potential
dependent on solute concentiation in a soltion water potential = osmotic potential+pressure potential
rate of diffusion
determined by the concentration gradient between the area of origin and the area of destination
describe the relationship between enezyme concentration and enzyme activity
direct relationship, enzyme concentration increased the enzyme acitvity increased ( assuming sufficent substrate)
weak acids and weak bases
do not completly dissociate within aqueious solutions
catechol oxidase
enzyme in fruits and veg
pressure potential
exertion of positive or negaive pressure on a solution
( name the part of the microscope to solve problem) when looking at a speciemn on high power, the image is blurry
fine adjuestment knob
what are potatoes soaked in water before grying
fluffy because they are fully hydrated
hypotontic is what water potential
high
a salt soloution is
hypertonic
once your crossed fiver slide is clearlu focused under low power can you clearly determine the order of the crossed fivers without turning the fine adjuestment knob anymore
i can guess but not be certain
describe the relationship between temperature and enzyme acitivty
if it was too hot or cold the enzyme was slowed or damages and was not able to be fully efficent because the conditions were not optimal
how does the oerintation of the viewing change when looking at something in person compared to in the microscope
in person if it is facing upright, in the microscope it is upside down
positive pressure does what to the pressure potential andwater potential
increases both
magnification
increases the size of the visual image produced from the specimen ( determined by multiplying power of ocular lens by by the objedctive lens)
how does increasing enzyme concentration in the presence of unlimited substrate affect the rate of the enzyme catalyzed reaction
increasing the enzyme concentration lead to a faster rate
describe the relationship between substrate concentration and enzyme acitivity
increasing the substrate concentration in creases the enzyme activity until the substrate limits at a constant
congo red changes color within a specific pH range turning
indicating acidic conditions
dialysis bag swells
inside of cell has more solute than solution insdie breaer
( name the part of the microscope to solve problem)when looking at a specimen on any power, the field of view is very shaded, almost dark
iris diaphragm
buffering capacity
is the amount of acid or base a buffered solution can soak up before its pH wills tart to change signifiganly
what happened to the depth of ffield as you increased magnification, did the depth of field increase of decrease
it decreased my depth of field
as you increase magnification, waht happens to the field of view
it gets more narrow with each increase in magnification
when you added base to the buffer with thymophthalein and the color did not change, what does this tell you
it had a weak acid the neutralized the NaOH we added
when you added acid to the buffer with congo red and the color did not change what does this result tell you
it had a weak base that beutralized the added acid
how does the method of salt or sugar curing help to preserve meat
it helps by removing mositure and creating a barrier from the bacteria
does this indicate that the depth of field is large or small
it indicates that the field is small because only two of the three strings are in view
what do you need a cover slip when you make a wet mount slide of a live speciemns
it is necessary to protect the objective lens
asprin has a Ph of 3 some poeple who take large amounts of aspirin take a pill that combines asprin with maalox what is the purpose of this combination
it is to neutralize the acidit of the asprin
why is it eccesary to center a speciment in the field of view before changing to a higher power objective
it is to prevent losoing sight of the speiciem
on high power when the top string is in focus is the bottom string visible
it is visible but not in focus as it appears fuzzy
does net diffsion eventually come to an end and why
it will come to an end as long as it has been allowed enough time because it is at an equlibrium as the molveulves are still moving, but with no specific direct
in what situation would the use of a dissecting microscope be preferred to that of a compound light microscope
it would be perfered if we had a live specimen, a large specimen, or would need to see surfaces in3 d as we would not need it to be in thin slices
if you decrease the magnification again, what will happen to the field of view
it would get more wide with each decrease in magnification
if looking under the microscope, i move something to the right it apears to move towards the
left
is a salt solution the water did what( cell)
left
why doesnt tissue or specimens have to be thin when viewed under a dissecting microscope
light comes from above rather than passing through the miscropse, and also, we need to see the speciemn in 3 d which requires layers
hyper tonic is what water potential
low
how does adding solute to water effect the osmotic and water potential
lowers both
( name the part of the microscope to solve problem) when looking at a speciemn on medium power, the specimen is only partly in view
mechanical stage
what characteristic of our microscopes enable only fine foucisng on medium and high powers
microscopes are parfocal, so when moved to hgiher magnification, it is partially in focus and only needs fine adjustment
conver millimeters to micros
millimeterx1000
if soultion A contains 1*10^-6 M H+ ions and solution B contains 1*10^-8 M H+ ions, which soultion contains more H+ ions and which soultion had a higher pH
more H+ ions: A higher pH: B
in the DI water, the water did what (cell
moved in
does the increase in sucrose concentration affect the water potential of the solution outside the bags
no it dooes not because it will remain high water potential because it did not change
isontonic is what water potential
none
field of view
of a miscropscope is the amount of the specimen viewed at one time, the size of the space within the lighted circle
the depth of field
of a miscroscope is a measure of the amount of vertical space, thickness, which is in focus without moving the fine adjusted knob
what can infuence enzyme acitvity
pH, temperature, substrate concentration, and enzyme concentration, presense of activators, cofactors, coenzymes and inhibitors
if the ph is 1 and the H+ is 1*10^-1 what is the pOH and OH-
pOH is 13 and OH- is 1*10^-13
parfocoal
partially focus, fine adjustment koob needed
neutralized both added acid and added base
potassum phsophate buffer
buffer
prevents the fucuations when adding base or acid to a soultion
microscope ocular lens ( 10x)
provide magnifcation
microscope objective lens
provide magnification that can be adjusted
( name the part of the microscope to solve problem) you have just put a new slide on the srage, but the high power objective is still in place
revolving nose piece
if looking under the microscope at something, and I move it to the left, it appears to move twards the
right
indicators
substances that are a different color at different pH values
an enzyme binds to what and where
substrate at active site
resolution
the capacity to distinguish clearly between two objects that are very close together, adjustemnt of condenser and iris diaphrawgm necessary
what is the reason for the difference between what happens to plant cell sna dhwat happenes to anial cell wheb playced in hypotoni solutions
the cell wall in plants allows it to store excess water in centeral vacole and the membrane and cell wall are touching, while a animal cell would expode ( osmotic lysis
what acan you say about the concentration of the pigment molceules at different distances from the spreading pigment spot
the concentration of the pigment is greatest at the center and decreases the move it moves towards the edges
if ou decrease magnification again what will happen to the depth of field, will it increase or decrease
the depth of field would increase
how is the concentration of the pigment molecules related to their rate of movement
the higher the concentration is the higher the rate of diffusion
how does the increase in sucrose concentratin affet the water potential of the various solutions inside the dialyssi bags
the higher the sucrose concentration, the lower the water potential because increasing the solute concentration lowers osmotic potential
what happened to the light intensity as you increased magnification
the intensity decreased
if you decreased magnification agin what will happen to the light intensity
the intensity would increase
osmosis
the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
if the pH is 5 and the H+ is 1*10^-5 what is the pOH andd OH-
the pOH is 9 and the OH- is 1*10^-9
microscope iris diagphargm
the purpose is to control how uch light is on the scpeicmen
microscope condenser
the purpose is to focus light onto the speciman into the objective lenss
microscope coarse adjustment knob
the purpose is to focus on the speciemn on the lowest power
microscope eye piece
the purpose is to hold the lens
microscope stage
the purpose is to hold the slides and move up or down durring focus
microscope revolving nose piece
the purpose is to switch the objective lens
describe th relationship between pH and enzyme activity
the range was small in order to prevent denaturization, it needed optiomal conditions
if you increased the amount of enzyme as you increased substrate so that neither enzyme nor substrate was limiting what would happen to the reaction
the reaction rate would increase
which indicator is sued to determine if the pH of a soultion is basic or becomes basic
thyothaline
why does a piece fo tissue to be mounted on a side have to be very thin when it will be viewd under a coumopound light microscope
tissu eneeds to be thin to allow light to pass through the specimen and a compound mightscope is used to see one layer of cells
microscope mechanical stage
to adjust where the slide si positioned in our field of view, moves the stage side to side
microscope fine adjustment knob
to focus the speciemn on medium or high power
why do you need a drop of water of liquid when preparing a wetmount slide
to give the sample even thickness and help the cover slip stay on the slide
why is it important for our blood to contain buffers
to mimize fluctuations so we do not die
microscope light source
to provide light
why cant stach ove across the semipermible membrane
too large
what is the purpose of touching one edge of the cover slip first to the slide and the water drop before lowering the rest of the cover slip
touching one edge of the cover slip is to prevent air bubbles from becoming trapped
compound light microscopes
type of microscope that has a barrel with a glass lenses at each end, light passes though the specimine so it must be thin
benedict's test
uslaly orange/organge red=positive for presence of glucose -light blue= negative
hypotonic (high water potentail
water
water poential
water molveules that move from an area of high potential to low potential, takes into accound soulute concentration and pressure
in our experiment expalin why we used congo red
we dont have to measure chainge and if we had base or not
in our experiments wxoplain why we used thymophthalein
we used it to fingure out if there was acid presence
pH test papers
which are impregnated with indications, another means of estimating ph of colored sollutions
did not neurtralize any added acid or base
DI water
if the molarity of an acid is 1*10^-3 and the degree of dissociation is 10% determine the actual H+ and the pH
H+ is 1*10^-4 and the pH is 4
if the molariy of an acid is 1*10^-3 and the degree of dissociation is 1% determine the H+ and pH
H+ is 1*10^-5 and the ph is 5
what is the H+ of a soultion whose Ph is 8, what is the OH
H+ is 1*10^-8 and OH is 1*10^-6
XOH is a base that ionizes in 1% in solution, what is the h+ of a 0.001 M soultion of XOH what is its ph
H+= 1*10^-9 and the ph is 9
do you have mored epth of field under high power medium power
I have more depth of field under medium power
when viewing a specimen under medium or high power what part of the microscope do you use to view lower or higher in your depth of view
I would use the fine adjustment knob to lower or higher depth of view
within the potassium phosphate buffer shytem what is the salt
K2HPO4
neutralized only added acid
K2HPO4 ( base)
within the phosphate buffer systen what is the weak acid
KH2PO4
neutralized only added base
KH2PO4 ( acid)
if the molarity of a base is 1*10^-1 and the degree of dissociation is 10% determine the OH H and pH
OH is 1*10^-2 the H is 1*10^-12 and the ph is 12
if the moarity of a base is 1 and the degree of dissociation is 0.01% determine the OH H and pH
OH is 1*10^-4 H is 1*10^-10 ad the ph is 10
if the molarity of a base is 1*10^-4 and the degree of dissociation is 1%, determine the OH H and pH
OH is 1*10^-6 and the H is 1*10^-8 the ph is 8
if the molarity of a base is 1*10^-5 and the degree dissociation is 0.1% what is the OH H and pH
OH is 1*10^-8 the H is 1*10^-6 and the ph 6
