large combo sociology final
Marx's notion that religion diverts the thoughts of workers to the afterlife rather than toward rebellion against their worldly oppressors is expressed by his statement ________.
"Religion is ... the opium of the people."
fuctionalist
"Stratification exists because some jobs in society are more important than others and therefore must carry greater rewards. In this way, people who are talented enough to perform the important tasks will be motivated to undertake them." This statement is part of the argument for the existence of stratification that would be made by a"
primary market
"clean" jobs
Family as defined by Sociologist
"those sharing economic property, sexual access among the adults, and a sense of commitment among members"; The most basic institution of society
political ideology
(attitude) affects how people think and behave about a variety of issues related to power
The Effects of Prejudice, Racism, and Discrimination
+Individual Effects -unequal life chances, health, and class to access to property -victims can also have low self-esteem from devalued status in society +Organizations and communities -Lose the talents of individuals they exclude- inability to reach human potential and to maximize their contribution to the society -government subsidies cost millions but made necessary by lack of opportunities for minority individuals +Cultural costs -attempts o justify racism by stereotyping and labeling. The bad side effect is that individuals are less able to reach their full human potential to maximally contribute to the society.
Dobi!Kung tribes:more equality between men and women
-
Women are a "minority group" because: - Dis*nguished by physical, cultural, or social characteris*cs - Share of desired goods is limited by the dominant group - Ideological or other jus*fica*ons are used to deny them equal treatment - They have a collec*ve iden*ty used to help insulate them from unequal treatment - Minority group status is generally determined by rules of descent, with members born into a status they cannot change - Benefited from the Civil Rights Era
-
females and minorities have less income in part because they are more often employed in periphery industries / less unionized
-
much of the improved position of women is associated with a shift in attitude among both men and women
-
Minority groups
- Distinguishable - Excluded or denied full participation - Defined and valued differently • usually less favorably - Stereotyped, ridiculed, condemned, or otherwise defamed - Develop collective identities
Prejudice, racism, and discrimination are dysfunctional for society in many ways
- They result in a loss of human resources - They cost society due to poverty and crime - They maintain hostilities between groups - And they fuel disrespect for those in power
structural-functionalist theory
- each sex has a role to play in the interdependent groups and ins*tu*ons of society - As socie*es organize, roles and rela*onships change • Mechanical solidarity • Organic solidarity - Complimentary roles are necessary for efficiency in society • Expressive • Instrumental
symbolic interactionalism
- gender is socially constructed; physical, biological differences come to be regarded as symbols that differen*ate rights and rewards in society - Gender is not intrinsically related to sex - Humans have agency to influence the society around them - "Doing" gender is an op*on
sticky floor
- social forces that keep the vast majority of the world's women stuck in low-paid jobs
Split Labor Market theory
-- characterizes the labor market as having two levels - Primary market: • highwagesandadvancementpossibilities - Secondary market: • lowwagesandfewbenefitsorcareeropportunities-underclass minorities are more likely to work in this sector Split labor market keeps workers in competition against one another for jobs. The focus is an antagonism between worker groups and not against employers. Employers also get cheaper labor as workers compete against each other.
Processes that Keep Minorities Unequal from the Dominant Group
-Stratification results in minority status -Prejudice results in poor self concept, negative relations with others -Racism results in negative attitudes, stereotypes, self-fulfilling prophecy -discrimination results in poor jobs, income, education, housing -negative contact results in hostilities, war, conflict between groups
Gender roles
-gender roles are socially constructed - gender roles are created by humans to meet the needs of their societies -life chances in the stratification system depend upon the combination of age and sex
Which of the following is not a basic proposition of interactional psychology?
. A person is changed by situations, rather than changing situations.
Which statement is TRUE about espoused values?
. They are what members say they are.
Class, status, and party
. What three concepts did Max Weber suggest were analytically distinct components of stratification?
Herzberg's hygiene factors relate to:
. both job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction.
Common assumptions often go unchallenged among a group of scholars who share the same
. culture.
Almost 60% of all women work. • 50% of all working women hold administrative support and service sector jobs. • Women hold primary responsibility for household duties. • Our culture gives more responsibility for parenting to women. • On average, women earn 77 cents for every dollar earned by men. • 17 of the 1,000 largest US corporations have a woman chief executive officer.
...
Are Women a Minority? • At every class level, women have less income, wealth, educa*on, and power than men. • Intersec*on theory-The interplay of race, class, and gender, oCen resul*ng in mul*ple dimensions of disadvantage. - Disadvantages linked to gender and race oCen combine to produce especially low social standing. • Mul*layered system of disadvantage for some and privilege for others
...
Gender roles are socially constructed • Gender roles are created by humans to meet the needs of their socie*es • Life chances in the stra*fica*on system depend upon the combina*on of age and sex (and other ascrip've categories as well)
...
Marcus Garvey's Back-to-Africa movement in the United States was an example of which minority group strategy to dealing with prejudice and discrimination? A. Aggression B. Acceptance C. Avoidance D. Assimilation LOOK UP
...
Meso-‐level agents include: - Corpora*ons Educa*on - Mass Media Religion
...
by 2007, women had almost reached parity with men in professional degrees in medicine, dentistry, and law
...
dual economy research indicates that unionization is a factor in lower female and minority income
...
occupational attainment of Thai women is higher than in most western industrial nations -common for Thais to use only first names
...
women mostly found in lower management and nonmangement
...
women much more likely to be in nonmanagement positions
...
Which of the following statements about rape is false?
1 in 20 college women in the U.S. will be raped or survive a rape
Apathy
1. The majority of people in the world are uninvolved in the political process, either because they feel it has little relevance for them
Six activities are typical function of meso level political institutions
1. To maintain social control 2. To serve as an arbiter in disputes 3. To protect citizens of the group 4. To make plans for the future of the group 5. To provide for the needs of their citizens 6. To represent the group in relations with other groups or societies
Global conflict
1. War is armed conflict occurring within, between, or among societies or groups..."organized mass violence"
gender empowerment measure (4 indicators)
1. female members of the legislature 2. female participation in selected positions in public and private sector 3. female participation in academic and technical work 4. estimated income
Emergence off Democracy
1. high levels of economic well-being 2. the absence of extreme inequalities in wealth and income 3. social pluralism 4. a market-oriented economy 5. influence in the world system of democratic states 6. a culture that is relatively tolerant of diversity and can accommodate compromise 7. a literature population informed about issues
Chafetz (conflict theories) three things must be considered to understand position of women
1. how work is organized 2. the type of kinship system that exists 3. degrees of ideological support for sex inequality
1. caste 2. social classes 3. slavery
1. rigid, immobile system 2. more movement from one stratum to another 3. people are owned by other people
theories of gender inequalities into 3 types
1. theories of difference: women's location in most situations is different from that of men in the situation 2. theories of inequality: women's location in most situation not only different but less privileged than or unequal to that of men 3. theories of oppression: women are oppressed, and actively restrained, subordinated, molded, and used, and abused by men
macro levels of gender socialization
1.glass ceiling 2. sticky floor 3. glass escalator
Even the most prestigious of schools has experienced grade inflation. In 1970, the average GPA of students at Princeton was _____, while it was _____ in 2000.
2.99, 3.40
_____ evaluation provides performance feedback from the full circle of daily contacts that an employee might have.
360-degree
Types, Methods of measuring, Factors that Affect, Land of Opportunity
4 issues dominate the ability of mobility
In the 2008 U.S. presidential election, voter turnout was:
62%
Grapevine studies have shown that ____ percent of employees hear about matters first through rumors on the grapevine.
75
John Kotter's _____ for implementing change builds on Lewin's three-step model.
8-step plan
"By keeping women in traditional gender roles, men maintain control over institutions and resources." This statement most closely reflects: A. Conflict theory B. Structural-functional theory C. Rational choice theory D. Symbolic interaction theory
A
"People learn to conform or deviate from the individuals they spend time with." With which theory does this statement best fit? A. Differential association B. Feminist C. Labeling D. Rational choice
A
. The stage of a social movement in which the context for the movement is set is the ___________ stage. . . A. . preliminary . . B. . institutionalized . . C. . fragmentation . . D. . popularization
A
. The theory of social change that assumes that change is inevitable because of inequality in society is: . . A. . Conflict . . B. . Functionalist . . C. . Systems . . D. . Symbolic interactionist
A
. Which of the following is not true about social movements? . . A. . The are usually begun by individuals within the power structure. . . B. . They are most common in industrial or postindustrial societies. . . C. . They often stimulate counter movements. . . D. . They are focused on common interests
A
1. "Control is concentrated in the hands of the privileged, and the masses have little influence." This statement most closely reflects: A. Power elite theory B. Symbolic interaction theory C. Pluralist perspective D. Functionalist perspective
A
1. Which of the following scenarios best depicts how power operates at the micro-level? A. Husbands and wives often argue about the division of labor within the household. B. Counties pass laws that regulate how long one's grass can be before imposing a fine. C. Large organizations such as Disney have complex power hierarchies. D. Interest groups attempt to influence the political process in a variety of ways.
A
1. To be deviant, a person must: A. Not conform to one of society's norms B. Break a law C. Be a sick, twisted individual D. All of the above
A
A belief that becomes a reality is: A. Self-fulfilling prophecy B. Strain C. Labeling D. Anomie
A
A system of planned organizational change in which workers in the company are involved in the decision-making process to change the internal dynamics of a company to make it more efficient is a: . A. . Human relation approach . B. . Closed system model . C. . Social exchange approach . D. . None of the above
A
According to Stanley Lieberson's research on the unequal levels of success different immigrant groups have experienced in the United States, one primary factor contributing to the group's success is: A. Whether the groups were voluntary or involuntary immigrants B. The language skills of the group C. The willingness of group members to get a job D. The willingness of group members to get an education
A
According to Stanley Lieberson's research on the unequal levels of success different immigrant groups have experienced in the United States, one primary factor contributing to the group's success is: A. Whether the groups were voluntary or involuntary immigrants B. The language skills of the group C. The willingness of group members to get an education D. The willingness of group members to get a job
A
According to the text, which of the following models for planning organizational change combine both internal processes and the external environment? . . A. . Open systems models . . B. . Human relations models . . C. . Theory Y . . D. . Theory X
A
All of the following are main assumptions of stratification except: A.Wealth is the most important resource B.People are divided into ranked categories C.There is an unequal distribution of desired resources D.Each society determines what it considers to be valued resources
A
Although Ting is greatly disadvantaged by her culture's treatment of women, she largely accepts her position as the child-care provider for her family and has little desire to change the structure of her family. Ting exhibited which of the following reactions to being a discriminated minority group? A. Acceptance B. Aggression C. Assimilation D. Avoidance
A
Although unconstitutional a(n) _________ is a requirement that employers must hire a certain percentage of minorities. A. quota system B. privilege policy C. preference policy D. strict affirmative action policy
A
By using ___________, a more accurate picture of crime may be seen. A. triangulation of multiple data sources B. self-reported surveys C. Uniform Crime Reports D. victimization surveys
A
Crimes against the company are more likely to occur when: A. The company is large B. Employees are mentally stimulated by their jobs C. Employees have strong loyalty toward the company D. Employees are adequately compensated
A
Discrimination that is done deliberately because of cultural images of women as inferior to or fundamentally different from men: A. De jure discrimination B. De facto discrimination C. De malo discrimination D. None of the above
A
Education University is being sued. To increase the number of minority students attending their university, the president mandated that "5% of every freshman class must be a minority student." Education university is being sued for enacting a(n) _______ system. A. quota B. one-drop C. percentage D. affirmative action
A
First-generation college graduates who become physicians reflect: A. Intergenerational mobility B. Intragenerational mobility C. Horizontal mobility D. Open Mobility
A
How does primary deviance differ from secondary deviance? A. Individuals are not labeled as "deviant" unless they commit secondary deviance. B. Individuals do not begin to take on a deviant identity until they commit primary deviance. C. Primary deviance is the violation of a norm, but secondary deviance is a violation of a law. D. Both A and B
A
It is the year 3130 and we have begun to colonize Mars. The native Martian population is being moved to the Moon, so that Earth can build a casino, water park, and oil drilling rig on their holy grounds. Governmental officials claim that Martians can and will live happily on the moon, with "little disruption in their day-to-day lives." The Martians are experiencing: A. Population transfer B. Genocide C. Segregation D. Subjugation
A
Jordan feels that his dark, long hair causes many of his classmates to recognize him as the member of a minority group. In an effort to blend in with his peers, Jordan dyes his hair blond and cuts it very close to his scalp. Jordan exhibited which of the following reactions to being a discriminated minority group? A. Assimilation B. Aggression C. Acceptance D. Avoidance
A
Juan Carlos originally hoped to purchase a home. However, because he could not earn enough money to ever afford one, he decided that a home was no longer important. Instead, he found happiness through quitting his job, moving into a shack in the woods, and enjoying the solitude. Merton would classify Juan Carlos's adaptation to strain as: A. Retreatism B. Rebellion C. Conformity D. Innovation
A
Recidivism is: A. Returning to prison after already serving a prior term B. The conflict that occurs between the elites and minority groups C. The extortion of funds in exchange for "protection" D. A theory that attempts to explain deviance
A
Social forces that keep the vast majority of the world's women stuck in low-paid jobs: A. Sticky floor B. Sticky elevator C. Glass escalator D. Glass ceiling
A
The Hindu religion holds that individuals are born into one of four Varna or into a fifth group below the caste system known as the _______________ group. A. Dalits B. Brahmans C. Rajputs D. Sudras
A
The idea that "sometimes people must be treated differently in order to treat them fairly and create equality" is the central idea of: A. Preference policies B. Quota systems C. Privilege policies D. Strict affirmative action policies
A
The process by which people learn the cultural norms, attitudes, and behaviors appropriate to their gender is: A. Gender socialization B. Gender roles C. Gender identity D. Sex roles
A
Thomas, a revolutionary sociologist, is organizing a social movement in Kentucky. Unfortunately, his social movement lacks a clear leadership structure, division of labor, or sense of group action. Thomas's social movement is best classified as: . . A. . Mass behavior . . B. . Fad behavior . . C. . Crowd behavior . . D. . A lynch mob
A
To be deviant, a person must: A. Not conform to one of society's norms B. Break a law C. Be a sick, twisted individual D. All of the above
A
To study why women kill their abusive husbands, Robin plans to look at the positive and negative sanctions they weighed when deciding to do so. Which theory is Robin most likely using? A. Rational choice B. Differential association C. Feminist D. Labeling
A
Ulla wants to study the way that groups of individuals react to a terrorist attack in their area. She feels that their confusion following the attack will lead to the development of new definitions of acceptable behavior. Which theory is Ulla most likely using? . . A. . Emergent norm theory . . B. . Minimax strategy theory . . C. . Conflict theory . . D. . Value added theory
A
When Mary, the owner of a large apartment complex, was deciding who to rent an open apartment to, she immediately disregarded the application of 84-year-old Millie because Mary does not rent apartments to old women. Mary's treatment of Millie is best described as: A. Individual discrimination B. Negative contact C. Institutional discrimination D. Stereotypes
A
When the Serbian army massacred Bosnian civilians while conducting "ethnic cleansing," they were participating in this type of group relation, where the dominant group makes a systematic effort to destroy a minority group: A. Genocide B. Assimilation C. Subjugation D. Population transfer
A
Which is the highest social caste in India's caste system? A. Brahmans B. Kshatriyas C. Dalits D. Rajputs
A
Which of the choices below is not true about terrorists? A. They generally act alone. B. They are highly committed to their cause. C. They often feel that they are victims of more powerful forces. D. All of the above choices are true.
A
Which of the following assumptions do sociologists make about social change? . . A. . Some change can be controlled. . . B. . Change is gradual. . . C. . Change in one level affect only that level. . . D. . Both A and B
A
Which of the following is a key assumption of conflict theorists' view of social stratification? A. Stratification is the outcome of struggles for dominance in scarce resources. B. Stratification is the outcome of values, speech patterns, consumption habits, appropriate group memberships, and self-concepts learned through socialization. C. Customs and traditions in a society often prevail over rational criteria in determining the distribution of scarce resources. D. Differential rewards must be offered to motivate talented individuals into difficult positions.
A
Which of the following is a macro-level factor that can shape social stratification? A. The economic position of a society B. The occupational prestige of an individual C. The amount of education of a person D. The community's influence on schools
A
Which of the following is a necessity to have pluralism in a society? A. Legal protection of the distinct group B. A numerically large minority group C. One clear minority group and one clear dominant group D. A social class stratification system
A
Which of the following scenarios best depicts how power operates at the meso-level? A. States make decisions about which corporations receive tax breaks. B. Parents often spank their children to control their behavior. C. Husbands and wives often argue about the division of labor within the household. D. Global treaties influence the autonomy of the countries involved.
A
Which of the following statements about gender roles is false? A. Gender roles are universal. B. Gender roles are socially constructed. C. Gender roles are created by human beings. D. Gender roles are designed to meet the needs of each society.
A
Which of the following statements do not follow Duncan and Moore's model of inequality? A. Stratification is part of the social system. B. Some jobs are, naturally, more prestigious than others. C. Father's occupational prestige influences the child's occupational prestige. D. "Good" jobs require talent, preparation, and money to do well.
A
Which of the following statements is true about charismatic leaders? A. They are effective during transitional periods but are often replaced by rational-legal leaders once affairs of state become stable. B. They are granted authority positions because they have proper training or have proven their merit. C. They are usually members of a royal family, whose authority is granted based on tradition. D. Their leadership structure is usually bureaucratic and rule-bound.
A
Which of the following types of authority is most typical of modern nation-states? A. Rational-legal authority B. Traditional authority C. Irrational authority D. Charismatic authority
A
Which theoretical perspective argues that deviance will always exist unless the current structure of society is changed dramatically? A. Conflict B. Labeling C. Structural-functionalist D. Strain
A
Which type of stratification system allows movement between classes? A. Open B. Closed C. Ascribed D. Vertical
A
because he was gay. The killing of Matthew Shepard is a form of: A.Crowd behavior B.Mass behavior C.Riot behavior D.Both A and B
A
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
A belief that becomes a reality.
economic position
A class system employs a social ranking based primarily on
Social Inequality
A condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is called
African Americans and Latinos
A disproportional percentage of which ethnic group falls in the upper class?
the underclass
A family lives in a remote area of Appalachia, where coal mines that once employed many workers have been idle for years. There are no jobs in the area, the distant schools are poorly funded, and because of the remote location, there are no churches or medical facilities nearby. These poor, chronically unemployed people who barely survive from winter to winter are an example of
Family
A group of people related by marriage, blood or adoption.
Which of the following is a proactive social movement?
A group promoting gay marriage
Primary Group
A group with a strong sense of loyalty to one another, that cares deeply about each other and belonging provides members with intrinsic value.
Race
A group within the human species that is identified by a society a presumably having certain biologically inherited physical characteristics.
absolute poverty.
A homeless man in tattered clothes begs in the streets for money and food. His ;poverty is an example of
Sociologically, what is a blended family?
A husband or wife brings a child into the new family from a prior relationship.
What is an organigraph?
A map that gives an overview of a company's functions and the way people organize themselves at work
Which of the following statements is true about the selection of names for newborn children?
A name that is for males may for a time be given to either sex, but then is demoted to girls.
Which of the following is an accurate description of Emotional Intelligence (EI)?
A person's EI predicts performance better than IQ.
Which of the following best describes brainstorming?
A process for generating ideas.
lower class
A single mother who works in a factory sewing large sheets of canvas would be considered to be a member of which social class?
false
A social structure in which mobility between classes is difficult is known as a caste system
Anomie
A state of normlessness.
open stratification system
A stratification system that implies that the position of each individual is influenced by the person's achieved status is referred to as
slavery
A system of enforced servitude in which people are legally owned by others is known as
estate system
A system of stratification under which peasants were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection was known as
Labeling Theory
A theory that says members of a society create deviance by defining certain behaviors as deviant.
Deviance
A violation of social norms.
Wealthy
A well-known Hollywood actress owns a home in Beverly Hills and another one on the French Riviera. She owns her own movie production company along with a large portfolio of stocks. The total of the different things she owns minus what she owes is considered her
Class system
A woman is born into a homeless, single-parent family. She is very talented and as an adult, becomes a wealthy, world-acclaimed pianist. This scenario most closely represents which type of stratification system?
intergenerational mobility.
A woman who was born and raised in a poor family becomes a regional supervisor for the U.S. Postal Service. She has experienced upward
All of the following are factors that are necessary in the communication process EXCEPT
A) trust
According to Marx, which of the following is a characteristic of the proletariat?
A. They have the power to create a classless society if they develop a class consciousness.
Values can subtly influence science by guiding
A. scientists' assumptions and preconceptions. B. the labels scientists use for their concepts. C. scientists' thoughts about what ought to be.
The answers respondents give to surveys may be influenced by biases from which of the following sources?
A. the order in which questions are asked. B. the wording of the questions themselves. C. the response options.
institutionalized privilege
AKA disprivilege; patterns of social action that are embedded in the entire social system may influence men and women, providing unrecognized privileges
hierarchy of needs theory
Abraham Maslows hierarchy that assumes human needs are arranged in a hierarchy of importance
Although she works 30 hours a week, Natalie is unable to earn enough money to bring her and her sons to the poverty line, according to the income requirement set by the federal government. She and her family are experiencing:
Absolute Poverty
According to Kolb's Learning Style Type, which of the following describes the convergent learning style?
Abstract conceptualization, active experimentation, problem-solving
cheat or plagarize to pass a course or win a contest
According to Merton's strain theory, a student who is an innovator will
It is inevitable that a small group will rule societies.
According to power elite theorists:
TRUE
According to resource theory, Yesina, a heart surgeon, would do less housework than her husband Ian, a firefighter.
Gerhard Lenski Jr.
According to the textbook, which sociologist notes that while a system of rewards for filling highly expert professions demanding long years of education and skill may have once served the overall purposes of society, this situation no longer exists?
Marx's four ways to distribute wealth
According to what a person needs According to what a person wants According to what a person earns According to what a person can take
minimum wage
According to your text, one of the contributors to poverty in the U.S.A. are large numbers of people employed at
Informal Positive Sanction
Actions like smiling that are not official actions required by society when someone does something nice for us.
sex, gender, and identity at meso-level
Adults roles and responsibili*es in social ins*tu*ons differ by age and sex • Rites of passage differ by age and sex • Women's reduced power in micro-‐level seRngs is oCen related to a lack of power in meso-‐level organiza*ons and ins*tu*ons
_____ is a generic term that covers a broad range of feelings that people experience.
Affect
Which of the following is considered a racial group?
African Americans
sex, gender, and identity at the micro-level
Agents of socializa'on teach us from birth how to display "proper" gendered behaviors - Failure to comply oCen results in sanc*ons - Compliance is celebrated
Which dimension of the Big Five model refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others?
Agreeableness
All of the following accurately describe Alderfer's ERG theory EXCEPT
Alderfer reworked Herzberg's theory to align with empirical research
Leadership is the domain of which group of employees?
All employees
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
All managers are not leaders.
Communist systems
All matters of production and labor are governed with the "communal" good in mind. One key criticism of communist systems is that placing economic power and political power in the hands of the leadership can lead to control by a few leaders
Information technology
All of the following disciplines have contributed to the foundations of the field of organizational behavior EXCEPT
Individual qualities
Also influence cultural and social capital
When Black respondents are asked how they get along with different minority groups, which group do they say they have the least difficulty getting along with?
American Indians
America and the Myth of the Middle Class
Americans generally believe that class is unimportant and that most Americans are middle class. In fact, however, class inequality is growing. • Since the start of the twentieth century, the middle class has expanded greatly, and as people have gained access to new goods (homes, stocks) they began to identify with owners rather than workers. As a result, most people define themselves as middle class even when they have to stretch the definition quite a bit to do so.
ascribed status
An 83-year-old woman is placed at a small table in a dark corner of a trendy nightclub and is ignored by the staff. Her shoddy treatment is probably due to her age, which is a(an)
What is an affinity group?
An employee-involvement group made up of professional-level workers
income
An individual's salary and wages are referred to as
vertical mobility.
An inner-city youth spends many hours in the neighborhood playground shooting baskets on the basketball court and engaging in every game that he can play. His skills become outstanding, and he receives a college scholarship and then signs a lucrative contract to play in the National Basketball Association. This is an example of
Sorting
An ongoing _____________ process
Structural-Functionalist Perspective
Anomie and Strain are associated with this perspective.
_____ has helped us understand differences in fundamental values, attitudes, and behavior between people in different countries.
Anthropology
____ seeks to identify the unique qualities and special strengths of an organization and build on these to improve performance.
Appreciative inquiry
One's place in the stratification system is an
Ascribed Status
The structural and cultural merging of minority and majority groups that results in minority members losing their original identity refers to:
Assimilation
According to the text, in which of the following countries is it a violation of the law to fail to vote?
Australia
_._____ leaders know who they are, know that they believe in and value, and act on those values and beliefs openly and candidly.
Authentic
Patriarchal
Authority style of a family in which both parents ague over issues and the father's position always prevails.
"Members of society create deviance by defining certain behaviors as deviant." This statement most closely reflects: A. Strain theory B. Labeling theory C. Differential association theory D. Rational choice theory
B
"People learn to conform or deviate from the individuals they spend time with." With which theory does this statement best fit? A. Feminist B. Differential association C. Labeling D. Rational choice
B
"Power is distributed among various groups so that no one group rules." This statement is most likely to be made by a(n): A. Conflict theorist B. Pluralist theorist C. Elite theorist D. Feminist theorist
B
. According to Ogburn, the findings of stem cell research are: . . A. . Innovations . . B. . Discoveries . . C. . Inventions
B
. Justin Bieber clothing and Jelly Bands are examples of: . . A. . Mobs . . B. . Fads . . C. . Crowd behavior . . D. . Fashions
B
A biological term that refers to ascribed genetic, anatomical, and hormonal differences between men and women: A. Gender B. Sex C. Sexual orientation D. Sexuality
B
A group seeking change can attempt to set up a situation in which desired behavior is rewarded." This statement most closely reflects: . . A. . Symbolic interaction theory . . B. . Rational choice theory . . C. . Functionalist theory . . D. . Conflict theory
B
According to Weber, governments are given legitimate power when: A. They are able to oppress all opposition to their rule B. Citizens acknowledge that the government has the right to exercise power over them C. They coerce the people into submission D. Other countries recognize their power as legitimate
B
All of the following are predetermined in caste stratification systems except: A. Occupational position B. How many children an individual will have C. Where one will live D. Marriage partners
B
An analysis of the payoffs in favor of change and the forces rewarding the status quo is known as a: . . A. . Cyclical analysis . . B. . Force-field analysis . . C. . Stress-strain analysis . . D. . Symbolic interactionist analysis
B
Before the civil rights laws were passed in the United States in the 1960s, a number of states had __________ laws that spelled out differential treatment for racial groups. A. apartheid B. Jim Crow C. one-drop D. Dred Scott
B
Countries such as Sweden and Great Britain that have incorporated some democratic socialist ideas into their governmental policies are sometimes called: A. Planned democracies B. Welfare states C. Nationalist states D. Liberal democracies
B
For the first time ever, Carson smoked marijuana just to experience it. People observing Carson doing this see this as a one-time behavior. According to labeling theory, Carson committed: A. Negative sanctions B. Primary deviance C. Secondary deviance D. Positive sanctions
B
Jason is studying race among the homeless. He finds that blacks and Mexicans are more likely to be in "public housing" than whites and Asians. He interprets this finding as "those in power exploiting those without power." Most likely, Jason adheres to: A. Symbolic interaction theory B. Evolutionary theory C. Conflict theory D. Structural-functional theory
B
Jimmy's gang is warring with Francisco's gang. To keep Francisco from attacking, Jimmy has bought an assault rifle. This is an example of: A. Anomie B. Deterrence C. Democracy D. Culture of poverty
B
John, who does not claim to be racist, strongly supports a policy that would prohibit mixed-race couples from adopting children. John is demonstrating: A. Ideological racism B. Symbolic racism C. An ideology that has nothing to do with racism D. Traditional racism
B
Khayyam is examining the evolution of the various tribes of people in Malawi, a small country in Africa. Khayyam believes that each of the societies will have become more advanced over the last 300 years, but each will have done so in their own way. Which perspective is Khayyam likely taking? . . A. . The world systems perspective . . B. . The multilinear social evolutionary perspective . . C. . The cyclical perspective . . D. . The unilinear social evolutionary perspective
B
Maria's group formed to move for greater student rights. At this point, the interest in the group seems to be waning and Maria has been unable to raise the necessary funds to keep the group going. It appears that the group is dissolving. Which stage is the group likely in? . . A. . Preliminary . . B. . Fragmentation . . C. . Popularization . . D. . Institutionalized
B
Patriarchy is the cause of women's oppression" is a tenet of which sociological theory? A. Conflict B. Feminist C. Structural-functionalist D. Symbolic interactionist
B
Puja got a very short new haircut, so she wore a dress, big earrings, and lots of makeup so that she would still look feminine. Puja is: A. Doing sex B. Doing gender C. Socializing D. Naturalizing
B
Racketeering is: A. Returning to prison after already serving a prior term B. The extortion of funds in exchange for "protection" C. The conflict that occurs between the elites and minority groups D. An act that marks an offender as deviant
B
Smiles, frowns, and hugs are all examples of: A. Informal internal controls B. Informal external controls C. Formal external controls D. Formal internal controls
B
The existence of a sector of "clean" jobs and a sector of "dirty" jobs is the key assumption of which theory of group relations? A. Structural functional B. Split labor market C. Symbolic interaction D. Frustration aggression
B
Todd, an English-born lawyer, went to law school in France. Although he practices law in France, he is employed by an English company and maintains residences in London and Paris. He refused to go to the last World Cup Final because France and England were playing, and he is very loyal to both countries. Todd's situation is best described as __________, because he fully participates in and has loyalty to two nations and cultures. A. assimilation B. transnationalism C. subjugation D. pluralism
B
Which of the following best describes the role of the federal government in defining ethnicity? A. The government only provides services to ethnic minorities. B. The government creates ethnic groups by naming them and providing the group with funding. C. The government passes laws that define how much ancestry an individual must have to be a member of a minority group. D. The government allows individuals to create their own ethnic identification on the census.
B
Which of the following countries is considered a core nation by world systems theorists? . . A. . Philippines . . B. . France . . C. . Saudi Arabia . . D. . Mexico
B
Which of the following is a micro-level factor that can shape social stratification? A. Occupational structure B. Physical attractiveness C. Family income D. Religious affiliation
B
Which of the following is an effective alternative to prison? A. Shock probation B. Building social capital C. Harsher sentencing D. Both A and B
B
Which of the following is an example of a consensus crime? A. Chemical offenses B. Murder C. Political disenfranchisement D. Prostitution
B
Which of the following is an example of social capital? A. Professional licensure B. Country club membership C. Postdoctoral training D. All of the above
B
Which of the following is incorrect? A. People with certain characteristics are more likely to be defined as deviant. B. Deviants always purposely and knowingly break the law. C. Deviance is socially constructed. D. Deviance is not related to "human nature."
B
Which of the following statements about rape is false? A. Redefining masculinity can reduce rapes. B. One in 20 college women in the United States will be raped or survive a rape. C. Rape can be influenced (increased or decreased) in frequency according to cultural norms. D. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, only 1 out of 10 rapes are reported.
B
Which of the following statements about terrorism is false? . . A. . Terrorism can create jobs. . . B. . Modern terrorist organizations are national governments (e.g., Afghanistan, Iran, North Korea). . . C. . Terrorism can create a recession. . . D. . Terrorism has been decreasing in frequency over the past 3 years.
B
Zari is a successful lawyer, but her career has begun to suffer and she was recently demoted because the school nurse, Melissa, always expects Zari to pick up her daughter from school when she is ill. Zari's boss expects her to never leave work, but Melissa refuses to call Zari's husband because "a sick girl needs her mama." Zari is experiencing: A. De malo discrimination B. Side-effect discrimination C. De jure discrimination D. Past-in-present discrimination
B
__________ is a form of subjugation that keeps minorities powerless by formally separating them from the dominant group and depriving them of access to the dominant institutions. A. Slavery B. Segregation C. Population transfer D. Which of the following solutions addresses racism at an individual level? Selected Answer: C. Human rights movements Correct Answer: C. Tolerance-education programs Genocide
B
__________ refers to how individuals are layered or ranked in society according to how many valued resources they possess. A. Social capital B. Social stratification C. Social status D. Social differentiation
B
Performance evaluation serves a number of purposes, including determining who gets merit increases and other rewards. This is an example of which of the following functions of performance evaluation?
Basis for reward allocations
Elite theory
Believe it is inevitable that a small group of elite will rule societies
Which of the following is considered an ethnic group?
Blacks, Asians, Norwegian Americans
All of the following are TRUE about both positive and negative reinforcement EXCEPT:
Both positive and negative reinforcement tend to weaken behavior and decrease it subsequent frequency.
means of production
Bourgeois control _____________
norms and values of society
Bourgeois control _____________ of society
Which is the highest social caste in India's caste system?
Brahmans
Which of the following is an effective alternative to prison?
Building social capital
Which of the following is a disadvantage of a bureaucratic organizational structure?
Bureaucratic controls can suppress initiative and decision making at lower levels.
Which of the following is an example of what Vablen called conspicuous consumption?
Buying a new cadillac Escalade
feminization
By 2008, the number of female householders accounted for 51 percent of the poor in the U.S. This alarming trend is referred to as ________ of poverty
A manager trying to motivate an employee should
By observing leaders and socialization
de facto discrmination
By policy, women are allowed to compete for spots on a particular high school football team. However, in practice, most are unable to try out because of rules that permit only people who have played on junior high school teams are to join, and none of the local junior high schools allow girls to play football. Therefore, girls who want to try out for this high school's football team are victims of
"Deviance serves vital social functions." This statement most closely reflects: A. Feminist theory B. Symbolic interaction theory C. Structural-functional theory D. Conflict theory
C
"Each sex plays a complimentary role to ensure the survival and efficiency of society" is a tenet of which sociological theory? A. Symbolic interactionist B. Conflict C. Structural-functionalist D. Feminist
C
"Gender division of labor exists in modern societies because it is efficient and useful to have different-but-complementary male and female roles." This statement most closely reflects: A. Conflict theory B. Symbolic interaction theory C. Structural-functional theory D. Feminist theory
C
. According to the text, lynching, killings, and hate crimes are all examples of: . . A. . Fads . . B. . Riots . . C. . Mobs . . D. . Demonstrations
C
. Which of the following is a proactive social movement? . . A. . A group that is against gay marriage . . B. . A group that lobbies for men to earn a "family wage" . . C. . A group promoting gay marriage . . D. . A group that supports stay-at-home mothers
C
. Worldwide networks of labor resources and production processes that create a product are called: . . A. . International markets . . B. . International chains . . C. . Commodity chains . . D. . Channels of productivity
C
According to ___________, the U.S. flag has become a sacred icon. A. symbolic interactionists B. rational choice theorists C. exchange theorists D. structural-functionalists
C
According to evolutionary theory, societies typically move through stages in which order? . . A. . Horticultural, hunting and gathering, agrarian, industrial . . B. . Agrarian, hunting and gathering, horticultural, industrial . . C. . Hunting and gathering, horticultural, agrarian, industrial . . D. . Hunting and gathering, agrarian, horticultural, industrial
C
According to the text, in which of the following countries is it a violation of the law to fail to vote? A. The United States B. Canada C. Australia D. None of the above
C
According to the text, teachers are most likely to reward girls for being: A. Passive and erasing the board B. Competitive and good listeners C. Obedient and passive D. Obedient and strategic thinkers
C
According to the text, which country accounts for 48 percent of world military spending? A. Great Britain B. Iran C. The United States D. North Korea
C
According to your text, which of the following types of authority is passed on through the generations? A. Rational-legal authority B. Royal authority C. Traditional authority D. Charismatic authority
C
All of the following individuals are considered charismatic leaders except: A. Jesus B. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. C. Captain Jack Sparrow (the pirate) D. Adolf Hitler
C
Carlin wants to study the civil rights movement in the United States. His hypothesis is that the movement has actually been a series of slow, small changes that have helped society run more smoothly. Carlin is most likely using a ________ perspective. . . A. . world systems . . B. . symbolic interactionist . . C. . functionalist . . D. . conflict
C
Discrimination that is done deliberately because of cultural images of women as inferior to or fundamentally different from men: A. Side effect discrimination B. De facto discrimination C. De jure discrimination D. Past-in-present discrimination
C
In the 2008 U.S. presidential election, voter turnout was: A. 51 percent B. 42 percent C. 62 percent D. 85 percent
C
Irene has been working at Megacorp for 10 years. She has an impeccable record and has received wonderful reviews. Still, she cannot figure out why the men that started the job at the same time she did have been promoted several levels while she has only received one promotion. Irene may be experiencing: A. The glass escalator B. Gender vertigo C. The glass ceiling D. The sticky floor
C
It is the year 2100 and you are the first sociologist on Mars. Your job is to understand inequality on the Martian Base. Which of the following scenarios would you not expect? A. The smarter, more sexually attractive scientists are given more Martian Rocks. B. The scientists have collectively decided that Martian Rocks are valuable. C. There is no inequality on Mars; it is a utopian society that shares all things equally. D. Inequality exists due to the social allocation of Martian Rocks.
C
Josh, a young black adult who grew up poor in New York, is having difficulty in college. He does not know how to dress for "formal" events, how to tie a tie, or own a pair of dress shoes. According to sociologists, Josh lacks: A. Prestige B. Solidarity C. Cultural capital D. Class consciousness
C
Leilani is struggling to get a promotion at her law firm, spend quality time with her husband, and ensure her children get enough attention from her. She is most likely being affected by: A. Xeno syndrome B. Gender privilege C. Superwoman image D. Beauty image
C
Minority groups in the United States have, on average, significantly lower net worth than white Americans even when the two have similar education, income, and occupations. Sociologists attribute the wealth gap largely to housing policies that excluded minority individuals from home ownership. This is an example of __________ discrimination. A. de jure B. purposeful C. past-in-present D. side-effect
C
The forms of deviance in which formal penalties are imposed by society are considered ________. A. stigmas B. deviant norms C. crimes D. recidivism
C
The self-fulfilling prophesy is associated with: A. Differential association theory B. Strain theory C. Labeling theory D. Social control theory
C
The spread of a new finding from one place to another is known as: . . A. . Discovery . . B. . Innovation . . C. . Diffusion . . D. . Invention .
C
The structural and cultural merging of minority and majority groups that results in minority members losing their original identity refers to: A. Transnationalism B. Cultural relativism C. Assimilation D. Pluralism
C
The term ________________ refers to "identification as someone who is challenging, questioning, or changing gender from that assigned at birth to a chosen gender." A. gender identity B. intersexed C. transgender D. transvestite
C
Thomas is a boy who was ridiculed for wearing a skirt to school one day. Which of the following did Thomas violate? A. Sexual expectations B. Gender identity C. Gender roles D. Sexual orientation
C
When Eric was waiting for class to start, he considered starting a conversation with one of his classmates. However, Eric decided they all looked like "frat boys" and he figured they would have nothing in common, so he sat silently and waited for class to start. Eric's behavior can be best described as: A. Negative contact B. Racism C. Stereotyping D. Institutionalized discrimination
C
Which of the following aspects is not characteristic of the "ideal" American male? A. 6′2ʺ B. Lightish brown if black or Hispanic C. Compassionate D. Strait white teeth
C
Which of the following economic systems stress individual planning and private ownership of property? A. Open systems B. Market systems C. Centralized systems D. Planned systems
C
Which of the following facts are untrue regarding hate crimes? A. Most are directed against property, not people B. Most are due to racial bias C. Most are due to homophobia D. Both A and B
C
Which of the following is a social cost of group inequalities? A. Minority individuals may suffer from poor self-concepts and low self-esteem. B. Minorities may be the target of hate crimes through frustration displacement. C. Minority members of a society may not be able to reach their full human potential to maximize their contribute to the society. D. Minority individuals may die as a result of ethnic conflict.
C
Which of the following is an example of institutionalized discrimination? A. Two women in Wisconsin were fired because their employer hated the fact that they were pregnant B. Sarah earning less money than Paul for doing the exact same job C. Women are expected to changed their names when they marry and questioned if they do not D. A man refusing to offer an older woman his seat on the bus
C
Which of the following is not a necessary element for collective behavior to occur, according to value-added theory? . . A. . Structural strain . . B. . The spread of a generalized belief . . C. . Strong social controls . . D. . Structural conduciveness
C
Which of the following is not one of the characteristics shared by "ideal-type" democracies? A. Civil liberties are guaranteed B. Constitutional limits are placed on governmental powers C. They are usually headed by military juntas D. Citizens participate in selecting the government
C
Which of the following solutions addresses racism at the group level? A. Tolerance-education programs B. Education reforms C. Positive contact D. Human rights movements
C
Which of the following statements about rumors is false? . . A. . Rumors involve unsupported or unproven reports about something. . . B. . Rumors may spread locally or spread more widely because of technology such as the Internet. . . C. . Rumors are a form of mass behavior. . . D. . Rumors are a form of crowd behavior.
C
Which of the following statements about social mobility in the United States is false? A. There is a high level of occupation inheritance. B. Sons are more likely to move up than down. C. The mobility of women reflects the occupational achievements of their mothers. D. The higher the father's occupation level, the better the son's chance for occupational achievement.
C
Which of the following statements is true about the selection of names for newborn children? A. Girls are more often given strong, hard names that end in consonants. B. Boys' names are given to girls only when they are feminized. C. A name that is for males may for a time be given to either sex, but then is demoted to girls. D. None of the above is true
C
Which theoretical perspective argues that deviance will always exist unless the current structure of society is changed dramatically? A. Labeling B. Strain C. Conflict D. Structural-functionalist
C
_______ is defined as the violation of social norms. A. Stigma B. Crime C. Deviance D. Recidivism
C
_______________ refers to the social institution that determines and exercises power relations in society. A. Congress B. Law enforcement C. Politics D. Economics
C
__________________ theorists believe political systems serve important purposes in society. A. Conflict B. Pluralist C. Functional D. Power-elite
C
____________________ theorists think underlying social problems cause disruptions to the system, including war, terrorism, and revolution. A. Pluralist B. Conflict C. Functional D. Elite
C
__________________focuses on social processes that define homosexuality as deviant and legitimize heterosexuality as the only normal lifestyle. A. Heteronormativity B. Xenophobia C. Heterosexism D. Homophobia
C
failures and shortcomings. A. Prejudice B. Self-fulfilling prophecy C. Scapegoating D. Stereotyping
C
5 Social classes
Capitalists Managers Petty Bourgeoisie Workers Underclass
All of the following individuals are considered charismatic leaders except:
Captain Jack Sparrow (the pirate)
Which of the four system of strati faction allows the least opportunity for social mobility among all members of a society?
Castes
Clothing, speech patterns, family name and identity, skin color,
Castes are recognized through
Occupational positions, marriage partners, residencies, social associations, prestige levels
Castes predetermine
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a spiritual organization?
Censorship of employee expression
Which of the following economic systems involve state-based planning and control of property?
Centralized
_____ are responsible for initiating and managing change within an organization.
Change agents
Which of the following is NOT a barrier to effective communication?
Channel richness
_____ refers to the amount of information that can be transmitted during a communication episode.
Channel richness
Who Is Poor in America?
Children and mothers are more likely than others to be poor, while the elderly are less likely than others to be poor.
Which of the following individuals would have the narrowest field of elligible marriage partners based on background expectations?
Christian, the son of a CEO of a major corporation
According to Weber, governments are given legitimate power when:
Citizens acknowledge that the government has the right to exercise power over them
According to Karl Marx, the working class must develop ____ ___ to bring about social change.
Class consciousnesses
According to Karl Marx, which of the following was the crucial determinant of economic, political, and social inequality?
Class differentiation
A has ____ power over B if A can dismiss, suspend, or demote B, assuming that B values his or her job.
Coercive
Variables
Concepts or ideas that vary in frequency or occurrence across people, times, or places.
According to Kolb's Learning Style Type, which of the following describes the accommodative learning style?
Concrete experience, active experimentation, adaptive
Which theoretical perspective argues that deviance will always exist unless the current structure of society is changed dramatically?
Conflict
________________ theorists argue that poor women in capitalistic economic systems are used as reserve labor force that can be called and dismissed as needed.
Conflict
Which of the following is true about conflict?
Conflict can be both positive and negative.
important decisions that benefit one over another. Evolutionary theory
Conflicts of interest occur over _____
orthopraxy
Conformity of behavior or ________________ is emphasized by a number of religions such as Islam.
Lindsey needs a car to get back and forth from her home in the city to her university, which are 4 miles apart. When shopping for a car, Lindsey decides to buy a Hummer H3 because she wants a car that her peers will notice and respect. Through this purchase, Lindsey exhibits:
Conspicuous Consumption
Lindsey needs a car to get back and forth from her home in the city to her university, which are 4 miles apart. When shopping for a car, Lindsey decides to buy a Hummer H3 because she wants a car that her peers will notice and respect. Through this purchase, Lindsey exhibits:
Conspicuous consumption
People with positive _____ believe in their inner worth and basic competence.
Core self-evaluations
Which of the following is an example of social capital?
Country Club Membership
Which of the following statements is not true about cohabitation trends?
Couples who cohabit before marriage are less likely to get divorced.
As a rule of thumb, in the absence of information, what do many employees do?
Create and spread rumors
What is the trend in work space design?
Creating public spaces for employees to use for various purposes
Problem recognition, immersion, incubation, insight, and verification describe what organizational process?
Creative decision making
Matthew Shepard was killed by a group of young men simply because he was gay. The killing of Matthew Shepard is a form of:
Crowd behavior
Wealth, power and prestige are awarded according to (2)
Cultural Capital Social Capital
'Ethnicity' refers to
Cultural differences
Which is true about flat organization structures?
Customer problems can be solved quickly.
All of the following are tenets of the structural functionalist view of social stratification except:
Customs and traditions in a society often prevail over rational criteria in determining the distribution of scarce resources
All of the following are tenets of the structural functionalist view of social stratification except:
Customs and traditions in a society often prevail over rational criteria in determining the distribution of scarce resources
. Bai-lin is studying a group of anarchists who are working to try to eliminate all government and government control as a whole from the United States, and encourage everyone to rule himself or herself instead. The group Bai-lin is studying is likely a part of a(n): . . A. . Resistance movement . . B. . Social reform movement . . C. . Expressive movement . . D. . Revolutionary movement
D
. Variations or alterations in the behavior patterns, culture, and structure of society are known as: . . A. . Cyclical theories . . B. . Strain . . C. . Stress . . D. . Social change
D
. Which of the following is an example of a crowd behavior? . . A. . Rumors . . B. . Fashions . . C. . Fads . . D. . Panics
D
1. The U.S. prison system was originally designed to: A. Provide revenge and retribution against perpetrators of crimes B. Deter deviance C. Rehabilitate offenders D. All of the above
D
A clear example of gender socialization is: A. Reading a story to your son B. Taking children on a trip to Disneyworld C. Encouraging children to do math D. Not allowing girls to play in the mud because girls are not supposed to get dirty
D
A justification to invade Iraq was "to bring democracy to the Iraqi people." This is an example of a(n) ________ justification for war. A. expansionist B. religious C. economic D. ideological
D
A(n) __________ is a group within the human species that is identified by a society as presumably having certain biologically inherited physical characteristics. A. minority group B. out-group C. ethnic group D. race
D
According to ___________, the U.S. flag has become a sacred icon. A. symbolic interactionists B. structural-functionalists C. rational choice theorists D. exchange theorists
D
According to most sociologists, gender roles are: A. Socially constructed B. Created by human beings C. Designed to meet the needs of each society D. All of the above
D
According to power elite theorists: A. It is primarily through interest groups that we influence decision-making processes B. Politics involves negotiation and compromise between competing groups C. Multiple power centers offer the best chance to maintain democratic forms of government D. It is inevitable that a small group will rule societies
D
According to social control theory, which of the following actions might influence a person to conform? A. Disapproving nods B. Laws C. A conscious that explains right from wrong D. All of the above
D
According to the data presented in the text, the United States has more crime than: A. Japan B. Germany C. Australia D. All of the above
D
According to the text, which of the following is not a typical function of meso-level political institutions? A. To maintain social control B. To protect citizens of the groups C. To serve as an arbiter in disputes D. To socialize new citizens
D
According to world systems theory, what type of nation provides raw materials and cheap labor for production? . . A. . Core nations . . B. . Semi-periphery nations . . C. . Periphery nations . . D. . Both B and C
D
According to your text, the oldest warring parties are: A. United States and Iraq B. Columbia and the National Liberation Army C. Sudan and Darfur Rebels D. The Israelis and Palestinians
D
Anomie and strain are associated with the: A. Symbolic interactionist perspective B. Feminist perspective C. Conflict perspective D. Structural-functionalist perspective
D
Based on what has worked in Africa, how could the United States improve political representation among women? A. Become a more patriarchal culture B. Discourage women from applying for lower-level offices C. End all quota and affirmative action systems D. Encourage proportional representation
D
Casey could not believe that her friends were continuing on to college after high school. She found it much more important to try to overthrow the current government, and she planned to chain herself to the capital building and stage a hunger strike until her demands were met. Merton would argue that Casey was coping with strain through: A. Innovation B. Retreatism C. Ritualism D. Rebellion
D
Comedians such as Dave Chapelle, who use their art to make satirical commentary about race relations in the United States, use which of the following strategies of minority groups when dealing with discrimination and prejudice? A. Direct assimilation B. Direct aggression C. Indirect assimilation D. Indirect aggression
D
Discriminatory practices that are no longer allowed but that continue to affect people today: A. De jure discrimination B. Side-effect discrimination C. De malo discrimination D. Past-in-present discrimination
D
Elizabeth argued that one reason women are abused by their husbands is because their unpaid labor is undervalued in society. Which perspective is Elizabeth most likely using? A. Strain B. Structural-functionalist C. Symbolic interactionist D. Feminist
D
In __________ stratification systems, the characteristics individuals are born with determine one's position in society. A. mobile B. open C. achieved D. ascribed
D
Juan Carlos originally hoped to purchase a home. However, because he could not earn enough money to ever afford one, he decided that a home was no longer important. Instead, he found happiness through quitting his job, moving into a shack in the woods, and enjoying the solitude. Merton would classify Juan Carlos's adaptation to strain as: A. Rebellion B. Innovation C. Conformity D. Retreatism
D
Kina is a 17-year-old young woman. Her parents describe her as sweet, kind, and responsible. They say she is this way because they encouraged her to attend church, study hard, and believe that "nice girls finish first." To which theory of deviance do Kina's parents most likely subscribe? A. Labeling theory B. Differential association theory C. Conflict theory D. Social control theory
D
Lisa strongly believes that certain groups of humans are biologically inferior to other groups of humans and that this is what explains the cultural and social differences between racial groups. Lisa is demonstrating __________ racism. A. traditional B. institutional C. symbolic D. ideological
D
Organized crime is more prevalent among: A. Men B. Elites C. Whites D. Marginalized ethnic groups
D
Social forces that keep women from reaching the highest levels of corporate and public responsibility: A. Sticky elevator B. Glass escalator C. Sticky floor D. Glass ceiling
D
Susan would love to be a lawyer but cannot afford to go to law school. Her boyfriend suggested that she steal from her grandmother's estate in order to finance her education, but she refuses. Instead, she took a two-year course and became a librarian. Merton would classify Susan's actions as: A. Retreatism B. Conformity C. Innovation D. Ritualism
D
The __________ model of power suggests that individuals with powerful positions in political, business, and military arenas interact with each other and ensure that their power is not threatened. A. evolutionary B. pluralist C. conspicuous consumption D. power elite
D
The first time humans were systematically classified into different groups in scientific work was in: A. 1816 by Joseph Arthur B. 1909 by Charles Darwin C. 1939 by Adolf Hitler D. 1735 by Carl von Linne
D
The socially constructed meanings associated with males and females are called: A. Sex B. Gender roles C. Sexuality D. Gender identity
D
When minority group members internalize prejudiced views about their group and allow these beliefs to shape their behavior, it creates a(n): A. Prejudice B. Stereotype C. Frustration D. Self-fulfilling prophecy
D
Which country has the lowest percentage of women in national politics? A. Rwanda B. Denmark C. Norway D. The United States
D
Which of the following economic systems involve state-based planning and control of property? A. Non-Western systems B. Open systems C. Market systems D. Centralized systems
D
Which of the following individuals is credited with the most often used definition of power? A. Auguste Comte B. Karl Marx C. Émile Durkheim D. Max Weber
D
Which of the following is a function of a ready labor force, according to structural-functional theorists? A. Ethnic conflicts establish the dominant group. B. Hostilities between groups create social change. C. Minority groups provide a target for frustrations. D. The ready labor force will complete menial, unskilled jobs largely unattractive to the majority of society.
D
Which of the following is an example of a consensus crime? A. Chemical offenses B. Prostitution C. Political disenfranchisement D. Murder
D
Which of the following social scientists distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate power? A. Wilfred Pareto B. Robert Michaels C. C. Wright Mills D. Max Weber
D
Which of the following statements about gender and the mass media is false? A. By the time they start school, average American children will have spent more time in front of a television than they will in classrooms in the coming 12 years of school. B. Video games that dehumanize women teach and perpetuate stereotypes about women. C. Women in soap operas and ads are often depicted as having problems in carrying out their role responsibilities. D. Women who are quite large are almost entirely depicted as positive role models
D
Which of the following statements regarding language and sexual inequality is false? A. Women who use direct, unsoftened language are perceived as "bitchy." B. Women who "soften" their language are more accepted. C. Women who "soften" their language may be perceived as insecure. D. The terms spinster and bachelor are equivalent in terms of positive connotation.
D
Which of the following types of authority is held by an individual with extraordinary personal characteristics? A. Traditional authority B. Irrational authority C. Charismatic authority D. Rational-legal authority
D
Which of the following types of authority is held by leaders that have the expertise to carry out the duties of their positions? A. Charismatic authority B. Irrational authority C. Traditional authority D. Rational-legal authority
D
White-collar crime is: A. Less visible than violent crimes B. More costly than violent crimes C. More deadly than violent crimes D. All of the above
D
William Julius Wilson refers to the urban poor that exist outside of the functioning economic system as the: A. True minority B. Trapped poor C. Urban center D. Underclass
D
Your boss pressuring you to donate to the company charity when you have never supported the charity before is a: . . A. . Stigma . . B. . Symbolic change . . C. . Strain . . D. . Stress
D
Zhen Wu lives in a rapidly changing society. Technology is changing more quickly than most people can keep up, and the government was recently overthrown. Zhen Wu as well as his family, friends, and neighbors experience a host of new opportunities, excitement, and anxiety. Which of the following is most likely to be the result of these changes? A. Strain B. Restitution C. Communism D. Anomie
D
_________ occurs when each ethnic group or racial group in a country maintains its own culture and separate set of institutions. A. Transnationalism B. Genocide C. Assimilation D. Pluralism
D
The Hindu religion holds that individuals are born into one of four Varna or into a fifth group below the caste system known as the _______________ group.
Dalits
According to the Holmes and Rahe "Social Adjustment Rating Scale," which of the following is considered the most stressful event?
Death of a spouse
Since 1969, the middle class in the United States has:
Decreased
During which phase of the negotiation process do the parties exchange their initial proposals or demands?
Definition of ground rules
What are demand characteristics and how might they threaten the validity of laboratory research findings?
Demand characteristics are things that participants in experiment observe that they think are clues as to how they are supposed to act and what the purpose of the experiment is. This threatens the validity of the experiment because it changes how the participants might act in according to what they think the experimenter expects of them. This creates inaccurate results.
Which of the following individual qualities is not required in ethical decision making?
Dependence on a supervisor to always tell you what is right.
Access to healthcare
Depends on one's position in the stratification system
Operationalization
Determining exactly how to measure concepts.
more difficult. Lower level positions and mothers may not have worked full time.
Determining mobility of women is
Which of the following is incorrect?
Deviants always purposely and knowingly break the law.
"People learn to conform or deviate from the individuals they spend time with." With which theory does this statement best fit?
Differential association
The gap between those with access to information technology and those without is known as the:
Digital divide
The gap between those with access to information technology and those without is known as the:
Digital divide
Discrimination: Meso-Level Analysis
Discrimination is actions taken against members of a minority group Discrimination and prejudice are often found working together and reinforce one another
Past-in-Present Discrimination
Discriminatory practices that are no longer allowed by that continue to affect people today.
Conspicuous Consumption
Displaying goods in a way that others will notice and will presumably earn the owner respect
Conspicuous consumption
Displaying goods in a way that will get the owner noticed and earn the respect of others is
Which of the following is NOT a dimension of trust?
Distance
false
During the popularization stage, the purpose for a social movement is known and concrete.
According to the Myers-Briggs type Indicator, people who are classified as _____ are conceptualizers.
ENTPs
Hypotheses
Educated guesses about the empirical relationship between two variables.
Social Status
Educational organizations treat children differently according to
Which of the following is true concerning online leadership?
Effective on-line leaders need to develop the skill of deciphering the emotional components of messages.
Which of the following statements about elite theory is false?
Elite theorists believe that no one group dictates all policy.
Ulla wants to study the way that groups of individuals react to a terrorist attack in their area. She feels that their confusion following the attack will lead to the development of new definitions of acceptable behavior. Which theory is Ulla most likely using?
Emergent norm theory
_____ refers to an employee's expression of organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions at work.
Emotional labor
_____ refers to an individual's involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for the work she does.
Employee engagement
_____ is a participative process that uses the entire capacity of employees and is designed to encourage increased commitment to the organization's success.
Employee involvement
Which of the following is true about employee recognition?
Employees welcome praise as much as a paycheck.
Which of the following is true about stress?
Employees with external locus of control perceive situations to be more stressful than employees with internal locus of control.
precarious work
Employment that is poorly paid and from the worker's perspective, insecure and unprotected is called
Based on what has worked in Africa, how could the United States improve political representation among women?
Encourage proportional representation
Which of the following is NOT a key element in motivation?
Environment
_____ exists when an individual perceives that the ratio of their inputs to outcomes is dissimilar to the ration of relevant others.
Equity tension
_____ is an increased commitment to a previous decision in spite of negative information.
Escalation of commitment
Family of Procreation
Established when we find a life mate and/or have our own children.
ownership of land, position one is born into, military strength
Estate systems are based on
Which term is used to describe a group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns?
Ethnic group
status group
Every evening at a neighborhood bar, the clientele, which consists of construction workers, police officers, plumbers, and factory workers, watches sports events on the big screen television set and plays pool. The people who hang out in this bar are an example of a
ecclesia
Everyone who lives in country X is considered to be Buddhist. The religion in country X is a(n):
_____ is a field of study that examines the extent to which emotions, whether positive or negative, serve a purpose.
Evolutionary psychology
Structural functionalism and Conflict theory
Evolutionary theory draws from
According to ___________, the U.S. flag has become a sacred icon.
Exchange theorists
According to Karl Marx, which of the following will inevitably lea to the destruction of the capitalist system?
Exploitation of the proletariat.
undermine productivity.
Extraordinary amounts of differential access to resources may
Because members of the capitalist class have the greatest opportunities for travel and to meet people from various walks of life, their children have a wide field of "eligibles" from which to choose a husband or wife. T/F
False
Defining social class in America is an objective science because there are clear-cut, agreed-upon definitions of each class.T/F
False
Functionalists believe that deviance has no useful purpose in society and only contributes to social chaos. T/F
False
People in the capitalist class are more likely to experience mental health problems because of the excessive stress associated with managing high-powered jobs.T/F
False
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which is binding on all moments of the United Nations, effectively put an end to all forms of slavery.
False
The higher a persons position on the social class ladder the more likely they will become a victim of crime. T/F
False
The rate of divorce among remarried couples is much lower than the rate of divorce among first time marriages.T/F
False
The split labor market and reserve labor force are most aligned with the symbolic interactionist perspective. T/F
False
Wealth and income are interchangeable terms, each meaning the same in reference to social class. T/F
False
With the need for independence and greater opportunity, children are leaving home at an earlier age and less likely to return home after they leave. T/F
False
Movement up and down the ladder from one generation to the next
Fathers and sons: Considerable
Occupational inheritance
Fathers and sons: High level of
move up than down
Fathers and sons: More likely to
Which of the following was NOT specifically suggested by your author as a general category of employee skills?
Financial
Intergenerational Mobility
First-generation college graduates that become physicians reflect [?]
How many classes did Daniel Rossides include in his model of class structure in the United States?
Five
An analysis of the payoffs in favor of change and the forces rewarding the status quo is known as a:
Force-field analysis
____ groups are defined by the organization's structure.
Formal
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of organizational culture?
Formalization
Which of the following is NOT a technique to enhance creativity?
Forming homogeneous work groups
Crimes
Forms of deviance in which formal penalties are imposed by society.
Which of the following is NOT a way that culture is created?
Founders poll early employees to determine the appropriate cultural values.
Which organization structure is best suited to leveraging specialization?
Functional
__________________ theorists believe political systems serve important purposes in society.
Functional
____________________ theorists think underlying social problems cause disruptions to the system, including war, terrorism, and revolution.
Functional
true
Functionalists argue that social norms define what counts as illness and how to treat it.
In which of the following ways can a person rise to what Weber would call a higher status group?
Gain membership in an influential group
_____ is an incentive plan where improvements in group productivity determine the total amount of money that is allocated.
Gainsharing
Functionalist Perspective
Gerhard Lenski argues that social inequality may have once served the overall purposes of society, but the degree of social and economic inequality that now exists far exceeds the need to provide for goods and services. This facet of Lenski's analysis is consistent with which perspective
Which of the following statements is true concerning change?
Global competition is the leading force driving change at work.
Which of the following statements is true about group dynamics?
Groups go through predictable stages to become productive.
Which is NOT a weakness of group decision-making?
Groups offer increased diversity of views.
Which of the following describes people with a directive style of decision making?
Has a low tolerance for ambiguity and seeks rationality
Which of the following is NOT an example of racial profiling?
Henry Louis Gates, Jr., a black Harvard University professor, was arrested in his own home for disorderly conduct.
Which of the following is true of heuristics?
Heuristics lead to biases in judgment.
_____ are more likely to engage in impression management, molding their image to fit the situation.
High self-monitors
Which of the following is the foundation of all organization cultures?
History of the company and its founders
Which of the following statements is true?
Homophobia is highly correlated with a belief in a traditional gender
Which of the following statements is true?
Homophobia is highly correlated with a belief in traditional gender roles.
Ingroups
Hostility or rejection of outgroup members, strong feelings of superiority and feelings of prejudice and ethnocentrism are all characteristics of...
Relationships between rich and poor people. Conflict Theory
How are _______________ shaped by this process.
identities are formed because they feel welcomed and belonged in a group, maintained by interpreting the faith, sometimes altered because they don't feel belonging or govt
How are religious identities formed, maintained and, in some cases, altered?
being treated differently, being denied the right to do normal things, denied a job based on race or accent.
How can we identify racism?
alienated in routine, dull jobs . Conflict theory
How do many people become _______ in which they have little involvement and no investment in the end product?
Necessities. Conflict Theory
How do societies produce ______________
Socialization Process
How does the family reinforce status?
Manufacturing jobs have moved to developing countries. Upward mobility is taking place among those who come from small highly educated families with get ahead values.
How have opportunities for upward mobility changed significantly with globalization
Social Stratification
How individuals and groups are layered or ranked in society according to how many valued resources they possess.
Social Stratification
How individuals are layered or ranked in society according to how many valued resources they possess.
All of the following are predetermined in caste stratification systems except:
How many children an individual will have
Sexuality
How we experience our bodies individually and in relation to others.
A system of planned organizational change in which workers in the company are involved in the decision-making process to change the internal dynamics of a company to make it more efficient is a:
Human relations approach
According to evolutionary theory, societies typically move through stages in which order?
Hunting and gathering, horticultural, agrarian, industrial
Which of the following scenarios best depicts how power operates at the micro-level?
Husbands and wives often argue about the division of labor within the household.
ethnicity
Identity with or membership in a particular racial, national, or cultural group and observance of that group's customs, beliefs, and language.
_____ occurs when people associate two events, when there is no real connection.
Illusory correlation
world system theory
Immanuel Wallerstein's theory that the interconnectedness of the world system began in the 1500s, when Europeans began their economic and political domination of the rest of the world. Because capitalism depends on generating the maximum profits for the minimum expenditures, the world system continues to benefit rich countries (which acquire the profits) and harm the rest of the world (by minimizing local expenditures and therefore perpetuating poverty)
_____ is the process by which individuals attempt to control the impressions others form of them.
Impression management
Revolutionary leaders
In Karl Marx's view of class conscious workers in revolt, who will guide the working class in its struggle?
false consciousness
In Karl Marx's view, a worker who identifies with the wealthy and believes that she can achieve great wealth through hard work is likely to have developed a
the primary mode of economic production
In Karl Marx's view, social relations during any period of history depend on who controls
Which of the following is correc
In negotiations, Brazilians are likely to use physical contact.
Upper class
In sociologist Daniel Rossides's model of the class system of the U.S., which social class contains the smallest portion of the population?
The U.S. System of Ethnic Classification
In the U.S. everyone is assigned to one of two ethnic categories: - 1. Hispanic or Latino - (Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American cultures or other Spanish culture or origin - can be of any race). - The term applies to 21 Latin American countries (excluding Brazil) - 2. Not Hispanic or Latino - Includes anyone who is not Hispanic or Latino - can be of any race The government dose not recognize multi-ethnic origins: - People with one Hispanic/Latino parent and one who is not cannot officially claim both heritages. The government considers such people to share their mother's ethnicity only. If the mother is a mix of both categories above, the child is assigned to the first ethnicity the mother names when asked her ethnic backgrounds.
which of the following is the most basic characteristic of class system?
Income inequality
Which is NOT one of the three primary factors that differentiate virtual teams from face-to-face teams?
Increased social rapport
What is the relationship between size and group performance?
Increases in group size are inversely related to individual performance.
Through rapidly fading, a caste system still exist in which of the following countries?
India
Policies to Reduce Prejudice, Racism, and Discrimination
Individual or small group Therapy solutions • Human relations workshops, group encounters and therapy is functional with small numbers of people. For example close interaction in a school will bring interracial relationships closer on the individual level. The higher the people's education levels, the more likely they are to respect and like others and to have tolerance for differences. Tolerance-education programs helps racism at an individual level but not meso- macro level problems. Group contact • Integrated housing projects, job programs to promote minority hiring, busing children to schools. Institutional and societal strategies -Lobbying, educational information dissemination, canvassing Government agencies -Civil Rights Commission, Fair Employment Practices Commission, Equal Employment -Opportunity Commission Legislation -Nonviolent Resistance Protest marches, rallies, watchdog monitoring, and boycotts
In terms of false consciousness, Karl Marx worried that the workers would adopt which of the following viewpoints?
Individualistic viewpoint
How does primary deviance differ from secondary deviance?
Individuals are not labeled as "deviant" unless they commit secondary deviance.
Symbolic Interaction (3)
Individuals learn their position through socialization Cultural Capital Influences children's school and home environments Symbols often represent social positions
control as much as possible, Conflict theory
Individuals will attempt to ______
Which of the following accurately describes organizational change?
Individuals' ability to learn to deal with change is a major part of managing change.
top 10 women CEOs in US corporations
Indra Nooyi, Pepsico Irene Rosenfeld, Kraft Foods Pat Woertz, Archer Danields Midland Angela Braly, Wellpoint Corporation Andrew Jung, Avon Products Ophra Winfrey, Harpo
Which of the following is NOT a determinant of an organization's structure?
Industry
sex, gender, and identity at macro-level
Inequality at the global/na*onal level is independent of personal prejudices • Ins'tu'onalized discrimina'on-‐ paVerns of social ac*on that are imbedded in the en*re social system may influence women and men, providing unrecognized privileges or disadvantages
_____ bargaining builds long-term relationships and facilitates working together in the future.
Integrative
__________________ theorists focus on symbols and constructions of reality that allow some persons to assume power.
Interaction
Social Units
Interconnected parts of the social world ranging from small groups to entire societies.
First-generation college graduates who become physicians reflect:
Intergenerational mobility
_____ skills training includes learning how to be a better listener and how to be a more effective team player.
Interpersonal
Which of the following statements is true concerning the climate of trust?
Interpersonal trust among team members reduces the need to monitor each others behavior.
Which of the following is a frequently used research method for organizational behavior?
Interviews
Which of the following statements is true about Herzberg's two-factor theory?
Intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction.
Each of the following is a question your text suggests to analyze ethical questions except:
Is the action legal?
Which of the following is true about job enrichment?
It increases employee responsibility.
What does the spirit of capitalism refer to, as proposed by Max Weber?
It is a new approach to work and money that emphasizes investment to make profit.
Which sentence best describes the divorce rate of remarried people without children?
It is about the same as the divorce rate of first marriages.
Which of the following accurately describes social loafing?
It is also known as freeloading.
Which of the following is true about gender differences in leadership?
It is difficult to judge the truth about stereotypes of gender differences.
Which of the following is NOT descriptive of institutional discrimination?
It is frequently unintended and unconscious.
John was adopted as an infant by the Smiths, and has always considered them his real family. What do sociologists classify the Smith family as it is regarded by John?
It is his family of orientation.
According to power elite theorists:
It is inevitable that a small group will rule societies
The concept of the relativity of deviance is BEST illustrated by which of the following statements?
It is not the act itself, but the reaction of others to the act that makes it deviant.
Which of the following statements accurately describes Vroom's expectancy theory?
It is one of the most widely accepted theories of motivation.
personal approach to decision making
Janis Mann process called the conflict model
The practice the South employed after the Civil War to segregate blacks from whites was called ________.
Jim Crow Law
_____ may be implemented by combining tasks, forming natural work units, establishing client relationships, expanding jobs vertically, and opening feedback channels.
Job enrichment
____ (or cross-training) is the periodic shifting of an employee from one task to another.
Job rotation
prejudice
Jose walks into a realtor's office and inquires about renting an apartment in an upscale neighborhood in his city. The desk receptionist can be heard muttering to herself silently "Great, another Mexican who wants to bring down that neighborhood." Nevertheless, she hands him an application and pen and tells him to be seated while she gets a realtor to assist him further. Jose has been a victim of
class differentiation
Karl Marx argued that social, economic, and political inequalities are dependent on
Means of production
Karl Marx defined classes in terms of their relationship to:
the working class
Karl Marx used the term "proletariat" to refer to
The term affirmative action first appeared in an executive order issued by President
Kennedy
Which theorist(s) is/are most strongly associated with the structural functionalist view of social stratification?
Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore
is necessary so that people will be motivated to fill functionally important positions
Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore argue that stratification is universal and that social inequality
Cultural capital
Knowledge and access to important information in society
Who created the three-step model for change that includes unfreezing, movement, and refreezing?
Kurt Lewin
The self-fulfilling prophesy is associated with:
Labelling theory
Which type of firm is likely to use a territorial departmentalization structure?
Large service firm
Jim Crow Laws
Laws enacted in the US prior to the 1960s which spelled out differential treatment for racial groups.
Which of the following ideas are associated with Fiedler's contingency theory?
Leaders are classified using an assessment tool called Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) scale.
____ research emphasizes style; whereas research on ____ focuses on tactics for gaining compliance.
Leadership; power
Which of the following is NOT an individual factor related to political behavior?
Level of trust
conspicuous consumption
Lindsey needs a car to get back and forth from her home in the city to her university, which are four miles apart. When shopping for a car, Lindsey decides to buy a Hummer H3 because she wants a car that her peers will notice and respect. Through this purchase, Lindsey exhibits:
Cohabitation
Living with someone in a marriage-like arrangement without the legal obligations and responsibilities of formal marriage.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of physical ability?
Looks
Which of the following best describes the observed relationship between religion and social class?
Lower-class individuals in the United States are disproportionately represented in fundamentalist religions.
Which of the following best describes the observed relationship between religion and social class?
Lower-class individuals in the United States are disproportionately represented in fundamentalist religions.
Which of the following social scientists distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate power?
MAX WEBER
Which of the following economic systems stress individual planning and private ownership of property?
MArket systems
Individuals who are high in the _____ dimension of personality manipulate more, win more, are persuaded less, and persuade others more.
Machiavellianism
true
Many men receive privileges in society that they did not request and of which they may not even be aware.
Organized crime is more prevalent among:
Marginalized ethnic groups
Which of the following is true of Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory?
Maslow believed that humans were creative beings seeking self-actualization.
Thomas, a revolutionary sociologist, is organizing a social movement in Kentucky. Unfortunately, his social movement lacks a clear leadership structure, division of labor, or sense of group action. Thomas's social movement is best classified as:
Mass behavior
crowd behavior
Matthew Shepard was killed by a group of young men, simply because he was gay. The killing of Matthew Shepard is a form of:
life chances
Max Weber referred to people's opportunities to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable experiences as
wealth and income
Max Weber uses the term "class" to refer to people who share a similar level of
Which of the following individuals is credited with the most often used definition of power?
Max weber
Which one of the following is NOT a factor that influences perception?
Medium
Which of the following is considered an ethnic group
Mexican Americans, Irish Americans, Puerto Ricans
The estate system was associated with feudal societies during what period of history?
Middle ages
30
Middle class makes up _____% of population
Occupational Structure, Population Trends, Gender and Ethnicity, Interdependent global market
Mobility depends on macro factors (4)
Socialization, Family Background, Education
Mobility depends on micro factors (3)
According to the text, lynching, killings, and hate crimes are all examples of:
Mobs
What is the relationship between stress and job performance?
Moderate stress correlates with high performance.
Which of the following statements about terrorism is false?
Modern terrorist organizations are national governments (e.g., Afghanistan, Iran, North Korea).
middle class
Most Americans, when asked to identify their social class, claim that they belong to the
Which of the following facts are untrue regarding hate crimes?
Most are due to homophobia
Caste systems
Most rigid ascribed systems
_____ is a mood dimension consisting of nervousness, stress, and anxiety at the high end, and relaxation, tranquility, and poise on the low end.
Negative affect
Social Capital
Networks with others who have influence
A technique for bringing about change at the institutional and societal levels used by Mahatma Gandhi, Jesse Jackson, and Caesar Chavez was:
Nonviolent resistance
_____ commitment refers to an employee's obligation to remain with an organization for moral or ethical reasons.
Normative
overrepresented occupation in women
Number 1: dental hygienists secretaries receptionist child care workers
____ training includes job rotation, apprenticeships, understudy assignments, and formal mentoring programs.
On-the-job
false consciousness
One shortcoming of Karl Marx's work is that he failed to anticipate the extent to which political liberties and relative prosperity could contribute to
Illustrate the power of the situation using an example from your own life (e.g., describe a time when others failed to recognize you because the situation was different from usual, or describe a time when a given situation influenced you to act contrary to your beliefs).
One time I had a history class where I was the only girl and so when discussing women's suffrage I feel like my comments were maybe toned down on the feminism because I had no one else in the class who understood the role of women and at times our apparent inferiority in society.
achieved status
One's level of education is always
Which of the following statements is true about organizational behavior?
Organizational behavior is a study of individuals, groups, and structure.
Teams are most effective when staffed with people who are _____.
Organizational demographics
_____ is a paradigm that values human and organizational growth, collaborative processes, and a spirit of inquiry.
Organizational development
Determining the tasks to be done, who should do them, and who reports to whom is an example of which management function?
Organizing
culture of poverty
Oscar Lewis's theory that poverty is not a result of individual inadequacies, but of larger social and cultural factors. Poor children are socialized into believing that they have nothing to strive for, that there is no point in working to improve their conditions. As adults, they are resigned to a life of poverty, and they socialize their children the same way. Therefore poverty is transmitted from one generation to another
Statuses
Our social positions.
Which of the following is an example of a crowd behavior?
Panics
The two main forms of democratic constitutional government are:
Parliamentary and presidential
Who developed the situational leadership model?
Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard
Ranked Categories
People are divided into
Significant Others
People primary to us and who we have sustained interactions with.
personality and occupation are in agreement
Perception
_____ tests assess the applicant's ability in an authentic situation.
Performance simulation
According to world systems theory, what type of nation provides raw materials and cheap labor for production?
Periphery nations
What does the P stand for in the equation B = ƒ(P x E)?
Person
Which of the following is NOT an organizational constraint on decision-making?
Personality
Which of the following is considered an unethical political tactic to gain power in an organization?
Playing territorial games
"Power is distributed among various groups so that no one group rules." This statement is most likely to be made by a(n):
Pluralist theorist
Pluralist theory
Pluralist theorists believe that power is distributed among various groups so that no one group rules Politics involves negotiation and compromise between competing groups Multiple power centers offer the best chance to maintain democratic forms of government because no one group dominates and many citizens are involved
______ occurs when people within organizations use whatever influence they can to taint the facts to support their goals and interests.
Politicking
_______________ refers to the social institution that determines and exercises power relations in society
Politics
Most studies confirm that the concept of _____ is central to understanding sexual harassment.
Power
What type of power will help a leader establish a power base?
Power as an expert
"Control is concentrated in the hands of the privileged, and the masses have little influence." This statement most closely reflects:
Power elite theory
Conflict Perspective on deviance
Power is central, marxist/critical theory, feminist perspectives and the confluence of race, class and gender
Which of the following is the most effective technique for preventing and reducing stress?
Power napping
Which of the following is an ascribed status?
Prince
Religion
Prior to the 19th century, the primary influence on the way people viewed the world was based on...
Which of the following is NOT a substitute for leadership?
Professional orientation of employees
According to the text, the goal of capitalism is:
Profit
class consciousness
Proletariats will remain exploited as long as they do not develop a
Debate the pros and cons of deception in social psychological experimentation.
Pros: -more accurate results -more control over the experiment -can help create more valid and reliable results Cons: -possible psychological harm to the participant because of the false information they are possibly fed during the experiment -can create demand characteristics
What behavioral science discipline has made the MOST significant contributions to understanding individual behavior?
Psychology
false
Racial and ethnic majority groups are the groups to which the largest percentage of a country's population belongs.
To study why women kill their abusive husbands, Robin plans to look at the positive and negative sanctions they weighed when deciding to do so. Which theory is Robin most likely using?
Rational choice
"A group seeking change can attempt to set up a situation in which desired behavior is rewarded." This statement most closely reflects:
Rational choice theory
Which of the following types of authority is held by an individual with extraordinary personal characteristics?
Rational-legal authority
Which of the following types of authority is held by leaders that have the expertise to carry out the duties of their positions?
Rational-legal authority
Which of the following types of authority is most typical of modern nation-states?
Rational-legal authority
Religious Affiliation
Reflects one's social status
Political systems
Reinforce the stratification system through laws, courts and policing
_______ conflicts are almost always dysfunctional.
Relationship
Emily works and makes a modest salary. However, Emily is unable to provide new clothes or a two-bedroom apartment for her or her children. She is experiencing:
Relative poverty
Which of the following is true about Total Quality Management (TQM)?
Relies on bottom-up, participative decision making in planning and execution
Which of the following usually dictates one's hereditary rank in a caste system?
Religion
Why can't sociologists empirically study religion?
Religion is a matter of faith that is beyond objective evaluation.
Which of the following is an example of strain experienced by an organization?
Religious beliefs of management
Social Desirability
Respondents' tendency to answer questions in ways that make them look good.
Juan Carlos originally hoped to purchase a home. However, because he could not earn enough money to ever afford one, he decided that a home was no longer important. Instead, he found happiness through quitting his job, moving into a shack in the woods, and enjoying the solitude. Merton would classify Juan Carlos's adaptation to strain as:
Retreatism
Recidivism is:
Returning to prison after already serving a prior term
Recidivism
Returning to prison after already serving a prior term.
Bai-lin is studying a group of anarchists who are working to try to eliminate all government and government control as a whole from the United States, and encourage everyone to rule himself or herself instead. The group Bai-lin is studying is likely a part of a(n):
Revolutionary movement
The degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual's personal goals or needs and the attractiveness of those potential rewards for the individual is the ____ relationship.
Rewards-personal goals
micro costs and consequences of gender stratification
Rigid stereotyping can have psychological and social consequences for individuals - For men-‐ guilt, anxiety; early death - For women-‐ superwoman image; beauty image • An alterna*ve: androgyny
Susan would love to be a lawyer but cannot afford to go to law school. Her boyfriend suggested that she steal from her grandmother's estate in order to finance her education, but she refuses. Instead, she took a two-year course and became a librarian. Merton would classify Susan's actions as:
Ritualism
Which sociologist developed the typology distinguishing prejudice and discrimination?
Robert Merton
endogamy
Robert's parents strongly want him to marry another Mormon, preferably from their own congregation. His family is practicing:
_____ describe how others believe you should act in a given situation.
Role expectations
_____ refers to the attitudes and behaviors that are consistent with a role
Role identity
With 54 million members, which denomination has the highest membership in the United States?
Roman Catholic
Which of the following statements about rumors is false?
Rumors are a form of crowd behavior.
__________ occurs when a minority group is blamed for others' failures and shortcomings.
Scapegoating
Which is NOT one of the steps in the rational decision making model?
Selecting the decision that satisfices
Which of the following is NOT a common form by which culture is transmitted to employees?
Selection
_____ is the drive to become what one is capable of becoming in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
Self-actualization
_____, one of the dimensions of emotional intelligence, is awareness of one's feelings.
Self-awareness
A belief that becomes a reality is:
Self-fulfilling prophecy
_____ teams go farther than problem-solving teams in getting employees involved in work-related decisions and processes.
Self-managed
Workers
Sell their labor to capitalists
Which of the following is NOT identified that managers can create a more ethical culture?
Set aggressive performance goals.
_____ is the learning concept of reinforcing closer and closer approximations to the desired new behavior.
Shaping
Which of the following is not necessary for a social movement?
Shared social positions among members
What differentiates a team from a group?
Shared versus individual accountability
Patricia J. Williams, an African American academic, writes about her experiences with redlining. What happened after the lender found out she was Black?
She was suddenly asked to pay more and offered a less attractive loan, She was offered the original loan terms only after she threatened to sue, She was told her loan was a "risk" due to falling prices in the neighborhood.
Races can be clearly distinguished on the basis of
Skin color
Kina is a 17-year-old young woman. Her parents describe her as sweet, kind, and responsible. They say she is this way because they encouraged her to attend church, study hard, and believe that "nice girls finish first." To which theory of deviance do Kina's parents most likely subscribe?
Social control theory
Glass Ceiling
Social forces that keep women from reaching the highest levels of corporate and public responsibility.
_____ illustrates a process loss as a result of using teams.
Social loafing
__________ refers to the extent and direction of individual movement in the social stratification system.
Social mobility
_____ is the process that adapts employees to the organization's culture.
Socialization
Talented individuals; most important positions. SF Theory, Davis and Moore
Societies must motivate ______ to occupy the most ______
class conflict
Sociologist Ralf Dahrendorf has merged Marx's emphasis on __________ with Weber's recognition that power is an important element of stratification.
Karl Marx
Sociologist ______________ has identified a number of social, economic, and political functions that the poor perform for society (e.g., poor people do society's dirty work at low cost; poverty creates jobs for those in occupations serving the poor; the existence of poor people guarantees the higher status of the more affluent).
Ralf Dahrendorf
Sociologist ________________suggests that managers of industry, heads of the government bureaucracy, and legislators are among bourgeoisie, industrial managers, legislators, the judiciary, heads of the government bureaucracy, and others.
closed system
Some analysts suggest that inner-city riots have frequently occurred when poor people realize that their chances of climbing out of poverty are unlikely, because of the structure of our social system. Their frustration is based on their perception that they are living in
Which of the following assumptions do sociologists make about social change?
Some change can be controlled.
very important to society. SF Theory, Davis and Moore
Some positions are more highly valued because people feel they are
caste
Some sociologists have suggested that in the southern U.S. in the pre-civil rights era, an African-American individual was born into a status that would always be subordinate to the status of all of the White members of the community. This would be an example of
Which of the following scenarios best depicts how power operates at the meso-level?
States make decisions about which corporations receive tax breaks.
Individual styles are likely to come into conflict during which stage of group development?
Storming
meso and macro costs and consequences of gender stratification
Stra*fica*on has consequences for all social ins*tu*ons Men are able to "take gender privilege with them" Stra*fica*on can lead to: - Poor educa*onal achievement of female children - Loss of human talents and resources of half of the popula*on - Lack of health care coverage for women, which impacts both those women and their children - Social divisiveness leading to aliena*on, if not hos*lity.
The impact that the large "baby boom" generation is having on the U.S. Social Security system is a:
Strain
Inevitable and Necessary. SF Theory
Stratification is _______ and ______ part of the social world.
Which of the following is a key assumption of conflict theorists' view of social stratification?
Stratification is the outcome of struggles for dominance in scarce resources.
Carry out their roles. SF Theory
Stratification system motivates individuals to_____________
position in the social world. SF Theory
Stratification system provides each individual a _____________
What triggers the fight or flight response?
Stress
Your boss pressuring you to donate to the company charity when you have never supported the charity before is a:
Stress
Examples of resources (5)
Strong educational system Well paying jobs Productive land Ample supply of water Access to technology
"Gender division of labor exists in modern societies because it is efficient and useful to have different-but-complementary male and female roles." This statement most closely reflects:
Structural Functional theory
"Deviance serves vital social functions." This statement most closely reflects:
Structural-functional theory
Anomie and strain are associated with the:
Structural-functionalist perspective
In order to build teamwork, a manager should avoid which of the following?
Supervising the group closely
Sara is looking at how sexism is maintained in Britain. Her data suggest that symbols of women as deferential, supplicating, sex-starved beings perpetuate the sexist structure in the isles. Sara is a ___________ theorist.
Symbolic Interaction
_____ is an attribute of work teams which results in a level of performance that is greater than the sum of the individual inputs.
Synergy
_____ uses high-interaction group activities to increase trust and openness among team members.
Team building
According to the Leadership Grid®, which is the best leadership style?
Team management
Which of the following does NOT explain the current popularity of teams?
Teams enable organizations to better utilize employee talents.
Which is NOT a common class of norms appearing in most work groups?
Termination
Countercultures
Terrorist organizations like Al Qaeda are considered [?] in American Society.
Formal Positive Sanction
The Dean's List acts as a [?] in many colleges and universities.
According to your text, the oldest warring parties are:
The Israelis and Palestinians
The U.S. Racial Classification
The U.S. government recognizes 5 official racial categories plus a sixth category as other - 1. American Indian or Alaskan Native - Original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) - tribal affiliation - 2. Asian - People of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent - 3. Black or African American - Origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa - 4. Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific islander - Origins in Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands - 5. White - Origins in Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa - 6. Other - For people who resist identifying with one of the five racial categories above As of 2000 the federal government allowed people to identify with more than one racial category on the census Source: Sociology A Global Perspective by Joan Ferrante
According to the text, which country accounts for 48 percent of world military spending?
The US
Income Inequality
The United States has the most extreme income inequality in the developed world, with the top 5 percent earning an average of 11 times more than the bottom 20 percent. Further, the income gap in the United States is widening, more than doubling between 1980 and 2000. There are even greater gaps between white people and people of color.
Which of the following is not true about social movements?
The are usually begun by individuals within the power structure
Which of the following statements about the history of the car is false?
The car changed dating behavior, as it allowed women to travel farther to find husbands.
Absolute poverty
The commonly used "poverty line" measure of poverty used by the federal government is used to measure which type of poverty?
Crimes against the company are more likely to occur when:
The company is large
Material Culture
The currency a culture uses to purchase goods, the trash disposed of by individuals and the buildings and dwellings where individuals live are all examples of...
Macro Factors Influencing Stratification (3)
The economic system The geographic location of nations Resources
Roles
The expectations associated with a social position.
Social Mobility
The extent and direction of individual movement in the social stratification system.
Racketeering is:
The extortion of funds in exchange for "protection"
absolute
The fact that an unemployed coal miner in Appalachia has a higher standard of living than a doctor in Congo, illustrates the idea that poverty is
What is a dependent variable?
The factor that an experiment or hypothesis tries to explain or predict that is affected by some other factor
the affluent
The federal tax policies of the last four decades, especially in the 1980s and in the ten years from 2001 to 2010, have favored
Enthocentrism
The force that can fuel cultural conflict, but make members of a society feel loyalty and unity to their culture.
Bourgeoisie and Capitalist class
The haves.
Ethnocentrism
The idea behind Mary not wanting to eat fish eyeballs when visiting China because she is an American.
Preference Policies
The idea that sometimes people must be treated differently in order to treat them fairly and create equality.
According to Herbet Gans, the poor perform several positive economic, political, and social functions for more affluent members of society. Which of the following are functions that Gans highlights?
The identification of the poor as deviants upholds the legitmacy of conventional social norms regarding hard work, thrift, and honesty. Because of their lack of political power, the poor often absorb the costs of social change. Within a relatively hierarchical society, the existence of poor people guarantees the higher status of the more affluent.
Socialization
The lifelong process of learning to become a member of the social world.
Life Chances
The likelihood of one's life turning out the way that one desires.
Assimilation tends to take longer under which of the following conditions?
The minority group maintains its own culture.
Which of the following statements about social mobility in the United States is false?
The mobility of women reflects the occupational achievements of their mothers.
Which of the following statements about social mobility in the United States is false?
The mobility of women reflects the occupational achievements of their mothers.
occupation, education, income, and place of residence
The objective method of assessing social class assigns individuals to classes on the basis of
power
The owner of a major league baseball team can fire employees for not winning a pennant, have the city build him a new ballpark, and prevent companies that compete against his own team from airing advertisements during the team's televised games. In Max Weber's view, this owner would most likely be considered to have
what was the basis of the estate system?
The ownership of the land
I
The part of you that wants to get up, tear up the test, leave and get pizza.
Me
The part of you that will keep trudging through the test because you want a good grade and to graduate from college.
Social Self
The perceptions we have of who we are.
Which of the following is an ethnophaulism?
The personnel manager told the applicant that she had excellent work experience for a woman.
Gender Socialization
The process by which people learn the cultural norms, attitudes and behaviors appropriate to their gender.
corporate welfare
The recent bail out of the automobile industry is an example of
relations of production
The relationships people develop to facilitate this process are called the relations of production.
Micro-Level Research
The research level that would examine how elementary school children form cliques on the playground.
What historical event largely shaped conflict theorists' view of social stratification?
The shift from the feudal system to urban industrialism
Nuclear Family
The smallest group of individuals that can legitimately be called a family.
George Herbert Mead
The social theorist that developed the concepts of the "I" and the "Me" in order to explain how the social self develops within the individual.
Gender Identity
The socially constructed meanings associated with males and females.
Criteria societies use to rank others depends on (5):
The society's history Its geographical location Level of development The society's political philosophy The decisions of those in power
C. Wright Mills
The sociologist most closely associated with the sociological imagination.
What region of the United States has the highest clustering of people in poverty?
The south
Assimilation
The structural and cultural merging of minority and majority groups which results in minority members losing their original identity.
Sociology
The study of society.
the titanic
The textbook author uses the historical tragedy of _______ to illustrate the impact of social class on life chances.
Structural Functionalism
The theoretical perspective that assumes social processes work together harmoniously.
Conflict Theory
The theoretical perspective that assumes that society is marked by inequality and change.
Karl Marx
The theorist who's perspective on social stratification suggests that capitalism leads to the development of two social classes known as the proletariat and bourgeoisie.
Conflict Theory
The theory that says by keeping women in traditional gender roles, men maintain control over institutions and resources.
Symbolic Interaction
The theory that says culture dictates the language we learn and how we interpret various situations.
Structural-Functional Theory
The theory that says gender division of labor exists in modern societies because it is efficient and useful to have different-but-complementary male and female roles.
Differential Association Theory
The theory that says if one doe not spend a great deal of time with his deviant friends, he may not become deviant himself.
Structural-Functional Theory
The theory that says sexual regulation ensures that this strong biological drive is satisfied in an orderly way that does not create on-going disruption or jealousy.
Differential Association Theory
The theory that would say people learn to conform or deviate from the individuals they spend time with.
Which statement regarding the nation's income is MOST accurate?
The top 20 percent of Americans earn nearly half the income.
Organic Society
The type of society that, according to Emile Durkheim, would constitute a large, modern society with a complex division of labor.
Open System
The type of stratification system that allows movement between classes.
Social Capital
The various social networks that one is a part of, and all of the relationships that one has with other people.
Culture
The way of life shared by a group of people.
Proletariats
The working class, the have nots
Sociologists consider Jewish Americans an ethnic group because
Their religion is their culture
Karl Marx
Theorist that focused primarily on economic relations in describing social stratification.
Max Weber
Theorist that said there are three dimensions of social class - Power, Prestige and Wealth.
struggle over scarce goods. Evolutionary theory
There is likely to be a struggle over _____
Which of the following generalizations about organizational structures and employee performance and satisfaction is MOST true?
There is no evidence that supports a relationship between span of control and employee performance.
It is the year 2100 and you are the first sociologist on Mars. Your job is to understand inequality on the Martian Base. Which of the following scenarios would you not expect?
There is no inequality on Mars; it is a utopian society that shares all things equally.
Which of the following statements accurately describes situational leadership?
There is no one best way to influence group members.
What do denial, stereotyping, and projection have in common?
They are all ways to deal with sensory information
Which of the following statements is true about charismatic leaders?
They are effective during transitional periods but are often replaced by rational-legal leaders once affairs of state become stable.
Which of the following is NOT true of charismatic leaders?
They are focused on their personal needs.
According to LMX theory, which of the following is NOT true of those individual's who fall into the out-group?
They are trusted.
Which of the following is not one of the characteristics shared by "ideal-type" democracies?
They are usually headed by military juntas
Which of the following is true about virtual teams?
They benefit companies that are spread out in a wide geographic area.
Which of the choices below is not true about terrorists?
They generally act alone.
According to Marx, which of the following is a characteristic of the proletariat?
They have the power to create a classless society if they develop a class consciousness.
conflict perspective.
Thorstein Veblen suggested persons at the top of the social hierarchy convert wealth into conspicuous consumption while the behavior of the lower classes is often subjected to ridicule. Veblen's views are from the
Which of the following would not describe the proletariat according to Karl Marx?
Those who subsist on welfare
According to the text, which of the following is not a typical function of meso-level political institutions?
To socialize new citizens
cooperate. Evolutionary Theory
To survive one must________
Which of the following solutions addresses racism at an individual level?
Tolerance- education programs
placing students into groups based upon their ability and performance levels
Tracking refers to the practice of
According to your text, which of the following types of authority is passed on through the generations?
Traditional authority
According to your text, which is the most likely explanation for the higher absentee rate for women?
Traditionally, women have had the responsibility of caring for home and family.
_____ theory states that people are born with certain characteristics that predispose them to being leaders.
Trait
41 states still limit marriage to men and women. T/F
True
A person may voluntarily become a minority. T/F
True
Based on the Strain Theory there are four deviant models of adaptation and one mode considered to be socially acceptable. T/F
True
Based on the model of Gilbert and Kahl, the upper middle class is the class most shaped by education. T/F
True
Because deviance is inevitable, the more important focus is to find ways to protect people from harmful deviant acts, to find ways to tolerate behavior that is not harmful, and to develop a system of fair treatment for deviants.T/F
True
Because the term "Latino" refers to an ethnic group, Latinos may identify themselves as being black, white, or Native American. T/F
True
Discrimination can occur without the awareness of both those doing the discriminating and those being discriminated against. T/F
True
Functionalists note the incest taboo serves to avoid role confusion in families. T/F
True
In state religions, the government and religion work together to try to shape society. T/F
True
Karl Marx focused primarily on class conflict, whereas more recent theorists have extended the analysis to include conflicts based on gender, race, age, and other dimensions.
True
People who are prejudiced against one racial or ethnic group tend to be prejudiced against other groups. T/F
True
Research has demonstrated that prejudice can have positive ramifications. T/F
True
Research shows divorced fathers often have little contact with their children. T/F
True
Slavery as it was practiced in the pre-Civil War South and apartheid as practiced in South Africa are two examples of internal colonialism. T/F
True
Status inconsistency is common for winners of multimillion-dollar lotteries, especially when the status of their new wealth exceeds the status of their education and occupation.T/F
True
Stripping an individual of his or her identity as a group member is an example of using a degradation ceremony to brand someone as an outsider.T/F
True
The United States Census Bureau allows respondents to choose as many races as they wish in describing who they consider themselves to be. T/F
True
The process of compartmentalization helps people who engage in genocide to maintain a sense of being good and moral. T/F
True
The text points out a number of high-profile examples of white-collar crime by large corporations for which violators never went to jail.T/F
True
The theory of differential association suggests that people who associate with certain groups receive an eccess of definitions about either deviance or conformity. T/F
True
There is a direct relationship between the amount of education an occupation requires and the prestige it holds in society. T/F
True
Based on the Marxist orientation of conflict sociologists, how many distinct social classes exist?
Two
Polyandry
Type of marriage where a wife has more than one husband.
_____ is the degree to which people in a country prefer structured over unstructured situations.
Uncertainty avoidance
Which of the following contributed to the end estate system in Europe?
Urbanization
fair and justified
Use their power to make the distribution of resources seem ________
social control
Use____________to maintain their control in society
In demand; in short suply. Evolutionary theory
Valued items are always _____
Symbolic Interactionist
View that says we learn the meaning of symbols through our interaction with others.
The leader-participation model was developed by _____.
Vroom and Yetton
modernization theory
W. W. Rostrow's theory focusing on the conditions necessary for a lowincome country to develop economically. Arguing that a nation's poverty is largely due to the cultural failings of its people, Rostrow believed poor countries could develop economically only if they give up their "backward" way of life and adopt modern Western economic institutions, technologies, and cultural values that emphasize savings and productive investment (p. 214).
Who was the first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard?
W.E.B. Du Bois
Who formulated a typology that shows how prejudice and discrimination are related but not the same thing?
W.E.B. DuBois
Which of the following statements about social classes in the United States is true?
Wages and salaries for the upper classes have risen in the past 30 years.
Which of the following statements about social classes in the United States is true?
Wages and salaries for the upper classes have risen in the past 30 years.
Which of the following statements about the middle class in the United States is false?
Wages and salaries in the middle classes have increased since the 1980s.
Which of the following statements about the middle class in the United States is false?
Wages and salaries in the middle classes have increased since the 1980s.
declined
Wages in middle class have ____ since the 80s
Workfare and aid programs, WIC, Head Start
Ways trying to help eliminate poverty
healthcare, education, housing, t.v shows (entertainment), assumptions, clothing, gender
What are different forms that racism can take?
caste (ascribed status), class (achieved status, some inherited money, possessions, property),
What are different types of social stratification?
It is universal, social (classes, power, property), ancient, diverse
What are some characteristics of social stratification?
kids are placed in the right track for their abilities, they can excel because they are talented
What are successes for education as a proxy for merit?
Keeps children of the streets Provide young people with a place to congregate Foster a "youth culture" Mate selection market Weakens parental control over youths Moves youth toward independence Provides experience in large, impersonal secondary groups
What are the latent function of education?
Socialization Training individuals Promoting Change Enhancing Personal and Social Development
What are the manifest functions of education?
College education is the most important factor in moving up. The value of an education increases as new jobs are created
What are your changes of mobility?
power, property, education, money
What characteristics define people as members of different social classes?
Social mobility
What concept is used to refer to the movement of individuals or groups from one position of society's stratification system to another?
Relative poverty
What concept refers to a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison to the nation as a whole?
Folkway
What is being violated when one goes to the doctor's office and sits directly beside the only other person in the office even though there are multiple empty seats in the office.
Conspicuous leisure
What term did Thorstein Veblen use to describe the behavior of those at the top of the social hierarchy when they engage in such activities as jetting off to a remote destination for dinner?
Caste
What term is used to refer the hereditary systems of rank that are relatively fixed, immobile, and generally religiously dictated?
Scapegoating
When a minority group is blamed for others' failures and shortcomings.
What is cognitive dissonance?
When attitudes or beliefs held by a person are contradictory
centralized systems
Which of the following economic systems involve state-based planning and control of property?
The sick person relaxes and enjoys resting while recovering.
Which of the following is not a requirement of the sick role?
Conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective argues that competition for scarce resources results in significant political, economic, and social inequality?
Conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective suggests that the higher rates of poverty among single mothers are due to the difficulty women have finding affordable child care, sexual harassment, and sex discrimination in the labor market?
Functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to argue that most talented people would not go to school for many years to become biochemists if they could make as much money and gain as much respect working as elevator operators?
Conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to emphasize that a person's health and educational opportunities are affected by his or her class position in important ways?
Feminist perspective
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to suggest that studies of social class have tended to neglect the occupations and incomes of women as determinants of social rank, thereby elevating the status of males?
Conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would most likely urge policy makers and the general public to look closely at corporate tax breaks, rather than focusing on the allowances given to welfare mothers and their children?
Pitrim Sorokin
Which sociologist first made the distinction between vertical and horizontal mobility?
Bourgeoisie
Which term is used by Karl Marx to refer to the capitalist class that owns the means of production?
decentralized national health care
Which type of health care does the government regulate, but not operate?
Which of the following is NOT considered an ethnic group?
White Americans
we the people/elites/privileged people
Who decides which characteristics fit into racial definitions?
Resocialization
Widowhood, becoming a parent and prison rehabilitation programs are both sources of...
The Feminization of Poverty
Women make up an increasing number of poor people both in the United States and globally Of the poor over the age of 18, 61, are women and 39% men. In high income countries, women live much longer than men eg. France =8.26 years, Switzerland =7.35 years
Which of the following is a difference between men's and women's communication styles?
Women prefer to communicate to build rapport, and men use communication to display knowledge and skill.
Which of the following is NOT true about stress?
Women respond more intensely to stress than men and have a higher risk of heart attack and stroke.
What did peasants have to do under the estate system in exchange for military protection and other services from the nobles?
Work for free on leased land
____ means that organizations are becoming more heterogeneous in terms of gender, race, and ethnicity.
Workforce diversity
Norms
[?] govern social contexts to let us know what is the right and proper behavior in social interaction.
Customs and traditions. Evolutionary theory
_____ determine the distribution of scares resources.
_____ is the only power tactic that is effective across organizational levels.
_____ is the only power tactic that is effective across organizational levels.
Talented individuals , Structural Functionalism
_____ need to be motivated
Differential rewards; most qualified individuals; most valued positions. SF Theory, Davis and Moore
______ must be offered to attract the _______ into the _________
Intellectuals in society
_____________ could help the proletariat develop a class consciousness and to overthrow the bourgeoisie
crime
a behavior that violate criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail, or negative sanctions
machiavellianism
a behavior which causes people to behave to gain power and to control the behavior of others
sex
a biological term referring to ascribed physical differences between males and females.
What of the following best describe action research?
a change process based on the systematic collection of data and then selection of a change action based on what the analyzed data indicate
MBO - management by objectives
a collaborative goal setting process through which organizational goals cascade down throughout the organization
general adaption syndrome GAS
a cycle through which stress occurs alarm resistance and exhaustion
nonprogrammed deicision
a decision that recurs infrequently and for which there is no previously established decision rule
impression management
a direct and intentional effort by someone to enhance his or her own image in the eyes of others
channel noise
a disturbance in communication that is primarily a function of a medium
anomie
a disturbance in the social order
patriarchy
a few men dominate all others, including women, children, less powerful men.
problem solving
a form of decision making in which the issue is unique and alternatives must be developed and evaluated without the aid of a programmed decision rule
hypervigilance
a frantic superficial pursuit of some satisficing strategy
The nominal group technique is
a group decision-making approach that generates creative alternatives independently
composition of a group
a group described in terms of the homogenity or hetergeneity of group members
class:
a group of people sharing the same social position in society. Class is based on income, power, and prestige
organization
a group of people working together to attain common goals
friendship group
a group that is relatively permanent and informal and draws its benefits from the social relationships among its members
interest group
a group that is relatively temporary and informal and is organized around a common activity or interest of its members
Individuals with a high need to achieve prefer all of the following EXCEPT _____
a high degree of risk
constructionists view on deviance
a label, defined as such at a given time and place, subjective experience, and voluntary act
radical innovation
a major breakthrough that changes or creates whole industries
delphi tenchnique
a method of systematically gathering judgments of experts for use in developing forecasts
civil religion
a movement that develops in complex societies which is based on a set of beliefs, symbols, and rituals that pervade many aspects of secular life and institutions; they endorse what the nation stands for.
Prejudice is
a negative attitude, not behavior.
Sociologically, how would a cult be defined?
a new or different religion at odds with the dominant culture and religion
workplace behavior
a pattern of action by the members of an organization that directly or indirectly influences organizational effectiveness
change agent
a person responsible for managing a change effort
aggreeableness
a person's ability to get along with others
psychological contract
a person's set of expectations regarding what he or she will contribute to the organization and wht the organization will provide in return
organizational commitment
a persona identification with and attachment to an organization
attitudes
a persons complexes of beliefs and feelings about specific ideas situations or other people
effort to performance expectancy
a persons perception of the probability that effort will lead to performance
colonialism
a political-economic system under which powerful countries established, for their own profit, rule over weaker peoples or countries and exploited them for their resources and cheap labor
organizational downsizing
a popular trend aimed at reducing the size of corporate staff and middle management to reduce costs
linking role
a position for a person or group that serves to coordinate the activities of two or more organizational groups
command group
a relatevely permanent formal group with functional reporting relationships usually included in the organization chart
learning
a relatively permanent change in behavior or behavioral potential resulting from direct or indirect experience
state religion
a religion that has some autonomy but receives state tax money
What does D represent in the equation A + B + C → D?
a resulting ethnocultural-racial group in society
positive reinforcement
a reward or other desireable consequence that a persona receives after exhibiting behavior
burnout
a sense of exhaustion that develops when someone experiences too much stress for an extended period of time
big five personality traits
a set of fundamental traits that are especially relevant to organizations
classical conditioning
a simple form of learning that links a conditioned response with an unconditioned stimulus
Meritocracy
a social group or organization where people are allocated to positions according to their ability and credentials
Achieved status
a social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts
ascribed status
a social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts
norm
a standard against which the appropriateness of a behavior is judged
decision rule
a statement that tells a decision maker which alternative to choose based on the charcteristics of the decision situation
stressor
a strong stimulus that results in stress
centralization
a structural policy in which decision making authority is concentrated at the top of the organizational hierarchy
class consciousness
a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and the need for collective political action bring about social change
According to the text, the best approach for obtaining knowledge about human behavior is_____.
a systematic approach
rational decision making approach
a systematic step by step process for making decisions
structural change
a systemwide organization development involving a major restructuring of the organization or instituting programs such as quality of work life
An integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events is called
a theory.
conflict model
a very personal approach to decision making because it deals with the personal conflicts that people experience in particularly difficult decision situations
felonies
a year or longer punishment
6 In order to create a conflict-positive organization, there are many interrelated steps to follow. They include which of the following?
a. Empower employees to feel confident and skillful.
In organizational justice, distributive justice:
a. concerns the fairness of outcomes individuals receive.
Which of the following is one of the competencies that make up emotional intelligence?
a. empathy
5 Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in Lewin's change model?
a. freezing
Which of the following is a level of cognitive moral development?
a. the premoral level
Which of the following is an element of the informal organization?
a. values
Change and acquisition is:
a. when the newcomer begins to master the demands of the job.
Ideal type democracies
a.Citizens participate in selecting the government b.Civil liberties are guaranteed c.Constitutional limits are placed on governmental powers d.Governmental structure and process are spelled out e.Written documents such as constitutions are the basis for the development of legal systems
underclass
about four percent of the U.S. population, this group has no income, no connection to the job market, little education, inadequate nutrition, and substandard housing or none at all. They have no possibility of social mobility and little chance of achieving the quality of life that most people would consider minimally acceptable
A fixed standard based on a minimum level of subsistence below which families should not be expected to exist is called
absolute deprivation.
Although she works 30 hours a week, Natalie is unable to earn enough money to bring her and her sons to the poverty line, according to the income requirement set by the federal government. She and her family are experiencing:
absolute poverty
In __________ stratification systems, individuals are allowed to earn positions through their ability and effort.
achieved
A social position that people attain largely through their own efforts is called a(n)
achieved status
The manifest needs as identified by McClelland include
achievement, affiliation, and power.
Members of a minority or subordinate group
acquire membership by being born into that group, have less power over their lives than do members of a majority, share physical or cultural characteristics that distinguish them from the dominant group.
individual discrimination
actions against minority group members which can take the form of exclusion, avoidance, or physical violence
organizational politics
activities carried out by people to acquire enhance and use power and other resources to obtain thier desired outcomes
Research shows that differences in intelligence scores between Blacks and Whites are almost eliminated when
adjustments are made for social and economic characteristics.
Efforts to recruit members of subordinate groups for jobs, promotions, or educational opportunities are called
affirmative action
Sociologists use what term to refer to the conscious experience of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities?
affirmative action
scapegoating
aggressive action motivated by frustration against minority groups because an individual is unable to vent frustration toward a cause
According to most sociologists, gender roles are:
all of the above
According to social control theory, which of the following actions might influence a person to conform?
all of the above
According to the data presented in the text, the United States has more crime than:
all of the above
In the study of the Saints and the Roughnecks, Chambliss found that:
all of the above
The U.S. prison system was originally designed to:
all of the above
White-collar crime is:
all of the above
The _____ communication network is best illustrated by an unstructured committee.
all-channel
Which of the following types of people would be unlikely to do much to change themselves?
all-weather liberal
achieved stratification system
allow individuals to earn positions through their ability and effort (open systems)
Unilateral no fault divorce
allows one person to insist that the marriage has "irreconcilable differences." The two do not have to agree
contingency plans
alternative actions to take if the primary course of action is unexpectedly distupted or rendered inappropriate
Relativity of Deviance
an act becomes deviant when it is socially defined as such by a place, time, personal consequence
trait approach
an approach that attempted to identify stable and enduring character traits that differentiated effective leaders from non leaders
human resource approach
an approach to motivation that assumes employees want and are able to make genuine contributions to the organization
human relations approach
an approach to motivation that suggests that favorable employee attitudes result in motivation to work hard
universal approach
an approach to organization design in which prescriptions or propositions are designed to work in any circumstance
contingency approach
an approach to organization design in which the desired outcomes for the organization can be achieved in several ways
classical organization theory
an early approach to management that focused on how organizations can be structured most effectively to meet thier goals
The following are true about making good business decisions EXCEPT
an estimated 20 percent of decisions made in organizations fail
gatekeeper
an individual who has a strategic position in the network that allows him or her to control information moving in either direction through a channel
cosmopolite
an individual who inks the organization to the external environment and may also be an opinion leader in the group
isolate
an individual who tends to work alone and to interact and communicate little with othes
performance to outcome expectancy
an individuals perception of the probability that performance will lead to certain outcomes
ethics
an individuals personal beliefs about what is right and wrong or good and bad
stess
an individuals response to a strong stimulus
Institutionalization is the process through which _____.
an organization takes on a life of its own
pluralistic organization
an organization that has diverse membership and takes steps to fully involve all people who differ from the dominant group
social responsibility
an organizations obligation to protect and contribute to the social environment in which it functions
punishment
an unpleasant or aversive consequence that results from behavior
Burgeoise
and everyone else works for them. Marx called the upper class, who owned the means of production, the bourgeoisie, and the lower class, who worked for the owners, the proletariat. Marx said that the system was inherently unfair because the proletariat was
According to strain theory, the underlying cause of deviance is that people experience a sense of normlessness. This sense of normlessness is referred to as ________.
anomie
Zhen Wu lives in a rapidly changing society. Technology is changing more quickly than most people can keep up, and the government was recently overthrown. Zhen Wu as well as his family, friends, and neighbors experience a host of new opportunities, excitement, and anxiety. Which of the following is most likely to be the result of these changes?
anomie
Functionalist deviance: Mertonian Strain Theory
anomie forms with very specific norms, culturally defined gaps and the means to get them are not available equally or even at all to everyone; set goals but can't be obtained equally so people feel strain and deviate
Symbols
anything that can stand for something else
outcome
anything that results from performing a particular behavior
When Anthony worked as a prison counselor, he would often ask property offenders why they committed the crime. The overwhelming response was, "I had to feed my family." How would Sykes and Matza classify this response?
appeal to higher loyalties
behavioral approach
approach to leadership that tries to identify behaviors that differentiate effective leaders from nonleaders uses rules of thumb suboptimizing and satisficing in making decisions
Preference policies
are policies based on the belief that sometime people must be treated differently in order to treat them fairly and to create equality
Quota systems
are policies that require employers to hire a certain percentage of minorities
job specialization
as advocated by scientific management it can help improve efficiency but it can also promote monotony and boredom
In __________ stratification systems, the characteristics individuals are born with determine one's position in society.
ascribed
Estate systems
ascribed systems characterized by the concentration of economic and political power in the hands of a small minority of political military elete
The equation A + B + C = A describes
assimilation
The process by which an individual gives up his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture is known as
assimilation
behaviorial approach to decision making
assumes decision makers act with bounded rationality rather than with perfect rationality
critique of liberal feminist
assuming that equal opportunities and greater individual rights for women alone would lead to greater equality
Labeling Theory
audience determines what is deviant and people move from primary to secondary deviance. The labeler enforces social norms and rules and establishes boundaries
5 A process of self-motivation and evaluations by a manager, peers, and possibly customers is known as?
b. 360 degree feedback
________ is a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment resulting from in-group pressures.
b. Groupthink
________ results from inaccurate definition of the expected job performance.
b. Invalidity
________ is the belief that one has the ability to do a job well.
b. Self-determination
Cognitive dissonance is caused by a conflict between:
b. attitudes and behavior.
The characteristics which appropriately impact the design of an organization's design processes are known as:
b. contextual variables.
The most simplistic name for two or more people having common interests or objectives is a ________.
b. group
6 In attribution theory, a non-performing employee's internal attribution might include:
b. lack of commitment.
On the Leadership Grid, a manager who has a medium concern for people and production is a(n):
b. organization man manager.
A dynamic follower is one who:
b. practices self-management.
Teams are very useful when:
b. the tasks are interrelated.
Silence as a response has:
b. value for the listener who needs to sort out thoughts.
Scientific management emphasized:
b. work simplification.
social class system
based on achieved status, share comparable styles of living, levels of education, culture, and patterns of social interaction
Racial profiling is
based on stereotypes.
preference policies
based on the concept of equity, the belief that people must be treated differently in order to be treated fairly
The exploitation theory explains the
basis of racial discrimination in the United States.
American Psychological Association ethical principles dictate that potential research participants should be told enough about the experiment to
be able to give their informed consent.
Alienation
because they do not feel they can affect the process
The application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in the work setting is referred to as _____.
behavior modification
employee centered leader behavior
behavior occurs when the leader attempts to develop a cohesive work group and ensure that employees are basically satisfied with thier jobs
job centered leader
behavior occurs when the leader pays close attention to the work of subordinates
employee centered leader behavior
behavior that involves attempting to build effective work groups with high performance goals
consideration behavior
behavior that involves being concerned with subordinates feelings and respecting subordinates ideas
initiating structure behavior
behavior that involves clearly defining the leader subordinate roles so that subordinates know what is expected of them
job centered leader behavior
behavior that involves paying close attention to the work of subordinates explaining work procedures and demonstrating a strong interest in performance
continuous reinforcement
behavior that is rewarded every time it occurs
job centered and employee cenetred leader
behavior were presumed to be at opposite ends of a single dimension
deviance
behavior, belief, condition that violates social norms in the society or group in which it occurs
Functionalist
believe that citizens legitimize political systems by supporting them
Conflict theorist
believe that the state protects the privileged position of a few. The power elite theory stems from conflict theory's contention that power is concentrated in the hands of the elite
Conflict theorists generally agree that two major sources of power in American society, ____ and _______, are closely interrelated.
big business and government
sex
biological characteristics
Decision makers operate within the confines of _____ i.e., they construct simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity.
bounded rationality
The capitalist societies the means of production are controlled by members of what Marx called the _______.
bourgeosie
Empowerment is a strategy focused on improving all of the following EXCEPT
bureaucracy
The ____ is characterized by highly routine operating tasks achieved through specialization.
bureaucracy
property crime
burgulary, motor vehicle theft, larceny theft and arson
organized crime
business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit
Legitimated
by cultural beliefs
conflict theory
by keeping women in subordinate roles, men ensure that they control the means of produc*on and protect their privileges - Men will not voluntarily give up their current beneficial posi*ons of power
Conflict theory idea on sex-based stratification
by keeping women in subordinate roles, men ensure that they control the means of production and protect their privileges ␣ Men will not voluntarily give up their current beneficial positions of power
Which tactic is an American manager most likely to use when dealing with a tardy employee?
c. If you don't start reporting on time for work, I will have to cut your pay.
________ conflict occurs when a person experiences conflict among the multiple roles in his or her life.
c. Interrole
Which of the following statements about barriers to communication is TRUE?
c. They include gender differences and language.
The mechanics approach to job design emphasizes:
c. a lower chance of mental overload.
In studying motivational theories, we are learning that:
c. achievement is more of a motivator for Americans than for other nationalities.
It is the position of the authors, Nelson and Quick, that:
c. adapting, flexibility, and responsiveness are desirable hallmarks in change management.
The most visible and accessible level of culture is:
c. artifacts.
The "interpersonal glue" that helps work groups stay together is known as:
c. group cohesion.
Type theory states that introverts:
c. have excellent social skills but prefer the internal world of ideas, thoughts, and concepts.
In comparing the organizational design needs of the small organization and the large organization, which of the following is a consideration for the small organization?
c. more centralization
Which of the following job core characteristics does NOT directly relate to meeting the needs of a critical psychological state?
c. rate of pay
Identify the five major barriers to social perception.
c. selective perception, stereotyping, first-impression error, projection and self-fulfilling prophecies
behavioral approaches to leadership
came from Michigan studies - the Ohio state studies and the leadership grid
An economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for ecnomic activity is the accumulation of profit is called ______.
capitalism
haves
capitalist bourgeoisie, controlled the means of production, social control to maintain society
the bourgeoisie is called the
capitalist class
which of the four systems of stratification allows the least opportunity for social mobility among all members of a society?
castes
If attitudes and behavior are inconsistent, individuals will most likely _____
change either their attitudes or behavior
Intergenerational mobility
change in status compared to parents' status, usually resulting from education and occupational attainment
Changes in corporate strategy precede and lead to _____.
changes in an organization's structure
social mobility
changing one's social position, refers to the "extent to which people move up or down in the class system"
ascribed stratification system
characteristics determine one's position in society (closed systems)
ascribed stratification systems
characteristics individuals are born with determines ones position in society
negative emotionality
characterized by moodiness and insecurity
estate system
characterized by the concentration of economic and political power in the hands of a small minority of political-military elite, with the peasantry tied to the land, common in Europe and Japan, based on ownership of land, position one's born into, or military strength
split market theory
characterizes the labor market as having 2 levels
Someone with an outstanding gift or exceptional quality that draws others to them and their message is said to possess ________.
charisma
Which is a major contributing factor to the transformational leader?
chharisma
People's social class can affect which of the following?
child rearing formal schooling religious affiliation
According to the garbage can model of decision making, the four factors that need to connect to make a decision are problems, participants, solutions, and
choice opportunities
Functionalist Perspective on deviance
clarifies rules, unites a group, and promotes social change
Weber's three distinct components of stratification are _____, _______. and _______.
class power status group
Max Weber identified distinct components of stratification. Which of the following are the components?
class status power
In Max Weber's view, social stratification is driven by
class, status, and power
Max Webber -
classical organization theory was concerned with structuring organizations effectively
a social system that allows little or no possibility of individual social mobility is called and a(n) ____.
closed
Functionalist Deviance: Opportunity Strain theory
cloward and ohlin, must be opportunity for the individual to deviate and they must have access to illegitimate opportunity structures
Which of the following is the least effective method of influencing others?
coalition formation
The belief that "discrimination is wrong" is a value statement. Such an opinion is the _____ component of an attitude.
cognitive
affinity group
collections of employees from the same level in the organization who meet on a regular basis to share information capture emerging opportunities and solve problems
crowd behavior
collective behavior in which a crowd acts, at least temporarily, as a unified group
According to Karl Marx, the proletariat need_____ _____ _______ to bring about social change.
collective political action
All of the following are processes that may create subordinate groups EXCEPT
colonialism
The maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a people by a foreign power for an extended period of time is known as
colonialism.
The use of race-neutral principles to defend the racially unequal status quo is called
color-blind racism
product development teams
combinations of work teams and problem solving teams that create new designs for products or services that will satisfy customers needs
Open System Model
combine internal processes and external environment; the external environment provides the organization with inputs (workers and raw materials) and feedback (accessibility of the product)
practical approach to decision making
combines the advantageous features of the rational and behavioral approaches
matrix design
combines two different designs to gain the benefits of each typically combined are product or project departmentalization scheme and a functional structure
beauty image
come from billboards, magazine covers, TV, and movie screens; some of these images are unattainable by most women because they have been created through surgeries and eatting disorders
Worldwide networks of labor resources and production processes that create a product are called:
commodity chains
gender roles
commonly assigned tasks or expected behaviors linked to an individual's sex determined status
gender roles
commonly assigned tasks or expected behaviors linked to an individual's sex determined statuses
The only way a person can influence someone else is to
communicate
self reactions
comparisons of alternatives with internatlized moral standards
Which of the following aspects is not characteristic of the ideal american male?
compassionate
performance management system PMS
comprises the processes and activities involved in performance appraisals
Hawthorne Studies
conducted between 1927 and 1932 led to some of the first discoveries of the importance of huma behavior in organizations
The theory of social change that assumes that change is inevitable because of inequality in society is:
conflict
Which of the following perspectives on race and ethnicity tends to emphasize group tensions between the privileged and the exploited?
conflict
________________ theorists argue that poor women in capitalistic economic systems are used as reserve labor force that can be called and dismissed as needed.
conflict
__________________ theorists believe that state protects the privileged position of a few, allowing them to consolidate power.
conflict
"By keeping women in traditional gender roles, men maintain control over institutions and resources." This statement most closely reflects
conflict theory
which sociological perspective argues that competition for scarce resources results in significant economic, political, and social inequality?
conflict theory
Social Movements
consciously organized attempts outside of established institutions to enhance or resist change through group action
reinforcement
consequence of behavior
_____ is the extent to which a person is likely to have job relationships that are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees' ideas, and regard for their feelings.
consideration
management teams
consist of manages from various areas they coordinate work teams
Family of orientation
consists of parents and siblings
Thorstein Veblen called purchasing obviously expensive automobiles and building very large houses with excessive rooms _____ ________.
conspicuous consumption
A Hispanic college student from the southwest U.S. arrives at college to find that her roommate is a Jewish woman from New York. As they get to know one another, they are able to overcome their initial prejudices and grow to appreciate each other's strengths and talents. This is an example of the
contact hypothesis
incremental innovation
continues the technical improvement and extends the applications of radical and systems innovations
unconflicted adherence
continuing with current activities if doing so does not entail serious risks
Stan is trying to implement a new organizational structure at his company. A group of key employees is resisting the change. In an attempt to "buy off" the leaders, Stan is giving them a key role in the change decision. He doesn't really value their opinion, but wants their endorsement. Stan is using the change strategy of _____.
cooptation
Individuals with a positive _____ like themselves, see themselves as effective, capable, and in control of their environment.
core self-evaluations
A researcher is interested in learning whether young people whose fathers are absent from the home are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior. She compares the arrest rates of boys whose fathers are absent with those of boys whose fathers are present in the home. This is an example of
correlational study.
Which of the following is an example of social capital?
country club membership
systems innovation
creates a new functionality by assembling parts in new ways
The forms of deviance in which formal penalties are imposed by society are considered _______
crimes
The forms of deviance in which formal penalties are imposed by society are considered ________.
crimes
Assimilation
cultural blending of groups which results in minority members losing their original identity
Josh, a young black adult who grew up poor in New York, is having difficulty in college. He does not know how to dress for "formal" events, how to tie a tie, or own a pair of dress shoes. According to sociologists, Josh lacks:
cultural capital
oganizational climate
current situations in an organization and the linkages among work groups employees and work performance
Which one of the following is NOT one of the five major elements in a managing culture?
d. How well leaders know their employees.
Which of the following statements best describes our understanding of the "avoidance approach" to conflict?
d. It is all right to use this approach when issues seem trivial.
In Perrow's study of the impact of technology on organization design, he considered all but which of the following elements?
d. The span of control in an organization as a whole.
The idea of placing human consideration at the center of job design is called:
d. anthropocentric.
Powerful external forces for change do not include:
d. bureaucratic guidelines.
Responsibilities of a team leader, in contrast to a manager, include:
d. hands-on skills of direct involvement and full membership in the team.
The correspondence between attitudes and behaviors doesn't depend on:
d. selective perception.
According to the Situational Leadership model, a ________ style is characterized by high task behavior and high relationship behavior.
d. selling
Power distance is:
d. the degree to which a culture accepts unequal distribution of power.
3 Problem solving and decision making are often examples of
d. two-way communication.
side effect discrimination
de facto discrimination that rests on links between practices in different institutions
past in present discrimination
de facto discrimination where practices from the past that no longer be allowed still affects people
Discrimination that is done deliberately because of cultural images of women as inferior to or fundamentally different from men:
de jure discrimination
Discrimination that is done deliberately because of cultural images of women as inferior to or fundamentally different from men:
de-facto discrimination
Subordinate groups include
deaf people, women, Roman Catholics
The Delphi technique is best suited for
decision making for groups that are difficult to bring physically together
Victor Vroom - and Philip Yetton
decision model that takes the form of tree
Janis Mann process
decision process that makes 5 assumptions - deals only with important life decisions
The working class is
declining in size
extinction
decreases the frequency of behavior by eliminating a reward or desirable consequence that follows that behavior
Social Change
defined as variations or alterations over time in the behavior patterns, culture (including norms and values), and structure of society
Mintzberg, Henry
defined basic managerial roles such as interpersonal roles - informational roles critical managerial skills
Social Class
defined by property, power, and prestige; it is officially achieved, but actually inherited in part
Which of the following is NOT one of the key factors in creating effective teams?
demographics
generally supports the basic values of the larger society, has a clear hierarchy, trained leadership, and accommodates the state
denominations
Avoidance of ______ is why most organizations develop multiple suppliers rather than give their business to only one.
dependency
A research psychologist manipulates the level of fear in human participants in the laboratory and then examines what effect the different levels of fear have on the participants' reaction times. In this study, reaction time is the __________variable.
dependent.
In a psychological experiment, the factor being measured is called the __________ variable.
dependent.
Opinion polls and surveys
describe public opinion at the moment they are taken.
theory X
described by Douglas McGregor is an approach to management that takes a negative and pessimistic view of workers
theory Y
described by Douglas McGregor is an approach to management that takes a positive and optimistic perspective on workers
rational approach to decision making
describes a systematic - step by step rocess
Jimmy's gang is warring with Francisco's gang. To keep Francisco from attacking, Jimmy has bought an assault rifle. This is an example of:
deterrence
French and Raven
developed - legitimate power - reward power - coercive power -expert power and referent power
John RP French and Bertram Raven
developed a framework for studying five general bases of power in organizational change
Path goal theory of leadership
developed by Martin Evans and Robert House
Fred Fiedler
developed the contingency theory - considers the personality of the leader and the complexities of the situation
_______ is defined as the violation of social norms.
deviance
SI differential association theory
deviance is learned through face to face interaction
The theory of behavior in which people who associate with some groups learn an "excess of definitions" of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant is ________.
differential association theory
symbolic interactionist perspective on deviance
differential association theory, burgess and akers, rational choice theory, hirschos social control theory, labeling theory,
SI burgess and akers
differential re-enforcement and includes operant conditioning
According to the goal-setting theory of motivation, goals should be _____.
difficult but attainable
The spread of a new finding from one place to another is known as:
diffusion
Secularization
diminishing influence and role of religion in everyday life; a movement away from the supernatural and sacred in favor of logic and empirical evidence
The relocation of Native Americans to reservations and the transfer of Americans of Japanese descent to internment camps during World War II are examples of ________.
direct transfer
A _____ leadership style, identified by House in path-goal theory, leads to greater satisfaction when tasks are ambiguous or stressful than when they are highly structured and well laid out.
directive
According to Ogburn, the findings of stem cell research are:
discoveries
Reluctant liberals are those who
discriminate if there is social pressure to do so.
The president of a bank refuses to hire the most qualified candidate for a key management position because he is Jewish. This is an example of
discrimination
de jure
discrimination that is deliberate, often justified by beliefs about women's inability to carry out certain tasks.
de facto
discrimination that is unintended
Labor-management negotiations over wages exemplifies _____ bargaining.
distributive
Work specialization is also referred to as ___
division of labor
Puja got a very short new haircut, so she wore a dress, big earrings, and lots of makeup so that she would still look feminine. Puja is:
doing gender
In sociological terms, a majority is the same as a
dominant group.
De jure discrimination
done deliberately because of cultural images of women as inferior to or fundamentally different from men
de jure discrimination
done legally & deliberately because of cultural images of women as inferior/weaker to or fundamentally different from men
The question "To whom do you go to for information about what's going on?" is commonly asked
during a social network analysis
Structural-functionalist theory idea on sex-based stratification
each sex has a role to play in the interdependent groups and institutions of society ␣ As societies organize, roles and relationships change ␣ Mechanicalsolidarity(commonvaluesand emotional ties between members) ␣ Organicsolidarity(separate,but interdependent ties between members) Gender division exist because two types of complimentary roles are necessary for efficiency and survival of a society: ␣ Expressive(privatesphere-familyrelated work) ␣ Instrumental(publicsphere-workoutside the home)
A state religion is referred to as a(n) ________ when the government and religion work together to try to shape society.
ecclesia
claims everybody in certain boundaries
ecclesia
Minimum - wage earners constitute a social class because they share the same
economic position
Which of the following plays the most critical role in social mobility?
education
Which of the following solutions address racism at the societal level?
education reforms
Jane is concerned that her company is selling products of very poor quality. However, when meeting with customers, Jane feels obligated to be positive and express confidence about the quality of the product. Jane is likely experiencing _____.
emotional dissonance
People who exhibit _____ know their own emotions and are good at reading others' emotions may be more effective in their jobs
emotional intelligence
Which of the following is NOT thought to be a determinant of personality?
emotional intelligence
Six universal _____ are anger, fear, sadness, happiness, disgust, and surprise.
emotions
Tannen's research indicates that men use talk to ___, while women use it to _____.
emphasize status; create connection
marxist/ critical conflict theory
emphasizes relationship between deviance and capitalism
A mechanistic organization
emphasizes specialization and control
According to equity theory model,
employee satisfaction is dependent on how fairly the employee believes he or she is treated in comparison to others
Which of the following is an example of institutional discrimination?
employment and housing discrimination
Based on what has worked in Africa, how could the U.S. improve political representation among women?
encourage proportional representation
job enrichment
entails giving workers more tasks to perform and more control over how to perform them
defensive avoidance
entails making no changes in present activities and avoiding any further contact with associated issues because thre appears to be no hope of finding a better solution
intrapreneurship
entrepreneurial activity that takes place within the context of a large corporation
The practice of locating landfills near minority neighborhoods exemplifies
environmental justice.
poverty line
estimated minimum income required to pay for food, shelter, and clothing.Anyone falling below this income is categorized as poor
A(n) _____is a situation in which an employee must define right and wrong conduct.
ethical dilemma
For the last five years, Sarah has been trying to recover her ethnic heritage by tracing her family line. This attempt to trace her family line is an example of ________.
ethnic work
While race might reflect our biological heritage, ________ reflects our cultural heritage.
ethnicity
The tendency to assume that one's culture and way of life are superior to all others is termed
ethnocentrism.
decision criteria are used to
evaluate alternatives
glass escalator
even if men do not seek to climb in the organiza*onal hierarchy, occupa*onal social forces push them up the job ladder into higher echelons, especially in female-dominated occupa*ons
Glass Escalator
even if men do not seek to climb in the organizational hierarchy, occupational social forces push them up the job ladder into higher echelons, especially in female-dominated occupations
organizational environment
everything outside an organization including people other organizations economic factors objects and events that lie outside the boundaries of the organization
Jason is studying race among the homeless. He finds that blacks and Mexicans are more likely to be in "public housing" than whites and Asians. He interprets this finding as "those in power exploiting those without power." Most likely, Jason adheres to:
evolutionary theory
environmental uncertainty
exists when managers have little information about environmental events and their impact on the organization
In some tribal societies it is highly encouraged for the son or daughter of one tribe to marry the son or daughter of a neighboring or rival tribe to build camaraderie and form an alliance. This pattern of marital behavior is called ________.
exogamy
heteronormativity
expectation that people will be sexually attracted to members of the other sex
Manipulating one or two factors while holding others constant is the essence of
experimental control.
When the laboratory experiment deeply absorbs and involves participants, the experiment has
experimental realism.
To determine whether changing one variable (like education) will produce changes in another (like income), we need to conduct __________________ research.
experimental.
Which research method have social psychologists used in about three-fourths of their studies?
experimental.
Which approach explains how racism can stigmatize a group as inferior so that the exclusion of that group can be justified?
exploitation theory
According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), Bill is a thinking-type. When reviewing a vendor proposal with his boss, he will most likely
express his opinion
Nonverbal communication has the main purpose of
expressing the communicator's emotions behind the message
Eliminating any reinforcement that is maintaining an unwanted behavior is called _____.
extinction
When organized around the Big Five, _____ is the most important trait of effective leaders.
extraversion
micro level factors of mobility
factors of what and what level by these examples: family background, socialization, education, and personal characteristics
macro level factors of mobility
factors of what and what level by these examples: occupational structure and economic vitality, discrimination based on gender or race, global economic situation, population trends
group performance factors
factors that affect the success of the group in fulfilling its goals including composition size norms and cohesiveness
primary dimensions of diversity
factors that are either inborn or exert extraordinary influcene on early socialization age ethnicity gender physical abilities race and sexual orientation
hygiene factors
factors that are extrinsic to the work itself and include factors such as pay and job security
motivation factors
factors that are intrinsic to the work itself and include achievement and recognition
Which of the following is an example of a mass behavior?
fads
Equal opportunity legislation is likely to influence the behavior of
fair-weather liberals, reluctant liberals, timid bigots.
A prejudice is an action that one individual directs toward another individual.
false
Ideological racism is one's insistence that one is not prejudiced or racist.
false
The definition of blackness in the United States has always been that an individual is black if at least one or more of the person's parents is black.
false
The term "dominant groups" refers to a numerical majority.
false
The term minority group is used to denote that a group is the statistical minority in a society or culture.
false
key factor in maintaining gender streotypes and gender inequality in the paid labour force
family responsibilities and child care continue to be disproportionately assigned to women
Meso level political institutions are influence by other institutions
family, education, religion, health care, an economics
Employees resist change most often because of the
fear of an adverse outcome
Matriarchy
female authority
Elizabeth argued that one reason women are abused by their husbands is because their unpaid labor is undervalued in society. Which perspective is Elizabeth most likely using?
feminist
People with authoritarian personalities
fight against conventional values.
interpersonal roles
figurehead role - leader role - liasion role - are involved primarily with interactions with other people
Jake tells his boss only what he believes the boss wants to hear. He is engaging in _____.
filtering
underrepresented occupation in women
firefighters, airline pilots
Fiedler's contingency model assumes that an individual's leadership style is _____.
fixed
caste system:
fixed and permanent, assigned to it at birth, without any chance of getting out
The three most popular types of _____ are modular plans, core-plus options, and flexible spending accounts.
flexible benefits
Susan works from 6 a.m. to 3 p.m. each day, while other employees in her office work from 10 a.m. to 7 p.m. It appears that Susan's employer offers a _____ option.
flextime
All of the following are ways to become a learning organization EXCEPT
focus development efforts on senior management
Capitalism
focuses on profit, made through free competition between competitors for the available markets. Marx argued that institutions like education, politics, laws, and religion would evolve to preserve the position of the elite. Pure capitalism is that profit is the only value that drives the system
Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership theory differs from other leadership theories most clearly because it _____.
focuses on the followers
When the Native Americans were pacified by the military in the late 1800s, they were forced to learn the English language, dress like the white man, renounce their religion, and give up their customs. This was a classic example of ________.
forced assimilation
Sects
form in protest against its parent religion; separated from other religions and social groups, claim a monopoly over religious truth, and often demand total allegiance of their members
All of the following serve to sustain a culture EXCEPT _____.
formalization
The _____ stage in group development which is characterized by uncertainty.
forming
Hurschi's sociol contron/ bonding theory
four bonds of attachment, commitment, involvement and belief an individual my have to society
Leaders demonstrate _____ when they use language to influence followers' perceptions of the world, the meaning of events, beliefs about causes and consequences, and visions of the future.
framing
Carlin wants to study the civil rights movement in the United States. His hypothesis is that the movement has actually been a series of slow, small changes that have helped society run more smoothly. Carlin is most likely using a ________ perspective.
functionalist
Which type of sociologists would consider deviance to be a natural part of society?
functionalist
Stereotypes are applied to
gamblers, lesbians, peoples with disabilities
The socially constructed meanings associated with males and females are called:
gender identity
liberal feminist
gender inequality in sex role socialization and sexism
Marxist feminist
gender inequality is rooted in class oppression under capitalism, a system based on private ownership of property -women provide household labour and service therby making it possible for capitalist to extract more work from wage laborers
Symbolic interactionism idea on sex-based stratification
gender is socially constructed; physical, biological differences come to be regarded as symbols that differentiate rights and rewards in society ␣ Gender is not intrinsically related to sex ␣ Human agency - humans are influenced by and influence the society they live in ␣ Doing gender - routinely interacting with others in ways that recreate gendered norms - how men and women behave
The process by which people learn the cultural norms, attitudes, and behaviors appropriate to their gender is:
gender socialization
sex
generally seen as a term referring to ascribed genetic, anatomical, and hormonal differences between males and females
The massacre of Native Americans in the 1800s, the extermination of the Jews in Nazi Germany, and the slaughter of the Tutsis in Rwanda are all examples of ________.
genocide
The war between the Hutu and Tutsi people of Rwanda would be considered
genocide
Which term is most appropriate in describing the U.S. government's policies toward the Native Americans in the nineteenth century?
genocide
A manager trying to motivate an employee should
give ample feedback
global commodity chain:
global inequality
John's performance evaluation rates him on a scale of 1 to 5 for characteristics such as job knowledge and cooperation. John's company is using a _____ performance evaluation system.
graphic rating scale
Crimes committed by a person in top positions in business have a _______ economic cost, especially for tax payers, than street crime. (greater, lower)
greater
Rituals
group activities in which myths are reinforced
fragmentation (demise)
group breaks apart due to unmet goals, exhausted resources, or leadership that is inept, no longer legitimate, or co-opted by powerful mainline organizations
race
group identified by a society because of physical characteristics
Japanese are more likely than Americans to complete the sentence "I am . . ." with their
group identities.
According to Max Weber, the word "class" refers to a
group of people who have a similar level of wealth and income
race
group within the human species that is identified by a society as presumably having certain biologically inherited physical characteristics
minority group
groups in a population that differ in characteristics and are therefore subject to less power, fewer privileges, and discrimination
New religious movements
groups survive for several generations, become established, and gain some legitimacy, they become new religions in the society rather than new denominations of the existing faith
ethnic group
groups within the human species that are based on cultural factors
Process consultants wil
guide and coach on workflow, informal relationships, and communication
Reinforcement theory
has operant conditioning at its foundation
underclass
has virtually no property, prestige, or power
Members of a minority or subordinate group
have a sense of group solidarity.
When theories are discarded, it is usually because they
have been displaced by newer, better theories.
The not-so-empty nest is a phrase that refers to when children ________.
have moved out as young adults, then return to live with their parents
Authoritarian Systems
headed by dictators or military juntas with absolute power are and have been common forms in the world The totalitarian form is often based on a specific political ideology and run by a single ruling group or party, often referred to as an oligarchy
A team member in the role of process observer contributes by
helping the group look at how it's functioning
__________________focuses on social processes that define homosexuality as deviant and legitimize heterosexuality as the only normal lifestyle.
heterosexism
People in good moods use _____, or rules of thumb, to make decisions.
heuristics
Exposure to ________ appears to improve racial tolerance.
higher education
Amy reads a research article and feels like it didn't tell her anything she didn't already know. However, when asked to guess the results of another experiment before reading it, she cannot. Amy's experience illustrates the
hindsight bias.
Outsourcing means that a company
hires other companies to do some of its work
The type of social mobility people experience when they move form one social position to another of the same rank is called ______ mobility.
horizontal
strain/stress,
how are social movements ignited?
sexuality
how culture shapes the meanings of our experiences with our own bodies and our bodies in relation to others.
dual career, power, who makes more money, technology, addiction
how do broader social factors influence divorce?
family formation depends on religion, where you live, govt, money
how do broader social factors influence family formation?
it is where we are born and raised and where our parents instituted the characteristics and beliefs into us.
how do family of orientations help determine who we are as individuals?
the norms of the society help determine if a person is sick (socially defined symptoms and circumstances) if they are sick they are subjected to certain sick roles
how do social factors determine what is regarded as illness and how we respond to it?
social stratification
how individuals and groups are layered or ranked in society according to how many valued resources they possess
gender identity
how individuals form their identity using gender categories
job design
how organizations define and structure jobs
Cognitive style is determined by
how people gather and evaluate information
Social psychology is the scientific study of
how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.
Karl Marx focused on...
how stratification benefits those on top at the expense of those on the bottom. For Marx, stratification is a case of oppression and exploitation. This perspective best describes the sociological view of stratification today. Stratification divides people, and elites maintain it for their own benefit. They allow a small amount of social mobility to continue so that people will blame themselves when they do not succeed in rising in social class.
Sexuality
how we experience our own bodies and our bodies in relation to others
sexuality
how we experience our own bodies and our bodies in relation to others
Global interdependencies
i. The more dependent a country is, the more inequality is likely to exist between that country and core countries
job characteristics approach
identifies five motivational properties of tasks and three psychological states of people
dual structure theory
identifies motivation factors which affect satisfaction and hygiene factors which determine dissatisfaction
A justification to invade Iraq was "to bring democracy to the Iraqi people." This is an example of a(n) ________ justification for war.
ideological
homogeneous group
if members are similar in one of the several traits such as age - work experience education or technical specialty or cultural background
heterogeneous group
if members of the group differ along one or more dimensions
occupational (white-collar) crime
illegal activities committed in the course of a persons employment or financial affairs
political crime
illegal or unethical acts involving the use of power by government officials
male stereotypes
image of perfect body, unemotional can lead to guilt, anxiety and neuroses
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was given the power to
impose fines on organizations in violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
circle network
in this type of network -each member communicates with the people on both sides but with no one else
all channel network
in this type of network all members communicate with all other members
chain network
in this type of network each member communicates with the person above and below except for the individuals on each end who each communicate with only one person
wheel network
in this type of network information flows between the person at the end of each sopke and the person in the middle
meritocracy
in which those who rule the society, and those who take the most important jobs, are in those positions because they deserve to be.
work teams
include all the people working in an area are relatively permanent and do the daily work making decisions regarding how the work of the team is done
individual processes
include individual differences -attitudes personalities perception attribution, employee motivation learning reinforcement and work stress
lifestyle
includes your attitudes, values, beliefs, behavior patterns, and other aspects of your place in the world
Relative poverty
income falls below the poverty line, resulting in inadequate standard of living relative to others in a given country.
Results of the contingency model
inconsistent LPC lacks validity
self-fulfilling prophecy
incorporation of stereotypes behavior into an individuals view of themselves
Between the year 2010 and 2050, the proportion of the U.S. population that is Black, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American will likely
increase from 36% to 54%
Advances in information technology have
increased access to information and made delayering possible
What is a common result of information overload?
increased work stress
An experimenter exposes participants to different temperature levels to determine its effect on aggression. Temperature is the
independent variable.
The traditional view of conflict argues that conflict _____.
indicates a malfunctioning within the group
social inconsistency
individual can have a great deal of prestige, yet not command much wealth
Personality psychologists are more interested in _______________, while social psychologists more likely focus on _____________________.
individual differences; our common humanity
tertiary deviance
individual relabels behavior as nondeviant
leadership substitutes
individual task and organizational characteristics that tend to outweigh the leaders ability to affect subordinates satisfaction and performance
achieved stratification systems
individuals are allowed to earn positions through their ability and effort
mass behavior
individuals communicate or respond in a similar manner to an ambiguous situation, often based on common information from the news or on the internet
popularization
individuals join efforts, define goals and strategies, develop recruitment tactics, and identify leaders; the social movement enters the public arena
Social psychology is to _____________ as sociology is to ________________.
individuals; groups
Social_____ is the result of certain groups having more power an standing in the social hierarchy.
inequality
Smiles, frowns, and hugs are all examples of:
informal external controls
The office grapevine is an example of
information communication
According to attribution theory,
information on causation is gathered on three dimensions of behavior
The boundaryless organization relies heavily on _____.
information technology
primary deviance
initial rule breaking
Susie is a first-year college student. Although she wants to be popular, she has refused invitations to attend underage drinking parties. Susie has a strong respect for authority, even when it conflicts with a simple matter such as attending a college party. Susie's decision in this situation demonstrates a quality of control theory called ________.
inner control
At one time, many Puerto Ricans were effectively barred from serving in the Chicago Police Department because they failed to meet a height requirement. This was an example of
institutional discrimination
The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups which results from the normal operations of a society is known as
institutional discrimination
The 4I framework of a learning organization consists of intuiting, interpreting, integrating, and
institutionalization
Which of the following is not a social that Karl Marx focused on in capitalist society?
intelligentsia
Homophobia
intense fear and hatred of homosexuality and homosexuals ␣ Highly correlated with a belief in traditional gender roles ␣ Homosexual slurs are used to reinforce gender conformity
Institutional discrimination
intentional and unintentional actions engrained in the normal or routine part of the way an organization operates that have consequences that restrict minority group members • Side-effect discrimination • Past-in-present discrimination
institutional discrimination
intentional and unintentional actions in a normal or routine part of the way an organization operates
The _____ view of conflict argues that some conflict is absolutely necessary for a group to perform effectively.
interactionist
What category of sociologists would be most interested in the way that social class shapes individual lifestyles?
interactionists
__________________ are interested in how physical differences between men and women come to be symbols that result in different social rights and rewards
interactionists
A slot machine is an example of _____ reinforcement.
intermittent
Slavery and apartheid are both examples of the ways in which a country's dominant group exploits minority groups for its economic advantage. What do sociologists call this policy?
internal colonialism
About 1.7 percent of babies are born with "anomolies of sex chromosomes, internal procreative organs, and external genitalia in a variety of combinations" otherwise known as the:
intersexed
About 1.7 percent of babies are born with "anomolies of sex chromosomes, internal procreative organs, and external genitalia in a variety of combinations" otherwise known as the:
intersexed
In the book Profiles of Genius, thirteen key executives were interviewed and tested and all were found to be _____ types. This result is particularly interesting because this type represents only about five percent of the population.
intuitive thinking
informational roles
involve some aspect of information processng - monitor - disseminator - spokesperson decision making entrepreneur - disturbance handler resource allocator negotiater role
Job _____ measures the degree to which a person identifies psychologically with his or her job and considers his or her perceived performance level important to self-worth.
involvement
patriarchy
involves a few men dominating and holding authority over all others
strict affirmative action
involves affirmative or positive steps to make sure that unintentional discrimination doesn't occur
job enlargement
involves giving workers more tasks to perform
unconflicted change
involves making changes in present activities if doing so presents no serious risks
Prestige
involves the esteem and recognition one receives based on wealth, position, or accomplishment
vigilant information processing
involves thoroughly investigating all possible alternatives weighing their costs and benefits before making a decision and developing contingency plans
nation state
is a political, geographical, and cultural unit with recognizable boundaries and a system of government
Stratification
is a ranking of people. All societies rank people in some way, although different societies use different criteria. Once ranked, people receive benefits and rewards (money, fame, power, etc.) according to their social location and regardless of their individual abilities. People nearly always stay in the social class into which they were born, even in societies like ours where some social mobility is possible.
Affirmative Action
is a social policy created to change the unequal distribution of resources - Strict affirmative action is a policy that involves affirmative or positive steps to make sure that unintended discrimination does not occur • Employer must advertise to attract a diverse applicant pool • Employer must hire the most qualified candidate that applies for the position
Individual discrimination
is action taken against minority group members which can take the form of exclusion, avoidance, or violence. Action is taken by individuals.
racism
is any attitude, belief, or institutional arrangement that favors one racial group over another; this favoritism may result in intentional or unintentional consequences for minority groups
technical learning
is based on conscious learning where a consciously learning method has been chosen
Social class
is both a source of identity and a structure of inequality.
informal learning
is learning by imitation. normally on a uncounscious level where the learner picks up the skills by another employee who masters the skill
In comparison to the sociologist, the social psychologist
is more likely to study individuals than groups.
Rational legal authority
is most typical of modern nation-states; leaders have the expertise to carry out the duties of their positions, and the leadership structure is usually bureaucratic and rule-bound.
Traditional authority
is passed on through the generations so that the positions are inherited ex: king, queen
Charismatic authority
is power held by an individual that results from the claim of extraordinary, even divine, personal characteristics. often emerge at times of change when strong new leadership is needed. ex:jesus, muhammad
Escalation of commitment:
is simply hanging on to a poor decision.
Social class
is the best indicator of an individual's "life chances" (the sort of life he or she is likely to have).
Class consciousness
is the perception that a class structure exists, as does the feeling of shared identification with others in one's class.
organizing
is the process of designing jobs grouping jobs into units and establishing patterns of authority between job and units
planning
is the process of determining an organizations desired future position and the best means of getting there
planning
is the process of determining the organizations desired future position and deciding how best to get there
leading
is the process of getting the organizations members to work together toward achieving the organizations goals
controlling
is the process of monitoring and correcting the actions of the organization and its people to keep them headed toward their goals
controlling
is the process of monitoring and correcting the actions of the organziation and its members to keep them directed toward their goals
leading
is the process of motivating members of the organization to work together toward the organizations goals
Economics
is the social institution that deals with production and distribution of goods and services
Stratification
is used by sociologists to refer to a structured ranking of groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in society?
The great disadvantage of correlational research is that
it does not specify cause and effect.
Two contradictory criticisms faced by social psychology are that its findings are obvious and that
its findings could be used to manipulate people.
The _____ says that internal rewards are obtained by individuals when they learn that they personally have performed well on a task that they care about.
job characteristics model
stereotypes
judgements about others that reinforce beliefs about superiority and inferiority
distribute wealth
karl marx said these are 4 ways to what: each persons needs, each persons wants, each persons earns, each person can take
Job rotation is used primarily to
keep employees from getting bored
decision making roles
key roles include the entrepreneur, the disturbance handler the resource allocator and the negotiator
interpersonal roles
key roles include the figurehead the leader and the liasion
informational roles
key roles include the monitor the disseminator and the spokesperson
female infanticide
killing of newborn girls
suboptimizing
knowingly accepting less than the best possible outcome to avoid unintended negative effects on other aspects of the organization
cultural capital
knowledge and access to important information in the society
post modern perspective on deviance
knowledge is power, take away free will to think and act, panopticon model of prison
"Members of society create deviance by defining certain behaviors as deviant." This statement most closely reflects:
labeling theory
Which of the following is not a reason that the middle class is shrinking?
lack of immigration reform by the federal government
The basis of the estate system was the nobles' ownership of the ____.
land
The most visible expression of pluralism is called
language
Which of the following is NOT one of Hofstede's five dimensions of national culture?
language proficiency
pay equity
laws making it illegal to pay different wages to women and men doing similar tasks
comparable wealth
laws placing the same value to work requiring similar skill and complexity level for men and women in the labor force
achievement oriented leadership
leader sets challenging goals - expects subordinates to perform at thier highest level
The main difference between a leader and a manager is that:
leaders are advocates for change, and managers for the status quo.
Vroom decision tree approach
leadership model focuses on a songle aspect of leader behavior - subordinate participation in decision making
Racial beliefs serve all of the following functions for the dominant group EXCEPT
leading to feelings of responsibility among dominant group's members for subordinate group problems.
formal learning
learning by means of rewards and punishments such as incentives bonuses or reprimands and punishment
Compared with slavery and caste systems, social classes are
less rigid
What percentage of the population belongs to the upper class according to Daniel Rossides?
less than 2%
misdemeanor
less than a year of punishment
According to Gehard Lenski's sociocultural evolution approach, the ______ causes economic systems to change as they become more complex.
level of technology
A _____ leader has five essential qualities: (1) individual capability; (2) team skills; (3) managerial competence; (4) the ability to stimulate others to high performance; and (5) a blend of personal humility and professional will.
level-5
Groupthink is
likely to occur when the group values getting along more than getting things done
Which category of sociologists would be most interested in the way that social classes shapes individuals lifestyles?
lnteractionists
Sociologists now reject the view that minorities have
low self-esteem, a particular personality, a preference to belong to another group.
In _____ cultures, the words themselves are the primary conveyors of meaning.
low-context
Which of the following is not one of the social classes in the model proposed by Daniel Rossides?
lower- lower class
Quietly continuing to do your work, even though you're dissatisfied, is an example of _____ response to dissatisfaction.
loyalty
Which of the following sociological perspectives focuses on an entire society and global issues?
macrosciological
Refreezing involves _____
making a new change permanent
The most important challenge facing the field of organizational behavior is
managing workforce diversity
A leader with Machiavellian tendencies would likely
manipulate others for his or her personal gain
The status of being between two cultures at the same time is
marginality
Members of the dominant group usually
marry within their group
The ____ violates the unity-of-command concept.
matrix structure
Proportional representation
means that each party is given a number of seats corresponding to the percentage of votes it received in the election
The _____ is a structure characterized by extensive departmentalization, high formalization, a limited information network, and centralization.
mechanistic model
The _____ assumption assumes that people who are different will want to assimilate.
melting-pot
of a minority or subordinate group generally marry within their group because
members of the subordinate group have a strong sense of group solidarity that discourages outsiders.
A ______ is a senior employee who sponsors and supports a less-experienced employee.
mentor
mass media
meso level agents of gender socialization: EX: magazines, ads, films, TV, music videos
religious beliefs
meso level agents of gender socialization: defines, reinforces, and perpetuates gender role stereotypes and cultural beliefs; provide explanations of all aspects of life, including proper male/female roles
corporations
meso level agents of gender socialization: produce materials that help socialize children into proper conduct EX: children's books, toys
educational systems
meso level agents of gender socialization: socialization agents of children through textbooks, classroom activities, playground games, and teachers attitudes
structural functionalism
meso/macro theory, each sex has a role to play in society
conflict theory
meso/macro theory, sees males as haves and women as have nots.
symbolic interactionism
micro theory, physical biological sex differences act as symbols that differentiate rights and rewards.
feminist theory
micro/macro patriarchy is primary cause of women's oppression
The formation of a subordinate-group-dominant-group relationship emerges through
migration, colonialism, & annexation.
According to studies on occupational mobility, most social mobility in the United States is relatively
minor
What term did Louis Wirth use to define groups of people who are singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination?
minority group
assimilation
minority reactions to prejudice, discrimination, and racism: members attempt to pass members of the dominant group so as to avoid bigotry and discrimination
nonviolent
minority reactions to prejudice, discrimination, and racism: model for this is Ghandi's struggle for independence from Britain in the 1950s
passing
minority reactions to prejudice, discrimination, and racism: pretending to be a member of the privileged group when one is not fully apart of the community
aggression
minority reactions to prejudice, discrimination, and racism: resulting from anger and resentment over minority status and from subjugation may lead to retaliation or violence
avoidance
minority reactions to prejudice, discrimination, and racism: shunning all contact with dominant group
acceptance
minority reactions to prejudice, discrimination, and racism: some minority groups have learned to live with their minority status
Hersey Blanchard Model
model of leadership identifies different combinations of leadership presumed to work best with different levels of organizational maturity on the part of followers
hersey and blanchard model
model that identifies different combinations of leadership presumed to work best with different levels of organizational maturity on the part of followers
Classical conditioning is:
modifying behavior so that a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and elicits an unconditioned response.
Minorities are discriminated against by redlining when
mortgages are denied for houses in minority neighborhoods.
Conformity Gap
most common, one accepts both goals and means
political system
most direct source of power, with the ability to influence decisions about how society is run
When researcher Karl Teigen gave students the actual proverb "fear is stronger than love," most rated it as true. When he gave others the reverse form, "love is stronger than fear,"
most rated it as true.
caste system
most rigid ascribed stratification system and are maintained by cultural norms and social control mechanisms
institutionalized
movement becomes a formal organization, which gains members and resources
transnationalism
movements of people across borders; people who fully participate in and have loyalty to 2 nations and cultures and hold dual citizenship
one important feature related to the narrowing of the wage gap btwn women and men
much of the reduction is due to decline or stagnation in men's wages rather than increases in women's earrings
When the laboratory experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations, the experiment is said to be high in
mundane realism.
Which of the following is an example of a consensus crime?
murder
violent crime
murder, rape, robe eery and aggravated assault
Estate.
n a (n) _______ system of stratification, the ownership of property and the exercise of power is monopolized by an elite who have total control over society resources.
World systems theory addresses the conflict between
nations who control wealth and nations who provide natural resources and labor.
"The way things are is the way they ought to be." This statement reflects the
naturalistic fallacy.
Functionalists believe that a stratified society is
necessary
The following are all conditions that favor social learning EXCEPT
need for power
A Theory X manager would assume employees would _____.
need to be controlled
external social control
negative sanctions that proscribe certain behaviors and punish rule breakers
Steve is unhappy with his job. He takes every possible vacation and sick day and sometimes shows up for work late. He is expressing his dissatisfaction with a _____ response.
neglect
social capital
networks with others who have influence
secondary deviance
new identity accepted, deviance continues
To be deviant, a person must:
not conform to one of society's norms
absolute poverty
not having resources to meet basic needs, no prestige, no power no wealth EX: Outcastes of India
Absolute poverty
not having resources to meet basic needs. No prestige, no power, no wealth and insufficient means to survive.
Sociologically, a family that consists of a husband, wife and children is called a ________.
nuclear family
According to the text, teachers are most likely to reward girls for being:
obedient and passive
Which of the following is not an ascribed status?
occupation
overdetermination
occurs because numerous organizational systems are in place to ensure that employees and systems behave as expected to maintain stability
superleadership
occurs when a leader gradually and purposefully turns over power responsibility and control to a sel managing work group
pluralism
occurs when each ethnic or racial group in a country maintains its own culture and separate set of institutions but has recognized equity in the society
social learning
occurs when people observe the behaviors of others recognize their consequences and alter their own behavior as a result
turnover
occurs when people quit their jobs
competition
occurs when the goals are incompatible and the interactions between groups are important to meeting goals
accomomodation among groups
occurs when the groups goals are compatible but interactions are not considered important to goal attainment
collaboration
occurs when the interaction between groups is very important to goal attainment and the goals are compatible
directive leadership
occurs when the leader lets subordinates know what is expected of them -gives specific guidance
accomodation
occurs when the parties goals are compatible and the interaction between groups is relatively unimportant to the goals attainment
mode of production
ociety organizes itself in order to produce the things it needs, and to distribute rewards for this, and this system is our mode of production
Distribution
of desired resources is unequal
UCR and NIBRS
official crime statistics
innovation gap
one accepts the goals but not the means, illegal means
scientific management
one of the first approaches to management focused on the efficiency of individual workers and assumed that employees ar emotivated by money
scientific management
one of the first approaches to management focused on the efficiency of individual workers and assumed that employees are motiviated by money
ritualism gap
one rejects or lowers the goals but accepts the means
life chances
one's opportunities based on achieved or ascribed statuses
status
one's socially defined position in a group; it is often characterized by certain expectations and rights
Life chances
ones opportunities, depending on their achieved and ascribed status in society.
Which type of stratification system allows movement between classes?
open
According to the text, which of the following models for planning organizational change combine both internal processes and the external environment?
open systems models
Subjugation
oppression/exploitation • "slavery" • "segregation" (formal/informal separation depriving access to the dominant institutions) • "domestic colonialism"
The chief means of conveying messages is _____ communication.
oral
_____ studies behavior as it relates to concerns such as absenteeism, turnover, productivity, and performance.
organizational behavior
A strategy, or method, for increasing organizational effectiveness by bringing about planned change is called
organizational development
The contingency approach to organization design affirms that
organizations are more effective when they are structured to fit the situational demand
Which of the following would not be a member off the lower-middle class?
orthopedic surgons
rebellion gap
overthrow both goals and means
Petty bourgeoisie
own some means of production but control little labor of others
petty bourgeoisie
own some means of production but control little labor of others; they have modest prestige, power, and property
Capitalists
own the means of production
Property
owning or controlling the means of production
The development of solidarity among ethnic subgroups is called
panethnicity
task versus relationship motivation
parallels job centered and initiating structure leader behavior
Discriminatory practices that are no longer allowed but that continue to affect people today:
past-in-present discrimination
Theory that allows for the possibility of adapting leadership to the situation
path goal theory
feminist theory
patriarchy is the cause of women's oppression - Patriarchy-‐ a few men dominate and hold authority over all others, including women, children, and less powerful men - Class, race, and gender intersect in a way that privileges some women over others, though most women are s*ll subordinate to most men
Feminist theory
patriarchy is the cause of women's oppression ␣ Patriarchy- a few men dominate and hold authority over all others, including women, children, and less powerful men ␣ Class, race, and gender intersect in a way that privileges some women over others (example: the rich women vs. the poor women), though most women are still subordinate to most men within their own social class and ethnic group. ␣ This means that our gender identity is impacted by our other identities like social class or racial identities. This concept is offered by the intersectionality theorist.
superwoman syndrome
pattern by which women assume multiple roles and try to do well, takes its toll
retibution
pay back and punishment should fit the crime for offender
main assumptions of stratification
people are divided into groups and ranked, there is an equal distribution of desired resources, each society determines what it considers to be valued resources
type a individuals
people who are extremely competitive highly committed to work and have a strong sense of time urgency
negative affectivity
people who are generally downbeat and pessimistic see things in a negative way, and seem to be in a bad mood
type b individuals
people who are less competitive less committed to work and have a weaker sense of urgency
positive affectivity
people who are upbeat and optimistic have an overall sence of well being and see things in a positvie light
long term orientation
people who focus on the future
status group
people who have the same prestige or lifestyle
short term orientation
people with focus on the past or present
Conflict must be _____ by the parties to it.
perceived
Individual level independent variables include _____.
perception
work teams
permanent groups to do normal everyday work of the team and usually make decisions about how the work of the team will be performed
individual differences
personal attributes that vary from one person to another
John Holland argues that job satisfaction is highest and turnover lowest where _____.
personality and occupation are in agreement
intersexed
persons with ambiguous genitalia, such that sex is difficult to assign.
process based perspectives on motivaiton
perspectives that focus on how people behave in thier efforts to satisfy thier needs
phases of implementation
phase 1 startup - reality and unrest - leader centered teams - tightly formed teams - self managing teams
Which of the following is a micro-level factor that can shape social stratification?
physical attractiveness
steps in implemeting teams
planning the change - making the decision - preparing for implementation
Which of the following allows a minority group to express its own culture and still to participate without prejudice in the larger society?
pluralism
The _________ model of power argues that power is shared among many power centers, each of which has their own self-interests to protect.
pluralist
The _________ model of power argues that power is shared among many power centers, each of which has their own self-interests to protect.
pluralist
Antinatalist Policies
policies that discourage fertility
Which of the following is a meso-level factor that can shape social stratification?
political affiliation
_______________ refers to the social institution that determines and exercises power relations in society.
politics
bourgeoisie:
popularized by Karl Marx, term for the upper-class capitalists who owned the means of production. In Marx's time, they owned factories instead of farms. Today the term is also used to refer to upper-class managers who wield a lot of power
proletariat
popularized by Karl Marx, the term for the lower classes who were forced to become wage laborers or go hungry. Today, the term is often used to refer to the working class
Power granted to a person by an organization is an example of
position power
davis and moore theory
positions in society are neither equally valued nor equally please to perform, preparation requires talent, time, and money, differences in rewards in turn lead to the unequal distribution of resources
Which of the following solutions address racism at the group level?
positive contact
What is the term used to describe an attitude that exaggerates the virtues of a group, such as all Asian Americans being brilliant or all African Americans being great athletes?
positive prejudice
Suicide bombers in Iraq are accorded high praise by those who oppose an American presence in the Middle East and are considered heroic warriors such honor and praise is an example of a ___.
positive sanction
During the _____ stage of the conflict process, conditions are present that create opportunities for conflict to arise.
potential opposition or incompatibility
Egalitarian Family pattern
power and authority is shared between spouses
The __________ model of power suggests that individuals with powerful positions in political, business, and military arenas interact with each other and ensure that their power is not threatened.
power elite
Contemporary social psychology emphasizes the
power of the situation, power of the person, and applicability of social psychological principles
authority
power that has been ligitimzed with a particular social context
Affirmative action has caused a re-examination of
preferences by law and medical schools for children of alumni, height and weight procedures, "last hired, first fired" policies.
According to Myers-Briggs typology, a sensation-type individual is best described as someone who
prefers routine and order when gathering information
A person with a high achievement need
prefers tasks of intermediate difficulty
homophobia
prejudice against (fear or dislike of) homosexual people and homosexuality
discrimination
prejudiced attitudes are manifested in actions, differential treatment of and harmful actions against minorities
The stage of a social movement in which the context for the movement is set is the ___________ stage.
preliminary
The term ______ refers to the level of respect and admiration that people have for an occupation.
prestige
For the first time ever, Carson smoked marijuana just to experience it. People observing Carson doing this see this as a one-time behavior. According to labeling theory, Carson committed:
primary deviance
At an Alcoa aluminum tubing plant in upstate New York, production is organized into five departments: casting; press; tubing; finishing and inspecting, packing, and shipping. This is an example of _____ departmentalization.
process
gender socialization
process by which people learn the cultural norms, attitudes, behaviors appropriate to their gender
stereotyping
process of categorizing large number of people and attributing to their person qualities based on their dress, language, skin color, and other identifying features
Accounting firms, consulting firms, and hospitals are examples of
professional bureaucracies
The internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II is an example of _____.
profiling
What is considered a standard response for routine problems?
programmed decision
Max Webber
proposed the development of what he called the bureaucratic form of organization structure
New Religious Movement/Cult
protest or splinter groups that if they survive for several generations, become established, and gain legitimacy, they then become new religions in society rather than new denominations of the existing faith (as sects do)
fixed ratio reinforcement
provides reinforcement after a fixed number of behaviors
fixed interval reinforcement
provides reinforcement on a fixed time schedule
The _____ model is effective at describing decision-making within temporary groups, particularly those with deadlines.
punctuated-equilibrium
An example of _____ is when an employee receives a one-week suspension from work and is fined $200 for stealing company property.
punishment
preliminary
purpose of the movement is set
de jure discrimination
purposeful discrimination built into the law or is part of the explicit policies of an organization
A strong culture builds all of the following EXCEPT ____.
quality
A _____ is a group of employees and supervisors who meet regularly to discuss their quality problems and recommend solutions.
quality circle
Which of the following best describes the observed relationship between religion and social class?
r-class individuals in the United States are disproportionately represented in fundamentalist religions.
What is a group of people with inherited physical characteristics that distinguish it from another group?
race
Which of the following ascribed statuses most influences a person's wealth and social class position?
race
Pluralism
racial or ethnic group share power but maintain its own identity, culture or separate set of institutions- separate but equal - Pluralism is possible through intervention - legal protection
Studies consistently document that increased formal education is associated with
racial tolerance.
In conducting your research, you make sure that every person in the population has an equal chance of participating in your survey. This procedure is known as
random sampling.
In spite of the fact that short-term stock price changes are essentially random, a large proportion of investors believe that they can predict the direction that prices will move. This is an example of _____.
randomness error
Which of the following types of authority is most typical of modern nation-states?
rational-legal authority
Positivists view on deviance
real, observable object and determined behavior
Casey could not believe that her friends were continuing on to college after high school. She found it much more important to try to overthrow the current government, and she planned to chain herself to the capital building and stage a hunger strike until her demands were met. Merton would argue that Casey was coping with strain through:
rebellion
Percentage of former prisoners who are rearrested is known as _____.
recidivism
legitimate power
recognized as rightful by those who are subject to it
Openly discussing the worst-case possibilities of a situation is a way a company can
reduce the negative consequences of rumors
Revolution
refers to "social and political transformation of a nation, resulting from failure of state regimes"
Revolution
refers to "social and political transformation of a nation, resulting from failure of state regimes" They typically occur when the government does not respond to citizen needs and when leadership to challenge the existing regime emerges
prestige
refers to an individual's social recognition, esteem, and respect commanded from others, ranking is closely correlated with the value system or society
prejudice
refers to attitudes that prejudice a group, usually negatively and not based on facts
intragenerational mobility
refers to change in position in a single individuals life
intergenerational mobility
refers to change in status compared to their parents status
domestic colonialism
refers to exploitation of minorities
sexuality
refers to how cultures shape the meaning of sexuality and sexual acts and how we experience our bodies in relation to others; also socially constructed
Social Stratification
refers to how individuals and groups are layered or ranked in society according to how many valued resources they possess
vertical mobility
refers to movement up or down in the hierarchy and sometimes involves changing social classes
indirect compensation - benefits
refers to nonwage or salary compensation such as paid time off and insurance coverage
past in present discrimination
refers to practices from the past that may no longer be allowed but that continue to affect people today
side effect discrimination
refers to practices in one institutional area that have a negative impact because they are linked into practices in another institutional area; unintentional discrimination
gender
refers to socially constructed notions of masculinity and femininity
power
refers to the ability to control or influence others to get them to do what you want them to do
Intragenerational mobility
refers to the change in position in a single individual's life
Democratic socialism
refers to the collective or group planning of the development of the society, but within a democratic political system
Second shift
refers to the housework and child care that employed women do after their first-shift job
Hidden curriculum
refers to the implicit demands found in every learning institution that students have to learn and respond to in order to succeed within the educational system
population transfer
refers to the removal of a minority group from a region or country
Politics
refers to the social institution that determines and exercises power relations in society
assimilation
refers to the structural and cultural merging of minority and majority groups, a process which minority members may lose their original identity
subjugation
refers to the subordination of one group to another that holds power and authority EX: slavery
feminization of poverty
refers to the trend in which single females make up a growing proportion of those in poverty
relative poverty
refers to those whose income falls below the poverty line
Authoritarian System
regimes headed by dictators or military juntas with absolute power
retreatism gap
rejection of both goals and means
Dominant group members tend to have access to more opportunities, which translates to better quality of life in many ways. Sociologists call this type of inequality
relative deprivation.
Emily works and makes a modest salary. However, Emily is unable to provide new clothes or a two-bedroom apartment for her or her children. She is experiencing:
relative property
command group
relatively permanent group
The owner of a car dealership refuses to hire a female applicant not because he feels women are incompetent, but because he fears that customers will be less likely to buy a car from a woman. According to Merton, the owner is being a(an)
reluctant liberal
Population Transfer
removal to new location
human organization
renis likerts approach that is based on supportive relationships participation and overlapping work groups
Bi-lateral no fault divorce
required both parties to agree that they wanted out of the marriage
personal power
resides in the person regardless of the position he or she fills
Prestige
respect and admiration that an occupation holds in a society
Gender roles
rigidly assigned tasks or expected behaviors of individuals because of their sex category
Next week, Abraham and Hazel will attend the bar mitzvah of their nephew. Their nephew's bar mitzvah is an example of a religious ________.
ritual
rites of passage
rituals and formal processes that acknowledge a change of status
The feeling of sexual attraction and idealization of another is called ________.
romantic love
Which of the following has become a significant source of workplace conflict?
rudeness and incivility
theocracy
rule by God (or religious leaders who act in accordance with God's presumed wishes)
Karl Marx believed that the dominant ideology in a capitalist society always serves the ___ ______.
ruling clas
In 1936, the news magazine, Literary Digest, collected the opinions of over two million Americans regarding the presidential election. The results suggested that Alf Landon would win in a landslide over Franklin D. Roosevelt. Weeks later, FDR won in a landslide. This survey was plagued by
sampling bias.
_____ describes a positive feeling about your job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics.
satisfaction
least preferred coworker - LPC scale
scale that presumes to measure a leader's motivation
Many U.S. citizens blame immigrants for social problems such as unemployment and crime. The immigrant, in this instance becomes the
scapegoat
schedules of reinforcement
schedules that indicate when or how often managers should reinforce certain behaviors
The objective of effective _____ is to match individual characteristics such as ability and experience, with the requirements of the job.
selection
Because it is impossible for us to assimilate everything we see, we engage in _____.
selective perception
Manager's can increase an employee's _____ through enactive mastery, vicarious modeling, verbal persuasion, and arousal.
self-efficacy
A person or group is described as having particular characteristics and then begins to display the very traits that were said to exist. This is an example of the
self-fulfilling prophecy
In certain situations, we may respond to stereotypes and act on them, with the result that false definitions become accurate. This is known as the
self-fulfilling prophecy
Managers
sell and manage their labor to capitalists
workers
sell their labor to capitalists and low on prestige, power, and property
managers
sell their labor to capitalists and manage the labor of others for the capitalists
The _____ initiates a message by encoding a thought.
sender
Opponents see the Afrocentric perspective as
separatism
management functions
set forth by henri fayol they include planning organizing command coordination and control
A biological term that refers to ascribed genetic, anatomical, and hormonal differences b/w men and women:
sex
class consciousness
shared awareness of their poor status in relation to the means of production
Zari is a successful lawyer, but her career has begun to suffer and she was recently demoted because the school nurse, Melissa, always expects Zari to pick up her daughter from school when she is ill. Zari's boss expects her to never leave work, but Melissa refuses to call Zari's husband because "a sick girl needs her mama." Zari is experiencing:
side-effect discrimination
Feminization of poverty
single females, increasingly younger and with children, make up a growing proportion of those in poverty.
When errors are detected in _____, the correction process relies on past routines and present policies.
single-loop learning
interpersonal skills
skills used to communicate with understand and motivate individuals and groups
conceptual skills
skills used to think in the abstract
diagnostic skills
skills used to understand cause and effect relationships and to recognize the optimal solutions to problems
Experts predict that the predominant style of organization in the future will be
skills-oriented
quality circles
small groups of employees from the same work area who meet regularly to discuss and recommend solutions to problems
quality circles
small groups of employees from the same work area who regularly meet to discuss and recommend solutions to workplace problems
Variations or alterations in the behavior patterns, culture, and structure of society are known as:
social change
property power and prestige
social class position is based on three factors
What are the four general system off stratification?
social classes slavery estates castes
What is a groups formal and informal means of enforcing norms called?
social control
sticky floor
social forces that keep the majority of the world's women stuck in low-paid jobs
Sticky Floor
social forces that keep the vast majority of the world's women stuck in low-paid jobs The work place itself is gendered ␣ For example, workplaces do not provide for childcare which narrows the opportunities for women. Must they quit or alter family schedules?
Glass ceiling
social forces that keep women from reaching the highest levels of corporate and public responsibility
glass ceiling
social forces that keep women from reaching the highest levels of corporate and public responsibility
glass ceiling
social forces that keep women from reaching the highest levels of corporate and public responsibility =kept out of the very top of authority structures
glass escalator
social forces that push men up the organizational hierarchy even if they do not seek to climb it, especially in female-dominated occupations.
__________ refers to the extent and direction of individual movement in the social stratification system.
social mobility
The movement of individuals or grops from one social class position in a society's stratification system to another is called.
social mobility.
_______ is a system that places entire categories of people into unequal groups.
social stratification
__________ refers to how individuals are layered or ranked in society according to how many valued resources they possess.
social stratification
meritocracy
social system in which the greater the functional importance of the job, the more rewards it brings, in salary, perks, power, and prestige
Which of the following were considered higher-order needs by Maslow?
social, esteem, and self-actualization needs
gender
socially and culturally constructed definitions
gender
socially constructed notions of masculinity and femininity
The concept of race is
socially constructed.
Heterosexism
society reinforces heterosexuality and marginalizes anyone who does not conform to this norm
Racial formation refers to the
sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created and manipulated.
feminization of poverty
sociological term for the confluence of factors that has made women a disproportionate number of the poor. (Worldwide, of all impoverished people over the age of 18, 61% are women and 39% are men) (p. 205).
perquisites
special privileges awarded to selected members of an organization usually top managers
6 There are several things that can assist a large organization to decentralize, including:
specialization of products/market/technology.
collective behavior
spontaneous, disorganized group actions that often violate norms; arises when people are trying to cope with stressful situations or uncertain conditions
The four management functions include all of the following EXCEPT _____.
staffing
frustration aggression theory
states that acts of prejudice and discrimination are motivated by anger and frustration when people can't achieve goals
Viewing Blacks as superstitious, Whites as uncaring, and Jews as shrewd are examples of
stereotyping
Social forces that keep the vast majority of the world's women stuck in low-paid jobs:
sticky floor
Erving Goffman used the term ________ to refer to characteristics that discredit people.
stigma
Myths
stories embodying ideas about the world
Companies who fail to install adequate safety equipment because they feel pressured not to cut into their profits by spending money on safety features commit a crime against their employees. This behavior can best be explained by what theory?
strain
Conflicts theorist see___ as a major source of societal tension and conflict
stratification
Social class systems
stratification based on achieved status
Market systems
stress individual planning and private ownership of property, with much less governmental coordination or oversight
If an employee misperceives an event that occurs in the workplace, it is likely that he or she has
strong attitudes about that event
Which of the following is not a necessary element for collective behavior to occur, according to value-added theory?
strong social controls
"Each sex plays a complimentary role to ensure the survival and efficiency of society" is a tenet of which sociological theory?
structural-fuctional theory
"Gender division of labor exists in modern societies b/c it is efficient and useful to have different but complementary male and female roles" This statement most closely reflects:
structural-fuctional theory
Ohio state studies
studies based on a questionairre designed to assess subordinates perceptions of ther leaders behavior
The great strength of correlational survey research is that is
studies factors in real-world settings that cannot be manipulated in the laboratory.
In sociology, minority refers to the
subordinate group.
International organizations
such at the United Nations and World Bank, and military, political and economic alliances such as North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
female stereotypes
super image, beauty image can lead to depression and health issues
Leilani is struggling to get a promotion at her law firm, spend quality time with her husband, and ensure her children get enough attention from her. She is most likely being affected by:
superwoman image
Sociologists who believe we help to produce our own orientations to life by joining specific groups is most alligned with with sociological perspective.
symbolic interactionalist
class system
system of stratification based on economic position in which people are ranked based on achieved status. The most open form (i.e., permitting the most social mobility) of stratification
genocide
systematic effort of a dominant group to destroy a minority group
Genocide
systematic effort of extermination of minorities by a dominant group
social control
systematic practices developed by social groups to encourage conformity
criminology
systematic study of crime and the criminal justice system
social stratification
taken from the geological term for layers of rock or "strata," the ranking of people into defined layers. Social stratification exists in all societies and is based on things like wealth, race, and gender
Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore believe that positions in society must be distributed and that these positions must be filled by people with the appropriate
talents and abilities
Delphi Technique
technique developed by the Rand Corp - a method of systematically gathering the judgments of experts for use in developing forecasts
nominal group technique
technique in which group members follow a generate discussion vote cycle until they reach an appropriate decision
Writers, attorneys, analysts, and employees who spend the majority of their time on computers or on the telephone are natural candidates for _____.
telecommuting
Electronic communication includes all of the following EXCEPT:
telephone calls.
problem solving teams
temporary teams established to attack specific problems in the workpplace
According to Rokeach, _____ values refer to desirable end-states of existence.
terminal
Federal guidelines bar federal agents from using race and ethnicity as a reason for investigating someone, but cases involving ________ are exempted.
terroism
State terrorism
terror is used as a tactic to deal with both internal and external dissent
A research hypothesis is a
testable prediction.
C. Wright Mills Argues
that there is an invisible but interlocking power elite in U.S. society consisting of leaders in military, business, and political spheres who make the key political, economic, and social decisions for the nation
What was Weber's term to describe the ideal of a self-denying, highly moral life, accompanied by hard work and frugality?
the Protestant Ethic
Weber's definition of Power
the ability of a person or group to realize their own will in communal action, even against resistance of others participating in the action
influence
the ability to affect the perceptions attitudes or behaviors of others
Power
the ability to control or influence others
power
the ability to exercise one's will over others.
creativity
the ability to generate new ideas or to conceive of new perspectives on existing ideas
power:
the ability to get others to do what you want them to do, regardless of their own desires
valuing diversity
the act of putting an end to the assumption that everyone who is not a member of the dominant group must assimilate
cognitive dissonance
the anxiety a person experiences when he or she siimultanously possesses two sets of knowledge or perceptions that are contradictory or incongruent
cognitive dissonance
the anxiety a person experiences when he or she simultaneously possesses two sets of knowledge or perceptions that are contradictory or incongruent
organizational behavior modificaiton OB mod
the application of reinforcement theory to people in organizational settings
Which theory would be most likely to point out that the movement to keep Chinese out of the U.S. became strongest during the late 19th century when Chinese immigrants and Whites fought over dwindling number of jobs?
the authoritarian personality
strategic values
the basic beliefs about an organizations environment that shape its strategy
human relations movement
the beginning of organizational behavior was based on the assumption that employee satisfaction is a key determinant of performance
equity
the belief that one is being treated fairly in relation to others inequity is the belief that one is being treated unfairly in relation to others
authoritariansism
the belief that power and status differences are appropriate within hierarchical social systems such as organizations
general environment
the broad set of dimensions and factors within which the organization operaties including political legal sociocultural technological economic and international factors
openness
the capacity to entertain new ideas and to change as a result of new information
Caste/ Ascribed Status
the caste one is born into determines one's occupation, potential marriage partners, residence, group memberships, and prestige level
medium
the channel or path through which the message is transmitted
goal specificity
the clarity and precision of a goal
African American sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois said in 1900 that the century's major problem would be
the color-line
Sociologists who view law as an instrument of oppression used to control workers are aligned most with which sociological perspective?
the conflict perspective
Which of the following states that interracial interaction between people with equal status in cooperative circumstances will cause them to become less prejudiced and to abandon previously held stereotypes?
the contact hypothesis
conflict stimulation
the creation and constructive use of conflict by a manager
The term genocide would NOT be used to describe which of the following historical events?
the creation of Pakistan and the geographic separation of Muslims and Hindus
valence
the degree of attractiveness or unattractiveness a particular outcome has for a person
communication fidelity
the degree of correspondence between the message intended by the source and themessage understood by the receiver
group composition
the degree of similarity or difference among group members on factors important to the groups work
risk propenjsity
the degree to which a person is willing to take chances and make risky decisions
Assertiveness is _____.
the degree to which one party attempts to satisfy his/her own concerns
formalization
the degree to which rules and procedures shape the jobs and activities of employees
environmental dynamism
the degree tow hich environmental components that impinge on organizational decision making change
What is institutional discrimination?
the denial of opportunities resulting from the normal operations of society
need for achievement
the desire to accomplish a task or goal more effectively than in the past
need for power
the desire to control the resources in ones' environment
Karl Marx's main focus was on
the effect economic inequality had on all aspects of society.
Culture is most likely to be a liability when _____.
the environment is dynamic
Interactionists seek to explain society as a whole by studying
the everyday forms of social interaction
Being "in the zone" is also known as
the experience of flow
Social mobility
the extend and direction of individual movement in the social stratification system.
goal acceptance
the extent t which a person accepts a goal as his or her own
self esteem
the extent to which a person believes he or she is a worthwhile and deserving individual
goal commitment
the extent to which a person is personally interested in reaching a goal
organizational citizenship
the extent to which a person's behavior makes a positive overall contribution to the organization
job satisfaction
the extent to which aperson is gratified or fulfilled by his or her work
Leon Festinger would propose that the desire to reduce dissonance would be determined by all of the following EXCEPT _____.
the extent to which attitudes are widely held by society.
power distance
the extent to which less powerful persons accept the unequal distribution of power
emotional intelligence - EQ
the extent to which people are self aware can manage thier emotions can motivate themselves express empathy for others and possess social skills
locus of control
the extent to which people believe their circumstances are a function of their own actions versus external factors beyond their control
self efficacy
the extent to which people believe they can accomplish their goals even if they failed to do so in the past
collectivism
the extent to which people emphasize the good of the group or society
individualism
the extent to which people place primary value on themselves
uncertainty avoidance
the extent to which people prefer to be in unambiguous sitatuions
masculinity assertiveness or materialism
the extent to which the dominatnt values in a society emphasize aggressiveness and the acquisition of money and material goods over concern for people relationships among people and the overall quality of life
procedural justice
the extent to which the dynamics of an organizations decision making processes are judged to be fiar by those most affectied by them
goal compatibility
the extent to which the goals of more than one person or group can be achieved at the same time
person job fit
the extent to which the individuals contributions match the inducements offered by the organization
quality of work life
the extent to which workers can satisfy important personal needs through their experiences in the organization
verification
the final stage of the creative process in which the truthfulness of the insight is determined
verification
the final stage of the creative process in which the validity or turthfulness of the insight is determined
The term 'melting pot' refers to
the formation of a new cultural entity
Husbands remain primarily responsible for earning the income and wives are primarily responsible for the house and children. This is an arrangement sociologists call ________.
the gendered division of labor
Irene has been working at Megacorp for 10 years. She has an impeccable record and has received wonderful reviews. Still, she cannot figure out why the men that started the job at the same time she did have been promoted several levels while she has only receive done promotion. Irene may be experiencing:
the glass ceiling
The inability of women to move laterally within a company is known as
the glass wall
Closed System Model
the goal of closed system models is to move the organizational closer to ideal bureaucratic efficiency and effectiveness
What is the relationship between births and no births to single women and their level of education?
the greater level of education the fewer births to single women
parliamentary governments
the head of state (often a monarch) and the head of government (a prime minister, chancellor, premier) are two E.g., Belgium, Great Britain, Denmark
According to the text, ___________________ tends to make people overconfident about the validity of their judgments and predictions.
the hindsight bias.
bounded rationality
the idea that decision makers cannot deal with information about all the aspects and alternatives pertaining to a problem and therefore choose to tackle some meaningful subset of it
transgender
the identity of someone who is challenging or changing the gender they were assigned at birth.
source
the individual group or organization interested in communicating something to another party
heterosexism
the institutionalization of heterosexuality as the only socially legitimate sexual orientation
job categories
the jobs in work groups are usually defined in narrow descriptions of highly specialized jobs that require minimal training
departmentalization
the manner in which divided tasks are combined and allocated to work groups
organizational technology
the mechanical and intellectual processes that transform inputs into outputs
social mobility
the movement from one class to another, it can occur in two forms: intergenerational—that is, your parents are working class, but you become lower, or your parents are middle class, but you become upper class; and intragenerational—that is, you move from working to lower, or from middle to upper, all within your lifetime
Vertical mobility
the movement up or down in the hierarchy, which sometimes involves changing classes.
need for affiliation
the need for human companionship
Social neuroscientists seek to understand
the neurobiology that underlies social behavior.
conscientiousness
the number of goals on which a person focuses
environmental complexity
the number of invironmental components that impinge on organizational decision making
surface value
the objective meaning or worth a reward has to an employee
avoidance - negative reinforcement
the opportunity to avoid or escape from an unpleasant circumstance after exhibiting behavior
avoidance -negative reinforcement
the opportunity to avoid or escape from an unpleasant circumstance after exhibiting behavior
strategy
the plans and actions necessary to achieve organizational goals
presidential governments
the president tends to have more autonomy than the heads of parliamentary governments E.g., the U.S., Italy, France, Germany
gender socialization
the process by which people learn the cultural norms, aRtudes, and behaviors appropriate to their gender through sanctions
unfreezing
the process by which people become aware of the need for change
performance measurement -
the process by which someone evaluates an employees work behaviors by measurement and comparison with previously established standards
encoding
the process by which the message is translated from an idea or thought into transmittable symbols
decoding
the process by which the reciever of themessage interprets its meaning
stereotyping
the process of categorizing or labeling people on the basis of a single attribute
decision making
the process of choosing from among several alternatives
innovation
the process of creating and doing new things that are introduced into the marketplace as products and services or processes
organizing
the process of designing jobs grupong jobs into manageable units and establishing patterns of authority amoung jobs and groups
empowerment
the process of enabling workers to set their own work goals make decisions and solve problems within their sphere of responsibility and authority
participation
the process of giving employees a voice in making decisions about thier own work
refreeing
the process of making new behaviors relatively permanent and resistant to further change
rightsizing
the process of optimizing the size of an organizations workforce through downsizing expanding and or outsourcing
organizational development
the process of planned change and improvement of the organization through application of knowledge of the behavioral sciences
selective perception
the process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts oru beliefs
transition management
the process of systematically planning organizing and implementing change
organizational socialization
the process through which emploees learn about the firm's culture and pass thier knowledge and understanding on to others
socialization
the process through which individuals become social beings
assimilation
the process through which memb ers of a minority group are forced to learn the ways of the dominant group
extraversion
the quality of being comfortable with relationships the opposite extreme introversion is characterized by more social discomfort
The conflict perspective emphasizes
the redistribution of resources, social change, & the exploitation of minorities by dominant groups.
personality
the relatively stable set of psychological attributes that distinguish one persona from another
Environmental justice refers to
the right to live in communities free from the threat of hazardous waste.
institutions
the roles we play in ____ differ by sex, as well as age.
transformational leadership
the set of abilities that allows the leader to recognize the need for change to create a vision to guide that change and to execute that change effectively
perception
the set of processes by which an individual becomes aware of and interprets information about the environment
organization culture
the set of values that helps the organizations employees understand which actions are considered acceptable and which unacceptable
technical skills
the skills necessary to accomplish specific tasks within the organization
Gender identity
the socially constructed meanings associated with males or females and how individuals construct their gender identity within these constraints
gender
the socially constructed meanings associated with males or females and how individuals construct their gender identity within these constraints
jargon
the specialized or technical language of a trade profession or social group
insight
the stage in the creative process when all the scattered thoughts and ideas that were maturing during incubation come together to produce a breakthrough
mutual acceptance group
the stage of group development that is characterized by members sharing information about themselves and getting to know each other
control and organization
the stage of group development when the group is mature members work together and are flexible adaptive and self correcting
communication and decision making
the stage of group development where members discuss their feelings more openly and agree on group goals and individual roles in the group
incubaiton
the stage of less intense conscious concentration during which a creative person lets the knowledge and ideas acquired during preparation mature and develop
organization behavior
the study of human behavior in organizational settings of the interface between human behavior and the organization, and the organization itself
Demography
the study of human populations
semantics
the study of language forms
symbolic value
the subjective and personal meaning or worth a reward has to an employee
administrative hierarchy
the system of reporting relationships in the organization from the lowest to the highest managerial levels
organization structure
the system of task reporting and authority relationships within which the organization does its work
inducements
the tangible and intangible rewards provided by organizations to individuals
group polarization
the tendency for a groups average post discussion attitudes to be more extreme than its average prediscussion attitudes
Ethnocentrism is
the tendency to assume that one's culture is superior to all others.
Which of the following statements regarding language and sexual inequality is false?
the terms spinster and bachelor are equivalent in terms of positive connotation
acceptance theory of authority
the theory that the managers authority depends on the subordianates acceptance of the managers right to give directives and to expect compliance with them
structural imperatives
the three structural imperatives environment, technology and size and the three primary determinants of organizational structure
Wealth
the total of all a persons material assets, including savings, land, stocks, and other types of property.
performance behaviors
the total set of work related behaviors that the organization expects the individual to display
delegation
the transfer to others of the authority to make decisions and use organizational resources
A Black worker is shown how to perform her factory job by a White male supervisor. According to the contact hypothesis, this situation would be unlikely to reduce prejudice because
the two individuals do not have equal status.
Genocide
the type of group relation where the dominant group makes a systematic effort to destroy a minority group.
When used by sociologists the term wealth refers to ___.
the value of a persons property minus that persons debt, a persons net worth
Secession is
the withdrawal of a group of people from a dominant group to establish a new nation.
need based theories of motivation
theories that assume that need deficiencies cause behavior
symbolic interactionist theorist
theorists focus on symbols and constructions of reality that allow some persons to assume power. A core concern is on the legitimacy of power
reinforcement thoery
theory based on the idea that behavior is a function of its consequences
Functionalist Deviance: Anomie Strain Theory
theory by emile Durkheim that people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to the culturally approved means of achieving goals; a society with no set goals so people feel lost and deviate
ERG theory
theory that describes existence relatedness and growth needs
dependency theory
theory that focuses on the unequal relationship between wealthy countries and poor countries, arguing that poverty is the result of exploitation
expectancy theory
theory that suggests people are motivated by how much they want something and the liklihood they perceive of getting it
LPC theory of leadership
theory that suggests that a leaders effectiveness depends on the situation
Path goal theory of leadership
theory that suggests that effective leaders clarify the paths - behaviors- that will lead to desired rewards - goals
situational perspective
theory that suggests that in most organizations situations and outcomes are contingent on or influcence by other variables
michigan leadership studies
these studies defined job centered and employee centered leadership as opposite ends of a single leadership continuum
ohio state leaderships studies
these studies defined leader consideration and initating structure behaviors as independent dimensions of leadership
Mark and Sally are married, both are working, and they chose not to have children. What classification best fits them?
they are DINKS
When individuals experience status inconsistency, what is their likely choice of behavior?
they will claim the higher status
practical approach to decision making
this approach combines the steps of the rational approach with the conditions in the behavioral approach to create a more realistic process for making decisions in organizations
task environment
this environment includes specific organizations groups and individuals that influence the organization
vroom's decision tree approach to leadership
this model attempts to prescribe how much participation subordinates should be allowed in making decisions
PRAM model
this model guides the negotiater through the four steps of planning for agreement building relationships reaching agreements and maintaining relationships
judaism
this religion allows women equal participation in 3 of their 5 branches
christianity
this religion treated women as 2nd class citizens and excluded women from a variety of leadership roles
islam
this religion views women as dangerous to men, although many women in this religions society today are full participants in the public and private sphere
statement of race
this stated that all people are born free and equal in dignity and rights, racism stultifies personal development, conflicts cost nations money and resources, prejudices foments international conflict
professional bureaucracy
this structure is characterized by horizontal specialization by professional area of expertise little formalization and decentralized decision making
mechanistic structure
this structure is primarily hierarchical interactions and communications are typically vertical instructions come from the boss knowledge is concentrated at the top and loyalty and obedience are required to sustain membership
organic structure
this structure is set up like a network interactions and communications are horizontal knowledge resides where ever it is most useuful to the organization and membership requires a commitment to the organizations tasks
machine bureaucracy
this structure is typical of large well established organizations work is highly specialized and formalized and decision making is usually concentrated at the top
divionalized form
this structure is typical of old very large organizations the organization is divided according to the different markets served
simple structure
this structure is typical of relatively small or new organizations and has little specialization or formalization power and decision making are concentrated in the chief executive
adhocracy
this structure is typically found in young organizations in highly technical fields within it decision making is spread throughout the organization power resides with the experts horizontal and vertical specialization exists and there is little formalization
feminist theory
this theory, regarding gender stratification, agrees with Marx and Engels that gender stratification is based on power struggles, not biology
structural functional theory
this theory, regarding gender stratification, argued that men and women carry out different roles that have developed since early human society
symbolic interaction theory
this theory, regarding gender stratification, looks at gender as socially contructed; stresses the idea of human agency, the notion that humans are not only influenced by the society in which they live, but help create it
conflict theory
this theory, regarding gender stratification, views males as haves----controlling the majority of the power positions and most wealth----and femals as have-nots.
The best way to influence reluctant liberals towards less discriminatory behavior is
through equal-opportunity legislation
Flextime, job sharing, and part-time work are examples of _____ for managing work-life conflicts.
time-based strategies
A person who harbors prejudice but will not discriminate if it costs money or reduces profits is called a(an)
timid bigot
primary way to improve one's position in modern industrial societies
to attain political influence
rehabilitation
to make people better and stop committing crime
Evolutionary psychologists argue that the forces of natural selection predispose us
to particular actions and reactions when dating and mating.
false consciousness
to refer to an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect the class's objective position.
deterrence
to stop people rom committing a crime
highest authority position
top manager upper manager supervisor nonmanagement
The term ________________ refers to "identification as someone who is challenging, questioning, or changing gender from that assigned at birth to a chosen gender."
transgender
By using ___________, a more accurate picture of crime may be seen.
triangulation of multiple data sources
It is easier to determine an individual's class position in closed systems such as slavery and caste systems than in open system.
true
There is no clear biological or genetic difference between different racial groups.
true
Sociologically, what is a family?
two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption
isolated dyad
two people who tend to work alone and to interact and communicate little with others
power pluralist theorist
type of theorist that argue that power is not held exclusively by an elite group but is shared among many power centers, each of which has its own self-interest to protect
secondary market
undesirable, hard, dirty work
defacto discrimination
unequal treatment that is unintended,customary
De facto discrimination
unequal treatment that is unintended are in two forms -Side effect discrimination - practices in one institution is linked to practices in another institution. Ex: family roles and responsibilities of women means less devotion to work and therefore less chance for job promotions. There is no intention to harm women. It is the societal unofficial arrangements that leads to unintentional sexism -Past-in-present discrimination- ex: heavy equipments that were designed to require physical force excludes women the opportunity of having such jobs. These machines were engineered in the past, are very expensive to replace, and continue to disadvantage women. The intention was not to discriminate.
de facto discrimination
unintentional discrimination resulting from policies that have a unanticipated consequence of favoring one group over another
Gangs are frequently thought of as a ________ problem because gangs organized around drug dealing have become prominent (urban/ rural)
urban
cross functional teams are
used most often for the purpose of product development
task groups
usually are established to solve a particular organizational problem
a team
usually refers to people or animals organized to work together
preparation
usually the first tage in the creative process includes education and formal training
Sex
usually thought of as a biological term referring to ascribed genetic, anatomical, and hormonal differences between males and females, but it is actually determined by socially accepted biological criteria
Decisions made so as to provide the greatest good for the greatest number are based on _____.
utilitarianism
Piece-rate plans, merit based pay, bonuses, profit sharing, gainsharing, and employee stock ownership plans are all forms of _____ programs.
variable-pay
For a salesperson who is paid commission, reinforcement occurs on a _____ schedule.
variable-ratio
social change
variations or alterations over time in the behavior patterns, culture (including norms and values), and structure of society
variable interval reinforcement
varies the amount of time between reinforcements
variable ratio reinforcement
varies the number of behaviors between reinforcements
juvenile delinquincy
violation of law or the commission of status offense by young people
conventional (street) crime
violent crime, property crime, public order crime
The ____ is also called the network or modular organization.
virtual organization
Underclass
virtually no property, power or prestige
A charismatic leader's _____ is key to follower acceptance.
vision
______ is an inclusive term that encompasses all of a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property.
wealth
What are the three variables identified as defining social class?
wealth, power, prestige
Based soley on the idea of life chances, which group would have the greatest chance of survival in times of danger??
wealthy and powerful people
ideal bureaucracy
weber's model that is characterized by a hierarchy of authority and a system of rules and procedures designed to create an optimally effective system for large organizations
The Bell Curve presented the research of Herrnstein and Murray on the IQ, where they claimed that
welfare should be ended to discourage births among low-IQ poor women, 60 percent of IQ is inheritable, whites are inherently more intelligent than Blacks.
Countries such as Sweden and Great Britain that have incorporated some democratic socialist ideas into their governmental policies are sometimes called:
welfare states
Which of the following psychological terms reflects a disguised value judgment?
well-adjusted B. mentally ill C. self-actualized
The study conducted by Richard La Piere described in the text showed that people
were more willing to accept Chinese in person than they were in theory.
kids might be placed in wrong track because of race or assumed abilities, area of living, do not provide equal learning opportunities
what are shortcomings for education as a proxy for merit?
preliminary, popularization, institutionalized, fragmentation (demise)
what are the stages of a social movement?
Traditional authority Charismatic authority Rational-legal authority - most common today
what are the three different ways to gain legitimate power?
socialized and decentralized
what are the two different types of health care systems?
where the govt regulates but does not operate the system
what is a decentralized health care system?
produce goods and services and distribute them unequally, giving some citizens more privileges than others
what is economic power?
power taken by force or the threat of force
what is illegitimate power?
Whether the state can govern without the use or threat of forceful coercion, and Whether challenges to state authority are processed through normal channels
what is legitimate power measured by?
relationships between individuals and larger social institutions
what is political power?
where the government supports consumer service with equal access to all, the govt owns all facilities and pays providers directly
what is socialized health care system?
contributions
what the individual's contributes to an organization including effort skills ability time and loyalty
SI rational choice theory
when a person weighs the cost and benefits of nonconventional behavior
structural mobility
when people experience social mobility because the entire society got wealthier
internal social control
when people follow norms and values
competition among groups
when the goals of the interacting groups are incompatible and the interactions are important to goal attainment
cyclic process
where the employee is doing - then reflecting then thinking then deciding and this process continues with re-doing
conflict theory
which theory, regarding race and ethnic stratification, argues that creating a "lesser" group protects the dominant group's advantages
structural functional theory
which theory, regarding race and ethnic stratification, says maintaining a cheap pool of laborers who are in and our of work serves several purposes
symbolic interaction theory
which theory, regarding race and ethnic stratification, says that people are defined as belonging to a group based on physical appearance
symbolic interaction theory
which theory, regarding stratification, says to learn our social position means learning values, speech patterns, and our self-concept...help us understand how individuals learn and live their positions in society
structural functional theory
which theory, regarding stratification, says to view stratification within societies as an inevitable part of the world...societies survive by having an organized system into which each individual is born
conflict theory
which theory, regarding stratification, sees stratification as the outcome of struggles for dominance and scarce resources with some individuals in society taking advantages of others
Numerically, what is the race of the majority of the poor in the United States?
white
Which of the following groups will NOT increase as a percentage of the workforce?
white males
fred fiedler
who contends the only alternative is to change the situation through job engineering
Gerald Cavanaugh - Dennis Moberg and Manuel Velasquez
who developed a model of ethical political behavior
Gary Yukl
who developed a useful perspective for understanding how power might be used
Robert Blake and Jane srygley Mouton
who developed the Leadership grid
Max Weber
who developed the structuring the organization effectively
capitalist
who own the means of production and purchase and control the labor of others
According to the triarchic theory of intelligence,
wisdom, street smarts, and common sense are important factors of intelligence
When determinng social rank, studies of social class have tended to neglect the occupations and incomes of _____.
woman
The international Women Count Network seeks to give a monarchy value to
woman's unpaid work
Chodorow's reproduction of modering
women almost always do the mothering, both girls and boys identify with a female view of the self. but boys come to reject this self, focus on its opposite, to devalue everything that is feminine
radical feminists locate women's subordination in patriarchal system rooted in male domination and control of all institutions in public and private life
women and men are taught to internalize female subordination and devaluation of women's roles and contributions
Which of the following is an example of institutionalized discrimination?
women are expected to change their names when they marry and questioned if they dont
gender segregation
women mostly work in jobs where most of the other workers are also women
Which of the following statements about gender and the mass media is false?
women who are quite large are almost entirely depicted as positive role models.
dysfunctional behaviors
work related behaviors that detract from organizational performance
According to Daniel Rossides, which class makes up the largest percentage of the population?
working class
Politically the social class of people who are more likely to feel that the government should intervene in the economy to make citizens financially secure are the ___.
working class
have-nots
working class proletariat's, unorganized lower classes can be exploited as long as they do not have a class consciousness
Two-factor theory suggests that extrinsic factors such as _____ cause dissatisfaction.
working conditions
Commodity Chains
worldwide networks of labor resources and production process that create a product
institutional discrimination
woven into the social structure and taken for granted
socioeconomic status
your social connections, your taste in art, your ascribed and achieved statuses, and more. Because there are so many components, sociologists today tend to prefer the concept of socioeconomic status to that of social class, to emphasize that people are ranked through the intermingling of many factors, economic, social, political, cultural, and community
feudalism
ystem of stratification common in medieval Europe between the eleventh and sixteenth centuries, in Japan, and a few other regions, where there were a few merchants and "free men," but most of the population consisted of peasants and serfs, who worked the estates belonging to feudal lords (1 to 3% of the population). Feudalism was also a fixed and permanent system: If you were born a lord or a serf, you stayed there your whole life (p. 192).
Which of the following is not used by sociologists as a measure to determine someone's socioeconomic status.
zip code
Theoretical Explanations of Dominant-Minority Group Relations: Structural Functional Theory
• A cheap pool of labors (the poor) who are in and out of work serves several functions for society - A cheap pool of labor provides a labor force to do "dirty work" - They make occupation which service the poor (middle class jobs: social workers, criminology , public health workers, and etc.) - They buy goods others do not want - They set examples for others of what not to be - They allow others to feel good about giving to charity
Ethnic Groups
• Ethnic groups are groups where membership is based on shared cultural heritage and is often connected with a national or geographic identity • - Many racial groups are ethnic groups - Some ethnic groups concentrated in ethnic enclaves • Little Italy, Chinatown, Polish neighborhood, and etc. The federal government plays central role in creating ethnic groups. This process in the U.S. emphasizes that ethnic identity is socially shaped and created. The U.S. government classified large aggregates of people who vary in ethnicity, under one umbrella category for example: • Asian Americans (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and etc.) • Hispanics or Latinos (Brazilians, Mexicans, Cubans, and etc.) • Indian or Native Americans (Chippewa, Dine, Lakota, and etc.) • Black or African American (from many ethnic backgrounds)
Minority Reactions to Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism
• Five common reactions to dealing with a minority group status: - Assimilation - Acceptance - Avoidance - Aggression - Change-oriented Action
Explanations of Prejudice: Micro-Level Analysis
• Frustration-aggression theory is a theory which states that acts of prejudice and discrimination are motivated by anger and frustration individuals feel when they cannot achieve their work or goals -Scapegoating is a form of aggressive action motivated by frustration against minority groups because an individual is unable to vent frustration toward the real target or cause - Scapegoating occurs when a minority group is blamed for others' failures or shortcomings
Global Movements for Human Rights: Macro- Level Policies
• Global issues and ethnic conflicts in the social world are interrelated • Human Rights macro level policies are directed at improving dominant and minority group relations worldwide. • The United Nations passed a Declaration of Universal Human Rights after the Holocaust to ensure that every global citizen is awarded particular human rights • National governments and privately funded advocacy groups work for international human rights
What Characterizes Race and Ethnic Groups?
• Minority groups are determined by history and ideology • Dominant groups are not always a numerical majority • Ethnic and racial groups are the most common minority groups in the world
Theoretical Explanations of Dominant-Minority Group Relations: Cultural Explanations
• Prejudice and discrimination are passed on from generation to generation through cultural transmission through socialization, institutional structure, and media stereotypes - Stereotypes limit the opportunities available to minority group members
Prejudice and Racism: Micro-Level Analysis
• Prejudice are attitudes that prejudge a group, usually negatively and not based on facts - Stereotyping is the categorization of large numbers of people by prejudiced individuals • Often distorted, oversimplified, or exaggerated ideas • Passed down over generations through the culture and tradition • Applied to all members of a group • Used to justify prejudice, discrimination, and unequal distribution of resource - A self-fulfilling prophesy is the incorporation of stereotyped behavior into an individual's view of themselves
Theoretical Explanations of Dominant-Minority Group Relations: Conflict Theory
• Privileged people perpetuate prejudice and discrimination against minority group members to keep privileges and resources • Three critical factors contribute to hostility over resources - If two groups of people are identifiably different then "we" versus "they" thinking may develop - If the groups come into conflict over scarce resources that both groups want for themselves, hostilities are very likely to arise - If one group has much more power than the other, intense dislike between the two groups and misrepresentation of each group by the other is virtually inescapable
Discrimination: Meso-Level Analysis
• PurposefulorDejurediscrimination-isbuiltinto the law or is part of the explicit policies of an organization • Unintentional or De facto discrimination - results from broad policies that favor one group and disadvantage another • Past-in-presentdiscrimination-practicesfrom the past that may no longer be allowed but that continue to affect people today
The Concept of Race
• Race is a group within the human species that is identified by a society as presumably having certain biologically inherited physical characteristics • Racial classifications have been based on numerous physical characteristics - One culturally convenient racial grouping divided humans in four major categories: Mongoloid, Caucasoid, Negroid, and Australoid.
Biracial and Multiracial Populations: Immigration, Intermarriage, and Personal Identification
• Race is asocial construct that can change with conditions in a country • Immigration results in a mix of peoples that create many multiracial individuals • The U.S. accepts more new immigrants than any other country • In the 2000 Census, 7 million or 2.3% of the U.S. population selected two or more racial categories with white/American Indian being the most common mixed category
The Significance of Race versus Class
• Racial stratification was the central stratification system in the US for many years • The division of Black America - Two in five African Americans are middle-class - Majority of urban, black underclass are unemployed • Inequality between Blacks and Whites persist
Racism
• Racism is any attitude, belief, or institutional arrangement that favors one racial group over another; this favoritism may result in intentional or unintentional consequences for minority groups - Ideological racism - Symbolic racism - Institutional racism
Social Construction of Race: Symbolic Interaction Analysis
• Social significance is the idea from Symbolic interaction theory that social consequences constitute reality - People assign group membership, in part, on physical appearance - All individuals classify objects, including humans - Classifications used to scientifically study humans - Classifications can provide individuals with an identity • Becausepeoplelookdifferent(physicalfeatures, and inherited genes), it has been presumed there are also differences in psychological and moral characteristics. This results in discrimination. Justification of discrimination in the U.S. and South Africa resulted in consequence like: - Apartheid Laws between 1948 and 1990's in South Africa - Jim Crow Laws in Southern states before Civil rights laws of 1960s
Dominant and Minority Group Contact: Macro- Level Analysis
• The form of dominant and minority group relations in a nation depend on several factors: - Who has more power - The needs of the domination group for commodities - The cultural norms of each group - The social histories of the group - The times and circumstances
Nonviolent Resistance; Institutional and Societal Policy for Change
• The model for this technique comes from India's Mahatma Gandhi who led the struggle for independence from Britain in the 1950s • In the U.S., Martin Luther King, Jr. followed in the nonviolent resistance tradition
Origins of the Concept of "Race"
• • Race relation problems are social in origin - Racist doctrines lack any scientific basis In the 1970s, the United Nations issued a "Statement on Race" that stated: - All people are born free and equal both in dignity and in rights - Racism stultifies personal development - (Racial) conflicts cost nations money and resources - Racism foments international conflict
Sex, gender, and sexuality at the micro-level
␣ Agents of socialization teach us from birth how to display proper gendered behaviors ␣ Failure to comply often results in sanctions
Gender socialization- Meso level
␣ Corporations produce materials that help socialize children ␣ Language and pictures in children's book ␣ Toys given to boys and girls differ ␣ Anticipatory socialization- preparation for the assumption of future roles. Toys and games prepares children through anticipatory socialization. ␣ Mass Media ␣ Women in video games are stereotyped and dehumanized ␣ Recent in action films have been shown women as ␣ Competent/strong, adventurous, but also thin and beautiful: Harry Potter, Star Wars, Tomb Raiders ␣ Consequences: dieting and steroid use ␣ Television - children spend more time watching TV from birth until age 5 than they do in the classroom for 12 years of school ␣ Working women in sop operas and ads are shown as having problem in carrying out their roles. ␣ Large women are shown as comic figures ␣ More television children watch, the more gender stereotypes they hold so TV affects gender role socialization
Educational Systems
␣ Encouraged boys in active play and sports (benefits include strategic thinking and networking skills). Encouraged girls in supportive roles (cheerleaders) ␣ Boys in classroom act out and receive more classroom attention (positive/negative) and do more physical chores while girls are rewarded fro being passive and obedient. ␣ Title IX-legislated equal opportunity in educational programs, including sport
Gender socialization
␣ Gender socialization is the process by which people learn the cultural norms, attitudes, and behaviors appropriate to their gender through sanctions ␣ Ex: soft men defined as wimp/aggression in women defined as disturbed ␣ Stages in gender socialization: Parents focus on gender socialization during infancy and childhood ␣ Meso-level agents include: ␣ Corporations Education ␣ Mass Media Religion
Sex, gender, and sexuality at the macro-level
␣ Inequalityattheglobal/nationallevelisindependentof personal prejudices ␣ Institutionalizeddiscrimination-patternsofsocialaction that are imbedded in the entire social system may influence women and men, providing unrecognized privileges or disadvantages ␣ Inmanypartsoftheworld,womenaregaininggreater political representation ␣ Women in parliament or congress: ␣ Rwanda 48.8%, Sweden 45%, Costa Rica and Norway 38%, Cuba and Spain 36%, Argentina and Mozambique 35%, Canada 21%, U.S. 15% females and ranks 83rd nation with female politicians. The U.S. has the lowest percentage of women in national politics.
Changing gender stratification
␣ Practices used by other groups may be effective ␣ Non-violent protests, sit-down strikes, boycotts, and walkouts ␣ Support groups ␣ Using the internet to carry the message to others ␣ Building on traditions of community and church activism ␣ Difficult to end women's subjugation because most women agree on the goal, but not the means for achieving the goal
Sex, gender, and stratification
␣ Sex- usually thought of as a biological term referring to ascribed genetic, anatomical, and hormonal differences between males and females, but it is actually determined by socially accepted biological criteria ␣ Intersexed- persons with ambiguous genitalia
Meso and macro costs and consequences of gender stratification
␣ Stratification has consequences for all social institutions ␣ Men are able to "take gender privilege with them" ␣ Stratification can lead to: ␣ Poor educational achievement of female children ␣ Loss of human talents and resources of half of the population ␣ Lack of health care coverage for women, which impacts both those women and their children ␣ Social divisiveness leading to alienation, if not hostility.
Gender, homosexuality, and minority status
␣ The government and dominant religious group determines how gay men and lesbians are treated in society ␣ Lesbians seen as threatening because they are not reliant on men ␣ Gay men seen as inferior because they are perceived to be more feminine
Religious Beliefs
␣ Though changing, women have restricted roles within religious organizations. This is partly due to women perceived as sinners because of the Adam and Eve story ␣ In traditional Hindu and Islamic religions, female sexuality is seen as a threat to men's spirituality and must be tightly controlled ␣ Most major religious groups now feature both traditional fundamentalist and more modern branches that have changed to fit the modern world. ␣ Even governments and legal systems interpret and enforce religious laws differently, as seen in news stories replete with conflicts between modern and fundamentalist Christian, Muslim, Jewish, and Hindu groups. The function of these laws, taboos, and other cultural expectations is to protect family lineage.
Gender and minority group status
␣ Women are a minority group because: ␣ Distinguished by physical, cultural, or social characteristics ␣ Share of desired goods is limited by the dominant group ␣ Ideological or other justifications are used to deny them equal treatment ␣ They have a collective identity used to help insulate them from unequal treatment ␣ Minority group status is generally determined by rules of descent, with members born into a status they cannot change
Sex, gender, and sexuality at the meso-level
␣Adults roles and responsibilities in social institutions differ by age and sex ␣Rites of passage differ by age and sex ␣Women's reduced power in micro-level settings is often related to a lack of power in meso-level organizations and institutions
Micro costs and consequences of gender stratification
␣Rigid stereotyping can have psychological and social consequences for individuals ␣ For men- guilt, anxiety; early death ␣ For women- superwoman image; beauty image ␣An alternative: androgyny