Medical Microbiology, Chapter 23 Review Sheet 2: Protozoa/Disease

What cellular structures would Naegleria fowleri use for motility?

-considered an amoeba -uses pseudopods

trichomonas hominis frequency?

1 in 5 women carry this

A person can acquire toxoplasmosis from

1) cleaning out cat liver 2) oocysts in air 3) pseudocysts from raw meat

What is amebiasis? pathogen: disease: transmission: treatment:

1)pathogen: Entamoeba histolytica 2)disease: bloody diarrhea (dysentery), liver abscess ("anchovy paste" exudate), RUQ pain; histology shows flask-shaped ulcer 3)transmission: human/water (cysts in water) 4) treatment: Metronidazole; iodoquinol for asymptomatic cyst passers;

Provide at least 2 reasons why primary amebic meningocephalitis is more common during summer months

1. 2.

What are 2 examples of hemoflagellates?

1. 2.

Anti-protozoan drugs? (6)

1. Metronidazole (Flagyl) 2. Quinadrine (atabrine) 3. Chloroquine (aralen) 4. Primaquine (For liver stage) 5. artemisinin 6. nitrifuromox

What are examples of 3 amoeboid protozoa?

1. ambiasis (affects GI) - entamoeba histolytica 2. brain - nagleria fowleri 3. brain - acanthamoeba

Which nematodes have a lung infiltrative phase (coughing followed by subsequent swallowing of larva)?

1. ascaris lumbrocoides 2. necator americanus 3.anclostomata 4.strongyloides

Naegleria facts (4)

1. associated with warm water; (contamination with cysts) - freshwater lakes 2. moves with global warming 3. inhaled water allows trophozoites to attach to nasal passages, invade the brain through the cribiform plate, and set ameobas 4. causes a rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis (not included)

What are characteristics of giardia lamblia? (3)

1. attaches to the small intestine and causes diarrhea (Streatorrhea- due to decreased fat absorption), and cramps in 7-10 days; 2. 20% of people infected are not symptomatic (excrete cysts for years) 3. children are more suspectible

Which 2 nematodes will not result in an elevated eosinophil count (because they don't invade tissues)

1. enterobius vermicularis 2. trichuria trichiura

Which nematodes are transmitted through the ingestion of eggs?

1. enterobius vernicularis 2. ascaris 3. trichurisis

What are the general characteristics of protozoa? (7)

1. eukaryotes 2. different forms of motility (except apicomplexa) 3. contractile vacuole 4. pellicle: a thin skin, cuticle, membrane, or film. 5. holozoic feeding 6. sexual and asexual reproduction 7. encystment in most;

What are examples of primitive protozoa?

1. giardia 2. trichomonas

What are examples of flagellated protozoa? (4)

1. giardia lamblia 2. trichomonas tenax, hominis, vaginalis hemoflagellates: 3. trypanosoma cruzi/brucei 4. leishmania donovani -> leishmaniasis

Clinical presentation of acanthamoeba

1. keratitis (corneal) form cutaneous contact lens (cutaneous infections through lesions may lead to nodules & brain infection (For immuno-compromised)

Trichomonas hominis facts (8)

1. lack introns but have many bacterial genes 2. often coexists with gonorrhea (40%) 3. females - vaginitis (foamy, odoriferous discharge) pH MUST be greater than 6 4. many cases are asymptomatic (Carriers) - 50% 5. peak incidence at ages 16-35 years; 6. males - may lead to mild discharge or prostatitis 7. lacks a mitochondria *has a glycosome instead 8. no cyst form

What are 2 examples of hemoflagellates?

1. leishmaniasis 2.trypanosomiasis

What are examples of apicomplexan protozoa? (5)

1. plasmodium vivax, falciparum, and malariae 2. toxoplasma gondii 3. cryptosporidium 4. isosporosis - cystoisospora belli 5. cyclosporiasis - cyclospora cayetanensis 6. babesia

What are the 4 classes of important protozoa?

1. sporozoa - sporodina 2. sarcodinia - amoebas 3. ciliatia - ciliates 4. mastogophora- flagellates

what are 4 examples of flagellated protozoa?

1. trichomonas vaginalis 2. giardia intestinalis 3. leishmania - donovani etc. 4. trypanosoma brucei &cruzi

How many giardia lamblia cysts are used to set up an infection?

10-20 will set up an infection that survives for 2 months in water (resists normal chlorination);

How many cases of trichomonas hominis are there worldwide?

170 million cases worldwide -transmitted sexually or by formites

Acanthamoeba disease: route of infection: most commonly infects: treatment:

Acanthamoeba disease: granulamatous ameobic encephalitis route of infection: 1) nasopharyngeal route 2) skin breaks most commonly infects: immunocompromised treatment: no standard treatment; fluconazole, azithromycin, and amphoterin B

What neurotoxins are found in red tides?

Alexandrium produces saxotoxin which forms respiratory paralysis; Red tides: algae bloom (From warm temperature), have microbes with these dinoflagellates;

how do ascaris lumbrocoides infections usually present?

Early infection presents with cough, and wheezing as the larvae are migrating through the tissue. Late infection presents with obstructive GI symptoms such as cramping, small bowel obstruction, pancreatitis, and cholecystitis. Chen, Eric; Kasturi, Sanjay. Deja Review Microbiology & Immunology, Second Edition (Page 234). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

Entamoeba histolytica primarily invades the

LARGE intestine

What causes PRIMARY ameobic encephalitis?

Naegleria fowleri

trichomonas hominis trophozoite

No cyst stage known

schistosomiasis 1. also known as 2. what type of parasite? 3.affects what organs 4. signs (4)

Schistosomiasis, 1.also known as snail fever and bilharzia, schistosomes. 2.is a disease caused by parasitic flatworms 3.The urinary tract or the intestines may be infected. 4. Signs and symptoms may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stool, or blood in the urine. Those who have been infected a long time may experience liver damage, kidney failure, infertility, or bladder cancer.

What other organism with found with acanthamoeba?

Where you find acanthamoeba -> find legionella Acanthamoeba protects legionella organisms (Example of symbiosis)

filiariasis

Wuchereria bancrofti - contracted by an anopheles mosquito

define agammaglobulinemia

also called hypogammaglobinemia - absence or severely reduced levels of antibodies in serum

What treats Naegleria ?

amphoterin B

protozoa: basesia disease: reservoir/source:

apicomplexan protozoa protozoa: basesia disease: babesisis reservoir/source: (ixodes) tick/wild rodent

protozoa: cryptospordium disease: reservoir/source:

apicomplexan protozoa protozoa: cryptospordium disease: cryptospordiasis reservoir/source: free living water/cysts; (oocytes in water)

ascariasis caused by

ascariasis (most common worm world wide) water or food contaminated with human feces containing eggs

How many cases of trichomonas hominis are there in the US?

at least 5 million cases annually in the US; -transmitted sexually or by formites

What do you treat nematodes roundworms with?

bendazoles (because these worms bend)

What animal disseminates acanthamoeba?

bird feces

malaria is contracted by

bite from anopheles mosquito

define dysentary

bloody diarrhea -caused by antamoeba histolytica

trichinosis can only be spread human to human by...

cannibalism

apheles mosquito commonly transmits

commonly transmit parasites of the genus 1)Plasmodium, which cause malaria in humans in endemic areas. Some species of Anopheles also can serve as the vectors for canine 1)heartworm Dirofilaria immitis, the filariasis-causing species 2)Wuchereria bancrofti and 3) Brugia malayi, and viruses such as one that causes O'nyong'nyong fever.

Acanthamoeba - where are the cysts found? spread by?

cysts found in sewage, soil, cooling towers, hot tubes spread by air dissemination, and humidifier

Definitive host vs intermediate host

definitive host: where larva develop intermediate host: where adults produce fertile eggs

What are dinoflagellates? examples?

dinoflagellates have 2 unequal flagella; 1. glenodinium 2.peridinium 3.gymnodinium 4.saxitoxin (alexandrium)

What parasite is associated with vitamin B12 deficiency?

diphyllobothrium latum (cestatode that infects fish)

schistosomiasis contracted by

freshwater snail vector releases infectious stage ( A similar, more severe reaction called "swimmer's itch" reaction can also be caused by cercariae from animal trematodes that often infect birds.[14][19])

How many giardia lamblia cyst cases are there annually

giardia lamblia cyst cases: 1 million

KNOW giardiasis is contracted by

ingestion of cysts in water contaminated by wild animal feces

amebic dysentery is contracted by...

ingestion of food contaminated by human feces

Which of the following is and isn't considered an insect vector?

insect vectors: 1. flea 2. mosquito 3. tsetse fly- sleeping sickness NOT insect vector: tick

What does babesia resemble?

it resembles malaria;

What does acanthamoeba castellani cause?

keratitis in contact lens users; can lead to blindness

Acanthamoeba

label

In the exoerythrocytic phase of infection, plasmodium invades the BLANK

liver

What is the treatment for giardia lamblia and entamoeba histolytica?

metronidazole

What is the treatment for cryptosporidium?

nitazoxanide in immunocompetent hosts;

What is noctiluca?

noctiluca is a dinoflagella that lacks cellulose plates

river blindness caused by

onchocerca volvulus - contracted by black fly

infection with which organism could produce symptoms similar to those seen in primary amebic meningoencephalitis?

plasmodium falciparum

plasmodium reproduces sexually in the 1)blank and asexually in the 2)

produces sexually in the 1)mosquito and asexually in the 2)human

protozoa: gardia lamblia disease: reservoir/source: transmission: treatment:

protozoa: flagellated protozoa disease: intestinal disease Giardiasis—bloating, flatulence, foul-smelling, fatty diarrhea (often seen in campers/hikers)— think fat-rich Ghirardelli chocolates for fatty stools of Giardia resevoir: zoonotic/cysts in water extra: transmission: Trophozoites or cysts in stool treatment: Metronidazole

protozoa: ameboid protozoa disease: reservoir/source:

protozoa: ameboid protozoa disease: amebiasis entamoeba histolytica dysentery brain infection ->naegleria fowleri, acanthamoeba (primary acute meningoencephalitis) reservoir/source: free living in water or ingestion of cysts in water contaminated by wild animals;

protozoa: ciliated protozoa disease: reservoir/source:

protozoa: ciliated protozoa disease: balantidiosis -> balatidium coli reservoir/source: zoonotic in pigs

Aplican protozoa protozoa: disease: reservoir/source: protozoa: disease: reservoir/source: protozoa: disease: reservoir/source:

protozoa: plasmodium vivax, falciparum, malariae disease: malaria reservoir/source: human/vector born protozoa: toxoplasma gondii disease: toxoplasmosis reservoir/source: zoonotic/vector borne protozoa: cryptosporidium disease: cryptosporidosis reservoir/source: freeliving, water, food borne protozoa: isospora belli disease: isosporosis reservoir/source: water/fresh produce protozoa: babesia disease: Babesiosis reservoir/source: tick/wild rodents

Giardia Lamblia trophozoite

size: 12 to 15 um have 2 nuclei and multiple flagella -attaches to the small intestine and causes diarrhea (steatorrhea), cramps in 7-10 days; -20% of people aren't symptomatic (yet excrete cysts for years); -lacks a mitochondria

Giardia Lamblia cyst

size: 9 to 20 um -have 4 nuclei 10-20 will set up infection survives; survives 2 months in the water (resists chlorination) spreads by beaver and muskrat; approx. 1 million cases anually

What is the treatment of toxoplasma gondii?

sulfadiazine & pyrimethamine

What is the treatment for trypansoma brucei?

suramin for blood borne disease or melarsoprol for CNS penetration

What parasite is associated with brain cysts and seizures?

taenia solium cysticercosis

hookworm disease is spread by...

the feces of humans

How are gardilia lamblia cysts spread?

they're spread by beavors, muskrats;

trichomonas vaginalis vs trichomonas hominis

trichomonas hominis: no cyst form undulating membrane with a trailing flagella -lacks mitochondria; has glycosome instead; trichomonas vaginalis: whole body and flagellar extension

All protozoa have a BLANK phase

trophozoite phase

What causes chagas disease?

trypansoma cruizi

chagas disease caused by

typanasoma cruzi found in the reviid bug

What causes sleeping sickness?

typansoma brucei

How are hemoflagellates transmitted?

vector borne parasites