lipds and fat soluble vitamins
are industrialized forms of fat in which hydrogen atoms are added to unsaturated fats.
Trans fats
categories of lipids in the body:
fatty acids of different kinds, cholesterol ( LDL & HDL) different kind of tags, sterols and fat soluble vitamins.
categories of lipids in foods:
fatty acids, TAGS, cholesterol, ADEK
Dietary sources of omega 3:
fatty fish, flac seeds
acetylcholin
first neurotransmitter to be discovered; works at the nerve/muscle interfaces, affects memory, learning, aggression, alertness, BP, heart rate, sexual behavior, and mental acuity EXHIBITORY
units of measure used to determine human requirements
grams
which type of fat, chicken fat, or safflower oil contains the greatest amount of saturated fatty acids and which has the least number of saturated fatty acids?
greates amount=beef tallow least amount= safflower oil
what is the name of the three carbon compound that serves as the backbone for a triglyceride?
gylcerol
raise blood Tags, raise LDL, risk for heart disease.
health implications of saturated:
The length of the triglycerol chain is important because it determines what?
how fats are digested and absorbed in the body
health implications of TAGS
increase risk for heart disease
example of phospholipid?
lecithin
percentage range of your daily calories should come from saturated fat?
less than 10%
ldl recommendation for healthy adults
less than 100
This enzyme breaks down triglycerides in the mouth
lingual lipase
enzymes that digest lipids:
lingual lypase, gastric lipase, pancreatic lipase.
omega 6 fatty acids:
linoleic acid
type of acids you polyunsaturated
linolenic & linoleic acids
omega 3 has which acid?
linolenic acid
dietary sources of TAGS:
liquid oils, nuts + seeds
health implications for monosaturated
lower blood LDL, lower blood tags, good for heart.
polyunsaturated
lower blood LDL, lower blood tags, good for heart.
omega 3
lowers LDL-C, lowers tags, keeps a healthy LDL- C and HDL-C. Stabilize heart rhythm, prevent blood clots.
phosphipid structure
molecule of glycerol, 2 fatty acids and 1 molecule containing phosphorus.
1 double bond
monounsaturated
type of acid you find with saturated
myristic acid
type of acid you find with monunsaturated
oleic acid
what is the maximum number of milligrams of cholesterol that you should consume a day, regardless of # of calories you consume a day?
300
chain length of fatty acids
4-24
how many calories are there in one gram of fat?
9
lecithin-
A phospholipid manufactured by the liver and also found in many foods; a major constituent of cell membranes.
these aid in absorption of some phytochemicals., plant constituents believed to benefit health.
Fatty acids
which type can lower your risk of heart disease?
HDL
percentage range of your daily calories should come from total fat?
20-35%
total cholesterol recommendation for healthy adults:
200 mg
what is attatched to each of three carbons that make up that backbone?
fatty acids
Fat soluble vitamins
A,D,E,K
provides more than twice the energy of carbohydrate.
Fat
which type of lipoprotein can raise your risk of heart disease?
LDL
These serves as energy reserves but also cushion the vital organs, protect the body from temperature extremes, carry the fat-soluble nutrients and phytochemicals, serve as raw materials, and provide the major component of which cell membranes are made.
Lipids
helps lower LDL-C, cause inflammation in lining of blood vessels. Cause blood clots to form
Omega-6
which classes of lipids were identified in the chapter?
Triglycerides phospholipids sterols
exclude hydrogen in its double bond and are often liquid form at room temperature
Unsaturated fats
elaidic acid
a monounsaturated fatty acid that has the same structure as oleic acid except that it is a trans fatty acid
what percentage should come from saturated fat ?
as low as possible
when are fats solid?
at room temperature
detergent role of bile:
breaks fat into even smaller parts
emulsifer role of bile
brings two things together that dont belong together. fat & h20
solubility of phospholipds:
can travel in water & in fat.
dietary sources of monounsaturated:
canola, oil, olive oil
chemical composition of lipids
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen/ all organic
in what two ways can fatty acids differ from one another?
chain length & degree of saturation
These come in different chain sizes, 4-24, and at one end there is an acid group.
chemical composition of fatty acids.
example of sterol?
cholesterol
polyunsaturated
corn oil, soy bean oil
essential fatty acids serve as raw materials from which the body makes substances known as
eicosanoids
these serve as raw materials from which the body makes molecules it requires
essential fatty acids.
essential fatty acids
fats needed by the body that must be consumed in the diet because the human body cannot manufacture them
which two types of cooking oils are healthier options because they are especially rich in monounsaturated fats? these two types can provide protection from which serious medical condition?
olive oil & canola oil. Heart disease.
these acids are supplied abundently in vegetable oils:
omegga 6 fatty acid
occurence of phospholipids in the body?
part of outer cell membrane, CNS
what is an effective strategy for raising HDLs?
physical activity
give us oils, corn oil, nut seed, avacado.
plant foods
2 or more double bonds
polyunsaturated
Dietary sources of omega-6
red meats
these have no double bonds
saturated
come primarily from animals
saturated fats
mediteranian oils
seeds, nuts, olives, and oils.
carbon chain is
short. medium, and long.
occurrence of phospholipids in food?
soy beans & products. Mayo and chocolate
satiety
the state of being satisfactorily full and unable to take on more
the digestive enzyme of triglycerides in the stomach
tributyrase
95% of lipids fall into which catefory
triglyceride
which is the major category of lipid found in your body and in your food?
triglyceride
dietary sources of saturated:
whole milk, fat on visable meat