Lipids
Fatty Acids
Comprised of a hydrocarbon chain. most lipids have fatty acids in their chemical structure.
Trans Fat
Unsaturated fats that have one trans bond instead of the cis configuration
Hypertension
a chronic condition of abnormally high blood pressure
Thrombus
a fixed bunch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow
Arteriosclerosis
a result of atherosclerosis, a hardening of the arteries. Causes hypertension.
Essential Fatty Acids
alpha-linoleic and linoleic acid, Omega 3 and Omega 6
what type of foods is cholesterol found in?
animal foods
Pancreatic lipase
digests triglycerides by removing two fatty acids from the glycerol
what are some things that cause atherosclerosis?
excess cholesterol or glucose, cigarettes, bacteria
whats the difference between fats and oils
fats are solid at room temperature
What does the cis bond do the the hydrocarbon chain?
forms a kink
What types of foods contain the most trans fat?
processed foods and margarines
Long Chain Fatty Acids
14-24 carbons
Short Chain Fatty Acids
2-4 carbons
Saturated Fat
Each carbon within the chain of a fatty acid is filled with hydrogen atoms
What is a thrombus called if a thrombus breaks free?
Embolus
what process creates trans fat?
Hydrogenation
Trans fats do what do the shelf life of food
increase it by 20%, because trans fats are less likely to undergo oxidation
is cholesterol digested?
no.
enterohepatic circulation
recycling of bile salts
Prostaglandins
stimulate urinary contractions, regulate blood flow, stimulate immune and inflammatory responses
Adipose Cells
store fat
Atherosclerosis
stressors cause irritation in blood vessels and and the immune system responds by producing inflammation, which deposits cholesterol under the arteries lining
Phospholipids
structurally similar to a triglyceride, but one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphorus group
If a thrombus blocks blood flow in the heart, what happens?
the muscle dies, and and myocardial infraction occurs
why are phospholipids partially water soluble?
the phosphorus containing portion of the molecule is hydrophilic.
what is the primary site of lipid digestion?
the small intestine
how can phospholipids act as an emulsifier?
they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
Medium Chain Fatty Acids
6-12 carbons
Triglyceride
Three Fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone
Which is more solid at room temperature, fats with a lot of trans fatty acids or cis fatty acids?
Trans fatty acids
Unsaturated Fat
Two neighboring carbons within a fatty acid chain are missing town hydrogen atoms, and double bond holds them together
Stroke
a clot that results from a clot in the brain
Cholesterol
a complex type of lipid, a component of every cell membrane in your body
hydrogenation
adding of hydrogen atoms to some unsaturated fatty acids in vegetable oil. converts many of the cis bonds into trans bonds.
Lipase
breaks down triglycerides and phospholipids
Low Density Lipoprotein
carries more cholesterol, and takes it to the tissues
High Density Lipoprotein
carries more protein than cholesterol. takes lipids away from from tissues to the liver
Very Low Density Lipoproteins
carry a larger share of triglycerides than cholesterol
If you interfere with the recycling of bile salts, what happens? how do you do it?
cholesterol lowers, fiber interferes with the recycling of bile salts
Bile
contains bile salts, which keeps lipids from globbing up
Cardiovascular Disease
disease of the heart and blood vessels
What is a common emulsifier used in baking?
eggs
Polyunsaturated Fat
has more than one double bond linking carbons
Monounsaturated Fat
has only one double bond linking two carbon atoms
what does the liver use cholesterol for?
to make bile
Lipoproteins
water soluble structures that transport lipids through the bloodstream