Medical Term chapter 9 Nervous system
The brain is divided into _____ major regions
3 * cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum
The abbreviation for a short-term, small stroke is
TIA
Pain in the distribution of a nerve
neuralgia
The covering of nerve cell around the myelin sheath is
neurilemma
A medical specialist in the disorders of the nervous system is called a
neurologist
Myasthenia gravis is a type of _____ disorder
neuromuscular junction
What cell receives stimuli and transmits impulses to neurons or to receptors in other organs?
neuron
The chemical agent that relays messages from one nerve cell to the next is
neurotransmitter
What is the third cranial nerve?
oculomotor
What is the first cranial nerve?
olfactory
The connective tissue call of the central nervous system that forms a myelin sheath is
oligodendrocyte
Cranial nerve II that is responsible for vision is called the ______ nerve
optic
The root in the term peripheral means
outer part
The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body
parasympathetic
division is involved in stimulating digestion
parasympathetic
The _______ nervous system includes all of the neurons, nerves, ganglia, and plexuses outside the CNS
peripheral
The nervous system has two major subdivisions: the central nervous system and the _______ nervous system
peripheral
A disorder affecting many nerves is
polyneuropathy
The abbreviation PET means
positron emission tomography
The disorder that arises after significant trauma like a life-threatening incident, loss of a love done, abuse, or combat in war is called
post-traumatic stress disorder
A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain
ruptures
Infection of the peripheral nerves arising from a reactivation of the chickenpox (varicella) virus is
shingles
The _______ motor division of the peripheral nervous system carries signals to the skeletal muscles
somatic
What division of the peripheral nervous system serves the skeletal muscles?
somatic
An agent that excites or strengthens functional activity
stimulant
The groove that separates gyri is called
sulcus
The part of the autonomic nervous system operating at the unconscious level is the the
sympathetic
The two divisions of the ANS are the _______ and the ______ divisions
sympathetic and parasympathetic
The posterior two-thirds of the cerebral hemispheres is the
temporal lobe
An agent that can cause malformation of an embryo or fetus
teratogen
pertaining tot he chest
thoracic
Hypoglossal refers to structures that can be found under the
tongue
What does the abbreviation TIA mean
transient ischemic attack
The _______ nerve contains three branches supplying the face
trigeminal
Patient complains of intermittent, shooting pain in the area of the face and head
trigeminal neuralgia
What is the fourth cranial nerve?
trochlear
How many subdivisions does the ANS contain?
two
A cavity of the heart or brain is a
ventricle
What is the eighth cranial nerve?
vestibulocochlear
Which of the following roots means sensation or perception?
Esthet
The medulla oblongata controls vital visceral activities, such as
-vasoconstriction of blood vessels -breathing rate -heart rate
A condition a child is born with the caused by his/her mother's consumption of alcohol. The child has a small head, narrow eyes, and a flat face and nose
FAS
A method to remember common warning signs of a stroke is to used the acronym
FAST
What structures help prevent foreign substances, toxins, and infections from reaching the brain?
-tight junctions of capillaries -astrocytes
Examples of disorders affecting a single nerve
-ulnar nerve plasy -carpal tunnel syndrome
The three major brain regions are
- cerebellum - cerebrum - brainstem
The neuroglia that are responsible for forming myelin sheaths are
- oligodendrocytes - Schwann cells - neurolemmocytes
Match the following Epidural hematoma Meningitis Meningioma Subdural hematoma
- pooling of blood in the epidural space outside the brain - inflammation of the layering covering the brain and spinal cord - a tumor originating in the arachnoid cells of the meninges - bleeding into the subdural space outside the brain
Which of the following disorders are caused by demyelination?
-Guillian-Barre syndrome -Multiple sclerosis -Tay-Sachs disease
Match the following Antagonist Addiction Marijuana Psychedelic Psychoactive
-an opposing structure, agent, disease, or process -habitual psychologic and physiologic dependence on a substance or practice -dried, flowering leaves of the plant Cannabis sativa -agent that intensifies sensory perception -able to alter mood, behavior, and/or cognition
An epidural involves injecting an ________ into the area surrounding the pain-generating nerve
-anesthetic -anti-inflammatory agent
The hypothalamus regulates which of the following?
-body temperature -hunger -blood pressure
Which disorder is a neuromuscular junction disorder?
-botulism -myasthenia gravis
The plexuses that run along the spinal cord include
-cervical -lumbosacral -brachial
Match the following Gyrus Sulcus Efferent Cerebrum Pons
-circle -ditch, furrow -away from -brain -bridge
Matching the following combining form with its meaning Pathy Cephalo Algesia Syringo Audit Trophy My Pleg Somn Angio
-disease -head -sensation of pain -tube, pipe -hearing -development -muscle -paralysis -sleep -blood vessel
During a ___________, an anesthetic or anti-inflammatory agent is injected into an area surrounding the pain-generating nerve
-epidural -nerve block
The sympathetic division of the ANS ________
-increases oxygen delivery to the brain and skeletal muscles -increases the heart rate
Match the following Quadriplegia Diplegia Hemiplegia Monoplegia Paraplegia Triplegia
-involves all four limbs -involves all four limbs, but legs are more affected than the arms -involves the arm and leg of one side of the body -involves only one limb -involves both lower extremities -involves three limbs
Types of cephalgia is
-migraine -trigeminal autonomic -tension-type
The two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system are
-motor division -sensory division
Match the following Spastic Athetoid Ataxic
-muscles become tight and resistant to being stretched, resulting in clonic movements -difficulty controlling and coordinating movements, resulting in involuntary writhing movements -poor sense of balance and depth perception, resulting in a staggering walk and unsteady hands
tumor that arises from neuroglia
-neuroglioma -glioma
The glial cells that form myelin in the peripheral nervous system are
-neurolemmocytes -Schwann cells
What neuroglia are found in the CNS?
-oligodendrocytes -ependymal cells -microglia -astrocytes
The two main areas of the brainstem are the
-pons -medulla oblongata
Spina bifida occurs in mostly what regions?
-sacral -lumbar
Match the following Acetylcholine Serotonin Dopamine Endorphins
-stimulates skeletal muscles to contract -involved with mood, anxiety, and sleep -involved in movement, memory, pleasurable reward -body's natural pain relievers
An acute clinical event caused by impaired cerebral circulation is known as
-stroke -cerebrovascular accident
The peripheral nervous system consists of the
-sympathetic nervous system -autonomic nervous system -parasympathetic nervous system
The disease characterized by the degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia is
Parkinson disease
The facial nerve innervates the
mouth, nose, and forehead
Removal of tissue to destroy its function is called
ablation
A person with a psychologic or physical dependence on a substance or practice
addict
Which neurons conduct impulses towards the spinal cord or brain?
afferent
For mild pain, ___________ and _________ (use abbreviation) are used
analgesics and NSAIDs
The absence of the cerebral hemisphere within the brain is
anencephaly
A pharmocological agent capable of preventing or arresting epilespsy is called
antiepileptic
An agent capable of preventing or arresting epilepsy is called an
antiepileptic
Weblike middle layer of meninges
arachnoid
Cerebrospinal fluid is contained in the subarachnoid space between the ___________ mater and the __________ mater
arachnoid and pia
An abnormal communication between an artery and a vein is
arteriovenous malformation
Which of the following terms means not voluntary?
autonomic
The sympathetic and parasympathetic are two division of the ________ _______ system
autonomic nervous
Implantation of radioactive pellets directly into a tumor is called
brachytherapy
Patient had very bad dental infection that resulted in bloodborne pathogens lodging in her brain
brain abscess
The central nervous system consists of
brain and spinal cord
The cerebral hemispheres are covered by a thin layer of gray matter called the
cerebral cortex
Infant has motor impairment resulting from brain damage at brith
cerebral palsy
The watery substance that circulates through the ventricles and around the brain and spinal cord is called
cerebrospinal fluid
The major portion of the brain divided into two hemispheres is the
cerebrum
The disorder in which the discs and vertebrae in the neck have degenerated, the spinal canal has narrowed, and the spinal cord and/pr the spinal nerve roots have become compressed is
cervical spondylosis
regions of the spinal cord from superior to inferior
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
A squeezing together so as to increase the density and/or decrease a dimension of a structure is called a
compression
A mild head injury is
concussion
Having present knowledge of oneself and one's surroundings.
conscious
pertaining to the skull
cranial
The branched extension of the neuron that receives nervous stimuli is the
dendrite
Impulses travel along the ________ toward the cell body
dendrites
The parasympathetic division of the ANS slows the heart beat and stimulates
digestion
Parkinson disease is caused by a lack of production of the neurotransmitter __________
dopamine
layers of meninges from outermost to innermost
dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
Uses ultrasound in the diagnosis of intracranial lesions is
echoencephalography
Which neurons conduct impulses away from the spinal cord or brain?
efferent
a device used to record electrical activity in the brain
electroencephalograph
The ability to place yourself into the feelings, emotions, and reaction of another person is
empathy
Patient has inflammation of the parenchyma of the brain
encephalitis
Name the seizure that is triggered by a fever in infants age 6 months to 5 years
febrile
The right and left cerebral hemispheres are further divided into ________ lobes that are visible from the outside
four
What ventricle is found in the brainstem between the pons and cerebellum?
fourth
The anterior lobe of the brain is the
frontal lobe
A collection of blood that has escaped from the blood vessels into tissue is known as a
hematoma
Paralysis of one side of the body is
hemiplegia
What is the twelfth cranial nerve?
hypoglossal
The medical term that means pertaining to or caused by a seizure is
ictal
cerebral palsy causes delay in the development of normal milestones in
infancy and childhood
The inability to sleep is termed
insomnia
Patient has had a hemorrhagic stroke. Another name for this is
intracranial hemorrhage
A technique that obtains a specimen of CSF is called
lumbar puncture
protrusion of the spinal meninges
meningocele
protrustion of the meninges and the spinal cord
meningomyelocele