Latin America

peninsulares

top of the social class, they came from the Iberian Peninsula, held all the important government positions, leaders and authorities

Haitian Revolution Cause

was the inherent cruelty of slavery and the desire for Haitian blacks and multi-racial people to be treated with respect and decency.

The key motives for European exploration

"Gold, Glory, and God", economic motives loom large in expansion, grandeur, glory, and a spirit of adventures, Gold= economics Glory= fame behavioral God= religion (spread of culture)

Simon Bolivar

"The Liberator"- between 1810-1820 liberated: Venezuela, coloumbia, peru, panama, ecuador, and upper peru. Love of Freedom, strengthened by ideas of French Revolution.

The Treaty of Tordesillas

A treaty that divides Portuguese (east) & Spanish (west) claims in the new world. The result was that Portugal ended up colonizing places like Brazil in South America and India and Asia. *Brazil's Portuguese-speaking population is a result of this event.

Corrupt governments, drugs, deforestation, illegal immigration to the United States

Anti-Drug laws often loosely enforced which results in government corruption. Demand for hard-woods such as mahogany and cedar, Clearing of land for farming, Clearing of the forest for cattle to graze. (major issues of developing countries in latin america.

Authoritarian rule

Case study of Argentina, States in Latin America, like many other countries in the world, have experienced a series of political transformation ranging from undemocratic to democratic rule.

Pablo Escobar

Colombian drug lord, leader of one of the most powerful criminal organizations ever assembled, He made billions of dollars, ordered the murder of hundreds if not thousands of people, and ruled over a personal empire of mansions, airplanes, a private zoo and even his own army of soldiers and hardened criminals.

Fidel Castro

Communist Dictator who ruled Cuba for 55 years, died November 25, 2016, Took control of foreign-owned sugar plantations, and other businesses which led to conflict with United States. Communism seen as promise to expanding wealth for many U.S. response-Naval Blockade. Led to Cuban Missile Crisis

United States and Cuba relationship

Many Latin Americans criticized the United States for plotting invasion. Fidel Castro took control of foreign-owned sugar plantations, and other businesses which led to conflict with United States.

The idea of Latin America being Megadiverse

Extremely large. Term usually used to describe "Mega diverse countries" which are a group of countries that harbor the majority of the Earth's species and are therefore considered extremely bio diverse by environmentalists. Ecuador : One of 17 mega diverse countries in the world

Amerigo Vespucci

Italian man who made several voyages and has America named after him (map maker)

Independence Movements- Causes and Effects

Latin American countries gained there independence in the early 1800's, Spanish bourbon reform act brought colonists together against monarchy, Spanish king took all economic holdings from Latin american catholic church

Augusto Pinochet

Led a coup in 1973 that deposed elected leftist leader. Ruled for nearly 20 yrs, he ruled Chile with an iron fist, ordering the deaths of thousands of suspected leftists and communists.

Latin America (term)

Location: Includes parts of Two Continents: North America and South America, along with Central America and the Caribbean Called "Latin America" because the two main languages spoken there-Spanish and Portuguese-developed from Latin

U.S. intervention into Latin America

Panama Canal, In the late 1800s, Columbia rejects a $10 million offer for a strip of land from U.S. President Teddy Roosevelt. After being rejected, the US encourages Panama rebels to declare independence, they do, and the new nation, Panama, accepts the $10 million. U.S. periodically intervened militarily in Latin America nations in early 1900s to protect its interests, particularly the commercial interests of the American business community. Occurred when debts were not being repaid, access to natural resources were impeded, or if governmental leaders needed to be coerced into compliance Unpopular, seen as Imperialistic, leads to anti-Americanism

Latin America geography (it's unique characteristics)

Mountains: Andes Mountains (highest in South America), Sierra Madres (Mexico) Pampas: grassy plains area from Argentina into Uruguay - wheat farmers and cattle ranchers, very productive agricultural area Rivers: Amazon River, Orinoco (Venezuela), Rio de la Plata (btw Uruguay and Argentina) Other important features: Gulf of Mexico, Amazon Rain Forest, Panama Canal, Strait of Magellan

Anastasio Somoza, Nicaragua-his family rule,and the Sandinistas

Nicaragua, dictator, military general. Had two sons who followed his footsteps, family ruled for nearly 50 years. Treated Nicaragua like it was their own private estate, very corrupt. Took from the treasury and granted favors to friends and family, was a cruel, and crooked leader who was nevertheless supported by the US government because he was staunchly anti-communist.

the original inhabitants within Latin America

Nomadic people migrated from Asia into North America crossed Bering land bridge, which connect Siberia to Alaska. Reached America's estimated 50,000 years ago. Lived by hunting, fishing, and gathering plants 5,000 years ago began growing Maize (corn) Region was home to Native American Aztecs, Mayas, and Incas.

NAFTA and what's it's purpose

North American Free Trade Agreement Designed to increase trade among the US, Canada, and Mexico and to remove trade restrictions within North America.

Social Structure of Latin American Colonies

Peninsulares Crelos Mesitizos Mulattoes Native Americans African Slaves

The Columbian Exchange

Refers to a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life.

Rafael Trujillo

Ruled from 1930 until his assassination in 1961. His 30 years in power, is considered one of the bloodiest eras ever in the Americas, as well as a time of a classic personality cult, It has been estimated that during his rule more than 50,000 people died. His rule brought the country more stability and prosperity than any living Dominican had previously known.

Cuba & US relationship

Self declared Marxist-Leninist, set up a one party system of government.

Cash Crops

Sugar Coffee Bananas

Religion and it's impact on Latin America

The Catholic Church was the main unifying force in colonial Latin America. Catholics converted Native Americans and Africans to Catholicism. Brought new concepts of good and evil, the idea of Heaven and Hell. The arrival of the Church in the New World terminated human sacrifice and cannibalism.

Monroe Doctrine

U.S foreign policy, introduced by President James Monroe in 1823. Stated that any effort to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention. Objective: ensure no intervention into Western Hemisphere. Monroe doctrine: defining moment in U.S. foreign policy and one of its longest-standing tenets.

Yankee Imperialism

US intervention into the internal affairs of Latin American nations through military and economic means. The concept dates back to the 1800s and thru the 21st century.

major issues in developing today...

poor economic conditions, drug trade, deforestation, illegal immigration

African Slaves

saw independence as a way to gain freedom

Colonization

the action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area.

Mexico and "privatization"

to relieve debt crisis the sale of government-owned companies to private firms

Caudillos

a military or political leader.

Juan Peron

army colonel who became president of Argentina and was founder and leader of the Peronist movement.

Evo Morales

became Bolivia's first indigenous President in 2005, he believes Bolivians should be able to grow coca. He states that the coca leaf is a symbol of Andean culture that was under threat from the imperialist oppression of the U.S.

Salvador Allende

became Chile's first socialist president in 1970 before committing suicide during a 1973 military coup

Crelos

descendants of Europeans born in Latin America, rensented the peninsulars, felt they had built the colonies, they should rule them.

Haitian Revolution Effects

established the country of Haiti, ended French designs on the New World and led to a racial panic in the United States.

Native Americans

forced to work in mines and plantations, wanted land back from Spanish

obstacles to independence

geographic barriers, deep social divisions, no experience with rep. gov't only men vote, rise of caudillos; military leaders who ruled

Mercantilism

how to make money (belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism)

What experiences did Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua have in common in the post-World War II period?

internal tension, political instability, and dictatorships throughout the region

Good Neighbor Policy

non-intervention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America. Reinforced idea that the United States would be a "good neighbor" and engage in reciprocal exchanges with Latin American countries.

Viceroys

official who rules in place of a king

Mulattoes

offspring of Africans and Europeans

Mesitizos

offspring of Native Americans and Europeans, hoped to move up in society.

Imperialism

one country controlling another