Missed Question Log
Common Lewis Base characteristics
(-) charge instead of positive if charged ability to donate electrons
if given a half life question with a percentage of decay.. solve with
(1/2)^X = 0.125 where x is the number of half lives
Transposons
(jumping genes) short strands of DNA capable of moving from one location to another within a cell's genetic material
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization
Weber's Law of Just Noticeable Difference
% difference!!!
Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
1. Learning Basic Trust Versus Basic Mistrust (Hope) Chronologically, this is the period of infancy through the first one or two years of life. The child, well - handled, nurtured, and loved, develops trust and security and a basic optimism. Badly handled, he becomes insecure and mistrustful. 2. Learning Autonomy Versus Shame (Will) The second psychosocial crisis, Erikson believes, occurs during early childhood, probably between about 18 months or 2 years and 3½ to 4 years of age. The "well - parented" child emerges from this stage sure of himself, elated with his new found control, and proud rather than ashamed. Autonomy is not, however, entirely synonymous with assured self - possession, initiative, and independence but, at least for children in the early part of this psychosocial crisis, includes stormy self - will, tantrums, stubbornness, and negativism. For example, one sees may 2 year olds resolutely folding their arms to prevent their mothers from holding their hands as they cross the street. Also, the sound of "NO" rings through the house or the grocery store. 3. Learning Initiative Versus Guilt (Purpose) Erikson believes that this third psychosocial crisis occurs during what he calls the "play age," or the later preschool years (from about 3½ to, in the United States culture, entry into formal school). During it, the healthily developing child learns: (1) to imagine, to broaden his skills through active play of all sorts, including fantasy (2) to cooperate with others (3) to lead as well as to follow. Immobilized by guilt, he is: (1) fearful (2) hangs on the fringes of groups (3) continues to depend unduly on adults and (4) is restricted both in the development of play skills and in imagination. 4. Industry Versus Inferiority (Competence) Erikson believes that the fourth psychosocial crisis is handled, for better or worse, during what he calls the "school age," presumably up to and possibly including some of junior high school. Here the child learns to master the more formal skills of life: (1) relating with peers according to rules (2) progressing from free play to play that may be elaborately structured by rules and may demand formal teamwork, such as baseball and (3) mastering social studies, reading, arithmetic. Homework is a necessity, and the need for self-discipline increases yearly. The child who, because of his successive and successful resolutions of earlier psychosocial crisis, is trusting, autonomous, and full of initiative will learn easily enough to be industrious. However, the mistrusting child will doubt the future. The shame - and guilt-filled child will experience defeat and inferiority. 5. Learning Identity Versus Identity Diffusion (Fidelity) During the fifth psychosocial crisis (adolescence, from about 13 or 14 to about 20) the child, now an adolescent, learns how to answer satisfactorily and happily the question of "Who am I?" But even the best - adjusted of adolescents experiences some role identity diffusion: most boys and probably most girls experiment with minor delinquency; rebellion flourishes; self - doubts flood the youngster, and so on. Erikson believes that during successful early adolescence, mature time perspective is developed; the young person acquires self-certainty as opposed to self-consciousness and self-doubt. He comes to experiment with different - usually constructive - roles rather than adopting a "negative identity" (such as delinquency). He actually anticipates achievement, and achieves, rather than being "paralyzed" by feelings of inferiority or by an inadequate time perspective. In later adolescence, clear sexual identity - manhood or womanhood - is established. The adolescent seeks leadership (someone to inspire him), and gradually develops a set of ideals (socially congruent and desirable, in the case of the successful adolescent). Erikson believes that, in our culture, adolescence affords a "psychosocial moratorium," particularly for middle - and upper-class American children. They do not yet have to "play for keeps," but can experiment, trying various roles, and thus hopefully find the one most suitable for them. 6. Learning Intimacy Versus Isolation (Love) The successful young adult, for the first time, can experience true intimacy - the sort of intimacy that makes possible good marriage or a genuine and enduring friendship. 7. Learning Generativity Versus Self-Absorption (Care) In adulthood, the psychosocial crisis demands generativity, both in the sense of marriage and parenthood, and in the sense of working productively and creatively. 8. Integrity Versus Despair (Wisdom) If the other seven psychosocial crisis have been successfully resolved, the mature adult develops the peak of adjustment; integrity. He trusts, he is independent and dares the new. He works hard, has found a well - defined role in life, and has developed a self-concept with which he is happy. He can be intimate without strain, guilt, regret, or lack of realism; and he is proud of what he creates - his children, his work, or his hobbies. If one or more of the earlier psychosocial crises have not been resolved, he may view himself and his life with disgust and despair.
Piaget's stages of cognitive development
1. sensorimotor (ages 0-2) 2. preoperational (ages 2-7) 3. concrete operational (ages 7-11) 4. formal operational (12 and up)
Million in scientific notation
1.0^7 or 10^6
Boltzmann's constant
1.38 x 10^-23 J/K
15,000 J is equal to ____ kJ
1.5
converting between eV and J
1.60 x 10^-19J / 1 eV
what is the bond angles of acetone
120 no lone pairs causes sp2 hybridization, trigonal planar geometry and a bond angle of 120
A single sports fan is capable of yelling at an intensity level of 80 dB from a given distance. If 10,000 similar fans were all yelling from the same distance, which of the following would be closest to the observed intensity level?
120 dB 10,000 fans would be capable of yelling at an intensity 10,000, or 10^4, times greater than the single fan alone. According to the decibel scale, this would correspond to an increase of 40 dB.
glucose is one of ____ stereoisomers
16 glucose is an aldohexose
mass percent of O in H2O
16/18 x 100% = 89%
in IR carbonyls appear around
1750-1700
a certain 9V battery is used as a power source to move a 2C chARGE. How much work is done by the battery
18J V = DU / q = W/q so work must be W= qV
which nuclei exhibit a magnetic momement and will therefor appear on 12C NMR
1H 11B 13C 15N 19F and so on and 2H 10B
if 1 mole of nitroglyceride produces 1.5 moles of N2 (g). Then how many L will N2 (g) occupy at STP.
1mol / 22.4L = 1.5 mol / x
electron configuration order
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p6 use the closest nobel gas in brackets as a placeholder ex: for sulfur...[Ne]3s23p4 as the condensed electronic configuration Ne=10, and 3s2=2 and 3p4=4 giving 16 for S
purines have __ rings
2 A and G
meiosis I results in
2 haploid cells with 23 chromosomes each consisting of 2 sister chromatids per chromosome
In order to convert phenols into hydroxyquinones, how many steps of oxidation or reduction are required? 1 oxidation step 2 oxidation steps 1 reduction step 2 reduction steps
2 oxidation steps phenols must first be converted to quinones through an oxidation step; then a second oxidation step is required to further oxidize to hydroquinones
how many primers are needed for PCR
2 primers are needed if only one primer is added, only one strand of DNA is linerarlly amplified
Diploid
2 sets of chromosomes almost all human cells are diploid (female xx male xy)
What is the pH of a 0.10 M aqueous solution of acetylsalicylic acid?
2.3 acetylsalicylic acid is a weak acid with a pKa of 3.5. The pH of the solution must be less than the pKa be cause the compound is primarily in its acid form and a pH of 3.5 would mean that the concentration of the weak acid and conj base are equal (a buffer)
200^0.25
200^(1/4) 200^(1/2)(1/2) square root of 200 ~ 14 square root of 14 ~ 4
human range of hearing (frequencies)
20Hz to 20kHz anything greater than a frequency of 20kHz is ultrasound
at STP each mole of gas will occupy what volume
22.4L of volume
1:1:1:1 phenotypic ratio
25% FOR ALL FOUR options BbCc x bbcc
what is the maximum number of electrons allowed in a single atomic E level in terms of the principal quantum number n
2n^2 for any value of n, there will be a maximum of 2n^2 electrons (2 per orbital)
the product of angular frequency and period will always be ...
2pi since w = 2piF = 2pi / T
a certain carbon nucleus dissociates completely into alpa particles. How many are formed
3 a typical carbon nucleus contains 6 protons and 6 neutrons. An alpha particle contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons. Therefor one carbon nucleus dissociates into 6/2 = 3 alpha particles
In which direction does the Na+K+ ATPase transport ions across the cell membrane upon ATP hydrolysis?
3 Na+ is transported out of the cell; 2 K+ is transported into the cell. opp of the natural flow
steroid structure
3 cyclohexanes and 1 cyclopentane
conjugation, transformation, transduction
3 means for genetic recombination in bacteria
tertiary protein structure
3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions
A normal human cell contains
46 chromosomes
which of the following equations describes the maximum number of electrons that can fill a subshell? 2l + 2 4l +2 2l^2 2l^2 + 2
4l + 2 where l ranges from values from 0 to l-1, which n being the principal quantum number
pH of duodenum
5-6 relatively basic
how many distinct tripeptides can be formed from one valine molecule, one alanine molecule, and one leucine molecule
6 there are three choices for the first AA, leaving 2 choices for the second, and one for the third 3 x 2 x 1 = 6 distinct tripeptides VAL VLA ALV AVL LVA LAV
george millers magic number
7 +- 2
piagets stages of cognitive development concrete opperational
7 to 11 understand conversation and consider the perspectives of others may result in loss of egocentrism/ imagining what others think or feel
prokaryote ribosome subunits
70s with 50s and 30s subunit
standard atmospheric pressure
760 mmHg
eukaryote ribosome subunits
80s with 60s and 40s subunits
pKa of COO and NH2
9 and 2
which chemical shift corresponds to an aldehydic proton signal in the H NMR spectra
9.5ppm signal lies downfield because the carbonyl O is electron withdrawing and will deshield the proton
the largest value that sin can have is at an angle of...
90 torque is greatest when sin(theta) is greatest, and sin(theta) is greatest when sin(90)
flow rate of 9L in 10 min is
900 mL / min
cos180
= 1
Cross sectional area equation
A = (pi)r^2
Southern Blot
A DNA sample is electrophoresed on a gel and then transferred to a filter. The filter is then soaked in a denaturant and subsequently exposed to a labeled DNA probe that recognizes and anneals to its complementary strand. The resulting ds labeled piece of DNA is visualized when the filter is exposed to film. Used for DNA analysis and does not provide detailed info in regard to chromosome structure (so you would know if a gene is present but not if it was on the correct chromosome or not)
self-selection bias
A bias that occurs because people who feel strongly about a subject are more likely to respond to survey questions than people who feel indifferent about it.
Nucleotide
A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
Hawthorne effect
A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied
Endergonic
A chemical reaction that requires the input of energy in order to proceed.
indicators
A compound that changes color in the presence of an acid or a base function is acid base titrations
Codominance
A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive. spotted flowers
Periosteum
A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles.
Huntington's disease
A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms.
Reflected rays
A light ray travelling away from a mirror
beta oxidation
A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA.
feedback inhibition
A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.
somatic mutation
A mutation that occurs in the body cells. Cannot be inherited.
G0 phase
A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly.
adiabatic process
A process in which no heat is transferred to or from the system by its surroundings.
criterion validity
A property exhibited by a test that accurately measures performance of the test taker against a specific learning goal.
Glucagon
A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.
conversion disorder
A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.
Functionalism
A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.
titin
A series elastic component protein responsible for allowing the sarcomere to stretch and recoil
nuclear localization signal (NLS)
A short amino acid sequence that marks a protein for delivery to the nucleus.
peer group
A social group whose members have interests, social position, and age in common
Buffer
A solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.
isoelectric focusing
A specialized method of separating proteins by their isoelectric point using electrophoresis; the gel is modified to possess a pH gradient uses a gel that has a pH gradient encouraging a variable change
Amphiprotic
A species that can either accept or donate a proton. ie sodium bicarbonate--neither acidic or basic
Sphingomyelin
A sphingophospholipid containing a sphingosine backbone and a phosphate head group.
radioactive decay
A spontaneous process in which unstable nuclei lose energy by emitting radiation
amplitude and intensity
A squared = I
lewis acid and base
A strong Lewis acid will be electron poor, a situation fostered by being bonded to electron withdrawing groups. A strong Lewis base will be electron rich, surrounded by electron donating groups.
Centrosome
A structure in animal cells containing centrioles from which the spindle fibers develop.
cross-sectional study
A study in which a representative cross section of the population is tested or surveyed at one specific time.
noncompetitive inhibitor
A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.
Epimers
A subtype of diastereomers that differ in absolute configuration at exactly one chiral carbon
closed system
A system in which no matter is allowed to enter or leave E is able to leave the system, a difference between an isolated system
isolated system
A system that can exchange neither energy nor matter with its surroundings.
RT-PCR
A technique in which RNA is first converted to cDNA by the use of the enzyme reverse transcriptase, then the cDNA is amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. RT-PCR thus gives information on what transcripts are being expressed in a cell.
Increasing confidence level creates what confidence interval
A wider confidence interval
why are AA essential to brain function
AA are necessary for the production of proteins, which are essential for the function of any cell CAN PASS THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
what type of AA will contribute the most to the pI of a protein?
AA that are charged--acidic or basic
if you have a chemical equation with H+ as a reactant what type of pH would lead to the greatest product production?
ACIDIC CONDITIONS pH < 4
common tropic horomones
ACTH TSH LH in the anterior pituitary
in oxidative phosphorylation, what is the final step
ADP is phosphorylated to ATP
the E sources of the body listed from \very convenient to downright harmful
ATP Glucose Glycogen Fats + Ketone Bodies Muscle
The SOURCE of the phosphate groups added to rhodopsin are from
ATP (rhodopsin kinase actually adds them but they come from ATP)
ABC transporters
ATP-binding cassette transporters; use ATP energy to transport certain ions, sugars, and polypeptides across cell membranes.
Aldol Condensation Reaction
Aldehyde + Ketone --> ketone+aldehyde + ketone+ketone side product a dehydration and nucelophilic addition reaction
which are more reactive aldehydes or ketones ? why
Aldehydes; less steric hinderance
strong bases
All group 1 + OH- Ca(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 Sr(OH)2 **these are the lower group 2 elements, the OH- will fully dissociate into Ca2+ and 2OH-
what bet describes the final product of an aldol condensation reaction
Alpha, Beta-unsaturated carbonyl (the formed double bond is between the alpha and beta carbons) (alpha H is deprotonated first which then can attack another aldehyde r ketone to generate the aldol)
Glycine (Gly/G/ Nonpolar/aliphatic)
Amino Acid
Tryptophan, Trp, W, nonpolar, aromatic, hydrophobic
Amino Acid Aromatic R groups
Leucine (Leu/L/Nonpolar/Hydrophobic)
Amino Acid prefer interior on a globular protein, because of its hydrophobicity
agoraphobia
An abnormal fear of open or public places
Gabriel Synthesis
An amino acid is generated from phthalimide (nucleophile) and diethyl bromomalonate, using two SN2 reactions, hydrolysis, and decarboxylation.
covalent compound
An element or chemical compound in which atoms are held together by covalent bonds
peptidyl transferase
An enzyme in the ribosome responsible for peptide bond formation during translation. this catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond
Nondisjunction
An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other.
near miss
An event in which property damage or injury is narrowly avoided.
Histidine (His/H/positice/basic/hydrophillic)
Animo Acid Histidine
Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle
Another term for the Krebs cycle. A tricarboxylic acid is an organic carboxylic acid whose chemical structure contains three carboxyl functional groups (-COOH). The best known example of a tricarboxylic acid is citric acid.
antisense genes
Antisense genes can only block a gene from being expressed by preventing the cell from translating the disease protein from mRNA - doesn't work for treating sickle cell For it to bind and shut down the sense mRNA strand, both RNAs must be transcribed at the same time so that they can bind to each other and form a dsRNA that cannot be translated. Must not be regulated in different ways, other wise the target gene + inserted DNA won't be switched on at same time, preventing two RNA products from binding Must be regulated in similar manners to the target genes
somatic cells
Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells
Arginine
Arg, R
detection bias
Arises from educated professionals using their knowledge in an inconsistent way by searching for an outcome disproportionately in certain populations
amino acid 'D'
Aspartic Acid
Which will produce more error: randomizing groups that end up being unequal in gender, or assigning new randomization?
Assigning new randomization (don't do this) just processed if it's fair, even if there are 2x as many females in one group vs the other
Lymphocytes
B and T cells
Phylogenic Tree of Life
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota we want phyogenic trees with the least events/mutations/transfers
delerium tremens
Begin 48-72 hours after cessation of drinking; characterized by hallucinations, disorientation, and clouding of the sensorium; hyperventilation leading to respiratory alkalosis, hypovolemia, hypomagnesia, and hypophosphatemia
substitution equation
C= 900 + 12m C= 500 + 15m 900 + 12m = 500 + 15m 400 = 3m 133 = m\
Capacitors in Parallel
C=C₁+C₂+C₃+... overall increase in eq resistance
adherins
Characterized by contractile proteins influence shape and folding.
what E conversion describes what takes place in a battery powered resistive circuit when current is flowing (electrical chemical and thermal)
Chemical E to Electric E to Thermal E
column chromatography
Chromatography in which the substances to be separated are introduced onto the top of a column packed with an adsorbent (as silica gel or alumina), pass through the column at different rates that depend on the affinity of each substance for the adsorbent and for the solvent or solvent mixture, and are usually collected in solution as they pass from the column at different times molecules that are LIKE the silica gel will have a longer Rf time and a higher affinity for the stationary phase
ambient stressors
Chronic environmental conditions that, although not urgent, are negatively valued and place adaptive demands on people. usually in the background of other peoples lives
The lymphatic system transports what
Chylomicrons to the circulatory system (collecting interstitial fluid returning it to the circulatory system to maintain the balance of body fluids) Chylomicrons are accepted from the SI
mnemonic for kreb cycle intermediates
Citrate = citrate Is = isocitrate Krebs = apha-ketoglutarate Special = succinyl-CoA Substrate = succinate Fumarate = for Making = malate Oxaloacetate = oxaloacetate
Exons
Coding segments of eukaryotic DNA.
transcription factors
Collection of proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription.
impact of competitive inhibitors on Km
Competitive inhibitors do increase the apparent Km of the enzyme, because a higher substrate concentration is required to reach ½ Vmax
Complexes of ETC
Complex I II III IV complex II is the only one that does not contribute to the proton gradient, while I III and IV all add 4 protons
Schemas
Concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.
hyperaldosteronism will cause
*low blood potassium *decreased renin production as by negative feedback *high blood sodium *hypertension
reverse phase chromatography
- Exact opposite of Thin Layer (TLC) - stationary phase is non polar so polar molecules move up the plate quickly
crown ether molecules
Crown ether molecules are ether-type compounds. As such they don't significantly alter the polarity of an ether solvent, will be miscible with it, and contain no protic hydrogens to hydrogen bond with the solvent
culturally bound
Culture consists of shared beliefs and practices. Regulates communication tied to a single culture
GLUT2
- Transporter specific to liver and pancreas - found in liver for glucose storage - found in B-islet cells of pancrease as part of glucose sensor - has high Km
glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle
- electrons are transferred from NADH to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), forming glycerol 3-phosphate - these electrons can then be transferred to mitochondrial FAD, forming FADH2
malate-aspartate shuttle
- electrons are transferred from NADH to oxaloacetate, forming malate - malate can then cross the inner mitochondrial membrane and transfer electrons to the mitochondrial NAD+, forming NADH
GLUT4
- found in adipose tissue and muscle - stimulated by insulin - low Km
enthalpy (Delta H)
- measures the overall change in the heat of a system during a rxn - equal to thermodynamic heat exchange (Q) at constant pressure & volume
at pH 7 glutamic acid has a what charge
-1
minimum value of the cos function
-1 (cos180 = -1) therefor a minimum value of 2cos(theta) - 1 is 2 x (-1) -1 = -3
azimuthal quantum number
-L -angular momentum -shape and number of subshells -range of L=0 to (n-1) l=0 is the s subshell l = 1 is the p; subshell l=2 is the d subshell l=3 is the f subshell
pKa =
-logKa
cos90
0
log(1)
0
the steps of fatty acid synthesis
1) activation (attachment to acyl protein carrier) 2) bond formation between malonyl-CoA and the growing fatty acid chain 3) reduction of the carboxyl group 4) dehydration 5) reduction of a double bond
Equation for energy of a photon
E=hv
binding energy equation
E=mc^2 where m is the MASS DEFECT (mass of the unbound protons + neutrons) - (mass of formed nucleus)
double stranded DNA has equal or not equal amounts of paired nucleotides
EQUAL A = T and C = G
Efficiency equation
Efficiency= Useful energy output/total energy input -Measured in %
nonmetallic elements (nonmetals)
Elements in the upper right corner of the periodic table; nonmetals differ from metals in their physical and chemical properties.
conflict theory perspective
Emphasizes the coersion and exploitation that underlies relations between groups.Social behavior is in a state of conflict and tension. Status hierarchies facilitate: the preservation of structural power while being maintained by practices of discrimination.
restriction enzymes
Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service
white fibers
Fast-twitch muscle fibers. They are primarily anaerobic and fatigue more easily than red fibers. less myoglobin less mitochondria sprinter muscles
Archimmedes principal
Fbouy= density of water x Vwater x g
Standing wave harmonics
First harmonic= 1= Fundamental frequency Second harmonic= 2 Third Harmonic =3 Fundamental mode= (n=1)
Newton's Third Law
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
the common name for the aldehydes and carboxylic acids that contain only one carbon start with what prefix
Form- like formic acid or methanol (formaldehyde)
frequency equation
Frequency = c/wavelength c = 3.0 x 10^8
trimeric G proteins ; the three subunits
G alpha G beta G gamma (within G alpha is Gs Gi and Gq subtypes)
GPCR signaling exchanges the ____ bound to the alpha subunit for ___ to carry out signaling
GDP bound to the alpha subunit for a GTP
Insulin-independent transporters:
GLUT-1: RBCs, brain, cornea GLUT-2 (bidirectional): beta islet cells, liver, kidney, SI GLUT-3: brain GLUT-5 (fructose): spermatocytes, GI tract used in the brains of diabetic patients
Delta G
Gibbs free E change - with a spontaneous reaction
what. effect do high levels of progesterone and estrogen inhibit
GnRH secretion -- preventing FSH and LH secretion
error bars
Graphical representation of the variability of data
what compounds are always soluble in water
Group 1 metals and NH4+ are ALWAYS SOLUBLE IN WATER
electron donating groups
Groups that push (donate) electron density towards another functional group through sigma or pi bonds. methyl sub are EDG
acidic proton
H with partial positive charge low electron density around them
___ migrate to the cathode and ___ migrate towards to anode
H+ positive charged ions to cathode - charged ions to anode
acetic acid
HC2H3O2
7 strong acids
HCl--hydrochloric acid HBr-hydrobromic acid HI- hydroiodic acid HNO3- nitric acid H2SO4- sulfuric acid HClO3-chloric acid HClO4-perchloric acid
Perchloric Acid
HClO4 (Strong Acid)
lipophilic
Having an affinity for or an attraction to fat and oils (oil-loving). fat soluble vits, hormones, AA, hydrocarbon compounds
what are the irreversible enzymes in glycolysis
Hexokinase Glucokinase PFK-1 Pyruvate Kinase
electrical current equation in relation to charge and time
I = DQ/t charge transfered per unit time
Intensity equation
I = P/A
Affective attributes
I feel X tone of voice + - etc
for a single mirror or single lens, An image that is real must be____
INVERTED
Determine outliers with IQR
IQR= Q3-Q1 Values that are 1.5 x IQR below Q1 or above Q3 are outliers
Microtubule depolymerization
If polymerization slows down, the GTP cap will undergo hydrolysis to GDP causing what? resp for separating chromsoms during anaphase of mitosis or meiosis I or II
coenzyme
If the cofactor is an organic molecule.
innate immunity
Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens. inflammation eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils
When is heat transfer through radiation impossible
In a gas
aquisition
In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
What volume of a 0.120 M CaI2 solution would contain 0.078 mol of the solute?
In order to obtain the volume of solution necessary to provide a given amount of solute in moles, one needs to take the number of moles and divide by the solution concentration in molarity. M= mol/L mol / M = 0.078 / 0.120 = 0.65 L (or 650 mL)
Ehat will decrease the strength of an electric field
Increasing the distance between for example cathode abs anode Increasing the circuit resistance for a fixed current
informational social influence
Informational social influence describes when an individual's behavior conforms or changes because he or she wants to do the "right thing"
suicide inhibition
Irreversible enzyme inhibitor Enzyme binds inhibitor (substrate analog) forming an irreversible complex thru covalent bond during normal catalysis rxn.
Once a substance reaches its melting point...
It requires an additional amount of heat to actually induce the phase change
Increasing the density of an object will make it accelerate to the surface faster or slower in water
It will accelerate more slowly Fbouy -mg = Fnet Fbouy - mg = ma
calculating the KE of ejected electrons
K = hf - W
Photoelectric effect equation
KE = hf - W
what is the Keq of an electrolytic cell
Keq < 1
Keq for a spontaneous reaction
Keq > 1 and Delta G < 1
concentration of substrate is equal to 1/2 of Vmax
Km
aldehyde oxidation to the respective carboxylic acid is acchomplished by what
KmNo4
ATP synthase
Large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP used in oxidative phos. which is powered by ETC
diverging rays
Light rays that move apart or spread out from each other as they travel
LiAlH4
Lithium aluminum hydride is a very strong reducing agent. It will reduce aldehydes, ketones, esters, and carboxylic acids to alcohols, and amides and nitriles to amines. It will also open epoxides.
Attenuation
Loss of power in a signal as it travels from the sending device to the receiving device opposite of amplification
what is required for RT-PCR
Lysis of cells, and removal of protein and lipid components Isolation and stabilization of RNA, and generation of cDNA
mechanical advantage and efficiency are both ratios, what is true regarding the quantities used in these ratios?
MA compares values of forces, efficiency compares values of work
Types of Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
Macrophages, B Cells, Dendritic cells (all have MHC II receptors)
What stage of protein synthesis does NOT require energy? A. Initiation B. Elongation C. Termination D. All stages of protein synthesis require energy
D--all of the stages require large amounts of energy
what is the relationships for Keq, Q, and DG in a spontanous forward reaction
DG <0 Keq > Q
relationship (equation) between standard emf and standard change in free E
DG = nF(Ered, anode - Ered,cathode) F is faradays constant
change in gibbs free energy equation
DG= DGrxn + RTlnQ
Delta G equation
DGrxn = -RTlnKeq
a virus that does splicing is likely a RNA or DNA virus
DNA
phosphodiester bonds are between
DNA (ATCG)
impact of competitive inhibitors on Vmax
DO NOT ALTER V max Competitive inhibitors do not alter an enzyme's Vmax, since the active site can be saturated by increasing the substrate concentration
aerotolerant anaerobes
DO NOT us O2 and produce ATP through fermentation
Which of the following might be protective against development of type II diabetes?
Decreased iron ingestion
reticular layer
Deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients dense connective tissue
Malingering
Deliberate faking of a physical or psychological disorder motivated by gain.
peptide hormones
Drugs that cause the production of other hormones hormones that act as second messengers and are relatively large in size
what equation do you use to calculate the wavelength of the photon emitted
E = hc / wavelength so wavelength = hc/E
Protein secondary structure is characterized by the pattern of hydrogen bonds between:
backbone amide protons and carbonyl oxygens secondary structure is represented by repeated patterns of hydrogen bonds between the backbone amide protons and carbonyl oxygen atoms.
antibodies attack
bacteria
in aqueous solution, pyrophosphate will likely do what
be degraded into inorganic phosphate
Why is a sigma bond stronger than a pi bond?
because s orbitals have more overlap than p orbitals the degree of overlap determines the bond strength by a proportional relationship
what happens when an aldehyde or ketone with alpha H's is treated with a strong base like LDA
becomes more nucelophilic generates a carbanion
James-Lange Theory
begin with physiological arousal, and this arousal causes the action/emotion
conflict theorists
believe men have historically had access to most of society's material resources and privileges. Therefore, it is in their interest to try to maintain their dominant position. calls attention to competition among social groups, including generational conflict.
spped of water that will flow through a hole/tube
bernoullis equation
Reproduction of bacteria
binary fission which involves the following steps: replication, in which the chromosome is duplicated while the cell grows; segregation and growth of a new cell wall, in which the chromosomes are pulled towards different sides of the cell and the cell envelope begins to grow towards the middle of the cell; and finally, the separation of two daughter cells.
function of ligases during S phase
binds together pieces of the lagging strand connect okazaki fragments on the lagging strand of the DNA being replicated
which property of a substance is best used to estimate relative vapor pressure
boiling point
Osteoblasts
bone forming cells involved in secretion of the bone matrix
estrogen inhibits ...
bone resorption this is the reason why post menoposal women experinece declines in bone density
pyruvate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase
both participate in aerobic cellular respiration
PKA is stimulated by what
cAMP
increase in pH
can be due to fluid loss you loose some blood electrolytes salts and minerals including sodium and potassium
visible light spectrum frequencies
can be found by doing c / wavelength where the wavelength of the visible spectrum is 400-700nm
faculative anaerobes
can live with or without oxygen
quantum number l
cannot be any higher than n-1
potentiometery
carrying out a redox reaction with a voltmeter
Chondrocytes
cartilage cells that secrete chondrin
mutagenic
causing changes, or mutations, in DNA
discrimination results in a ...
change in behavior
what will reduce cognitive dissonance
changing the discordant opinion to resolve dissonance
Plasmodesmata
channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells IN PLANTS
why are chemical synapses slower than electrical synapses
chemical synapses require the movement of agents through an intrercellular space
optically active
chiral center glyicne is the only NOT optically active AA--no chiral center
bacteria have what shaped chromosome and what other things inside of them
circular they can contain a plasmid(s); circular pieces of DNA that contain genes **some plasmids are called episomes and can insert themselves into the bacterial chromosome this can happen due to conjugation, transformation, or transduction
Lipoproteins
clusters of lipids associated with proteins that serve as transport vehicles for lipids in the lymph and blood
Aquaporins are located at which part of the renal structures
collecting duct
Rules for Thermochemical Equations
compare each individual thermochemical equation to the overall reaction if the species in the thermochemical equations are not in the overall reaction, ignore at first, but they will need to cancel out eventually if the products in thermochemical equations appear as reactants of the overall reaction, flip the equation if the species in the thermochemical equations apear as products in the overall reaction, flip the equation if you do flip a reaction, change the sign of delta H add or subtract the thermochemical equations so that you will get the over all reaction, you may need to multiply a thermochem eq by some number to get the correct balanced coeffieinct in the overall eq (do the same thing to Delta H)
reversible forms of inhibition
competetive non competetive uncompetetive
cDNA
complementary DNA; results from the reverse transcription of processes mRNA
rate laws do not depend on the ...
concentration of products
emotional support
concern for others' well-being and support of their decisions in a job setting
Broca's aphasia
condition resulting from damage to Broca's area, causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly
role conflict
conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses
karl marx is most associated with which theory
conflict theory
informational influence
conformity occurring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people
isobaric process
constant pressure
coffee cup calorimeter
constant pressure calorimeter An isolated system
social constructivism
constructed beliefs
Systole
contraction
During inspiration the diaphragm
contracts--this flattens the muscle and allows for increased thoracic volume
pyruvate dehydrogenase
converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA in the krebs cycle the critical link between anaerobic and aerobic respiration
lactate dehydrogenase
converts pyruvate to lactate via an oxidation reduction reaction
what can produce a virtual image
convex lens concave lens plane mirror
Testosterone is a
cortical sex hormone
Glucocorticoids
cortisol a steroid
Iodine deficiency may result in
cretinism -- aka hypothyroidism think about the Iodines being added to T3 and T4
Where does fatty acid synthesis occur?
cytosol
Thromboxane
Mediates platelet function vasoconstriction derived from arachidonic acid
Glycolipids
Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to lipids.
Methylation & Deamination
Methylation: add a methyl group Deamination: amine to a carbonyl
during which phase of the cell cycle are DNA repair mechanisms LEAST active
Mitosis mismatch repair mechanisms are active during the S phase (proofreading) and the G2 phase (MSH2 and MLH1). Nucleotide and base excision repairs are most active during the G1 and G2 phases.
Prostaglandins
Modified fatty acids that are produced by a wide range of cells. paracrine or autocrine signaling (NOT ENDOCRINE) affect regions close to where they are produced
are Ksp or other solubility constants affected by concentration
NO
Do circulating erythrocytes contain DNA?
NO--they lose their nuclei during maturation, so therefor they cannot affect endothelial cell growth
What is the best explanation for the fact that a solution of NaNO2(aq) is basic?
NO2- is hydrolyzed with the formation of OH- (aq) ions The NO2- reacts with water, forming OH- ions. Thus, A is the best answer.
what tissue is used in muscle
NOT connective tissue
difference between loudness and frequency
NOT the SAME thing!!! frequency is the pitch loudness is the intensity
When an odorous molecule binds to olfactory receptors, the cell transduces the information into an electrical signal that travels to the brain for processing. Which of the following accurately describes the state of the voltage-gated channels on this cell during the relative refractory period?
Na+ channels are de-inactivated and K+ channels are activated de inactivated meaning that it isnt inactive, but also not yet open either potassium continues to flow allowing the cell to finish the AP
an aldosterone deficiency would be related to a decrease in the serum levels of all of the following
Na+ ions Cl- ions HCO3- ions (NOT K+ ions)
what is the approximate pH of a 1.2 x 10^-5 M aqueous solution of NaOH
NaOH is a strong base... as such there will be 1.2 x 10^-5 M OH- in solution. (strong bases completely dissociate). Based on this info alone, the pOH must be between 4 and 5, and the pH must be between 9 and 10. Using the shortcut... pOH = 5 - 0.12 - 4.88 pH = 14 - pOH = 9.`2
equivalence point equation
NaVa=NbVb Na and Nb=acid and base normalities Va and Vb=volumes of acid and base solutions, respectively
What is the response of the immune system to downregumation if MHC molecules on somatic cells
Natural killer cells induce apoptosis of affected cells
air contains elemental ___ as its major component
Nitrogen (which is relatively inert and is neither an acid or a base)
will cancer detection display symptoms immediatley after exposure
No, this could take years
atomic mass
Number of protons and neutrons
what is the oxidation number of chlorine in NaClO?
O has typical -2 oxidation Na has typical +1 oxidation this means that Cl must have +1 in order to balance the charge
alpha anomer
OH group in the C1 is trans to the CH2OH *it will be axial and down*
Solubility rule exceptions OH-
OH- is a 1- that is generally insoluble ... EXCEPT it is soluble if with group 1 (NH4+), and it is slightly soluble with Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+
Diffraction
Occurs when an object causes a wave to change direction and bend around it
Potassium voltage gated ion channels
Once the potential difference across the cell membrane has become positive (+40mV), these open and the Na+ voltage gated ion channels shut, and K+ diffuses into the cell depolarizes the cell
pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC)
Oxidizes primary alcohols into aldehydes Oxidizes secondary alcohols into ketones - can also be done by stronger oxidizing agents
Obligate aerobes require
Oxygen
ideal gas law modified to include density
P = (rho)(R)(T) / M where R = 0.0821
power equation relating I and v
P = IV
relationship between power and Energy
P = W/t
power equation with work and time
P = Wt
boyles law
P1V1=P2V2
Power equation
P=W/t P = PE / t
Pressure equation
P=pgh p=rho=density g=acceleration to dravity h= height
Oxidation of primary alcohol to aldehyde
PCC, CH2Cl2
potential E of an elastic spring
PE elastic = 1/2kx^2 where k is the spring constant (an indicator of stiffness) where x is how far the spring is stretched or compressed the more a spring is compressed, the more E will be stored in it
Is active or passive immunity quicker?
Passive immunity is acquired immediately while active immunity may take weeks
Gauge pressure equation
Pgauge=density fluid x gravity x specific gravity
Hydrostatic pressure equation
Phydrostatic = ρgΔh Density of the fluid Z depth in the fluid
Crisis Stressors:
Physical or emotional trauma Increase body temp Exercise
Which cells are involved in the production of antibodies Plasma cells Memory cells Helper T cells Cytoxic cells
Plasma cells which are derived from b lymphocytes (memory B cells DO NOT produce antibodies)
Krebs Cycle Mnemonic
Please, Can I Keep Selling Seashells For Money Officer? Pyruvate (from glycolysis) Citrate Isocitrate Alpha-Ketoglutarate Succinyl-CoA Succinate Fumarate Malate Oxoalacetate
KMnO4
Potassium permanganate is a very strong oxidizing agent. It will oxidize primary alcohols and aldehydes to carboxylic acids, secondary alcohols to ketones, form diols from alkenes, and oxidatively cleave carbon-carbon multiple bonds.
extrinsic factors
Primarily environmental factors that contribute to aging and the appearance of aging.
pH > pKa deprotonated mnemonic
Prince Harry is Greater than Princess Katrina and She is Depressed
gel electrophoresis
Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel seperates based on size, where the smaller molecules migrate further down the gel
convection
Process by which, in a fluid being heated, the warmer part of the mass will rise and the cooler portions will sink.
Imine
R=NR' double bond N
where does reduction occur in a electrolytic cell
RED CAT
where does reduction occur in a galvanic cell
RED CAT
in an overall electrochemical reaction, where does oxidation and reduction occur (like in a galvanic cell)
RED CAT AN OX
which of the following enzymes is NOT Involved in DNA replication? primase DNA ligase RNA polymerase I Telomerase
RNA polymerase I (this enzyme is located in the nucleolus and synthesizes rRNA )
Enhancers are transcriptional regulatory sequences that function by enhancing the activity of:
RNA polymerase at a single promoter site ; the specific transcription factors will bind to a specific DNA sequence, such as an ENHANCER< and to RNA polymerase at a single promoter sequence. They enable the RNA polymerase to transcribe the specific gene for that enhancer more efficiently
what is the main different when observing a compound structure of DNA and RNA
RNA will have an OH group on the sugar and DNA will not
RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction)
RT-PCR is a variation of PCR, or polymerase chain reaction. ... This means PCR is used for pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria, that already contain DNA for amplification, while RT-PCR is used for those containing RNA that needs to be transcribed to DNA for amplification.
Changing what will change the focal length of a convex mirror
Radius of curvature of the mirror
REM sleep
Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.
Ego (Freud)
Rational thought; controls & channels the id; reality principle
MMR system
Recognizes and Repairs nucleotide mismatches ie would recognize dTMP and dCMP or dGMP and dAMP because these nucleotide bases are mismatched
Venturi effect
Reduction in pressure of a fluid resulting from the speed increase as fluids are forced to flow faster through narrow spaces.
Venturi effect
Reduction in pressure of a fluid resulting from the speed increase as fluids are forced to flow faster through narrow spaces. Water will flow the fastest and have the lowest hydrostatic pressure wherever the pipe or tube is the narrowest
Cholinergic
Referring to cells that use acetylcholine as their synaptic transmitter.
Coloumb's Law
Refers to attractive force between any two charged particles
Superego (Freud)
Represents the conscience, holds rules, values for socially acceptable behavior
which amino acids can be phosphorylated in eukaryotes
S , Serine Y, tyrosine T, threonine
chemo attaks rapidly dividing cells at what point
S stage prophase metaphase
Which of the following correctly indicates the response of CD8+ T cells when activated
Secretion of cytoxic chemicals Release into vitally infected cells to kill them
what amino acids contain OH (hydroxyl) groups in their side chains?
Ser Thr (alcohol is a Serious Threat)
incomplete dominance
Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele some red flowers some while
red fibers
Slow-twitch muscle fibers. They are primarily aerobic and contain many mitochondria and myoglobin. slow twitch marathon
Solomon Asch Experiment
Solomon Asch's conformity experiments looked at the likelihood of conformity in a group setting
Shwann cells
Specialized cells that myelinate the fibers of neurons found in the PNS.
Cytoxic (T) cells are involved with specific or non specific defense
Specific (cell mediated)
phases of fear conditioning paradignm
Standard fear conditioning paradigms highlight three phases: 1) Fear acquisition, 2) Extinction and 3) Extinction Retention
pluripotent stem cells
Stem cells that can become almost all types of tissues and cells in the body.
DNA replication enzyme functions
Strands are seperated by DNA helicase. Primase creates a primer for the initiation of replication, followed by DNA polymerase on the lagging strand, Okazaki fragments form and are joined by DNA ligase Telomerase adds telomeres once the chromosome has been processed
homologous structures
Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
subjective measures of motivation
Subjective measurement is how scientists measure what people say. It is very important that we listen to our patients and get feedback on their experience here. This can include using a survey to answer open ended questions, ranking an experience based on feelings, and more. ie participants' answers on the exit questionnaire
Km
Substrate concentration at 1/2 Vmax
where are the sites of secretion for these enzymes Sucrase Carboxypeptidase Trypsin Lactase
Sucrase = brush border cells of duodenum Carboxypeptidase = pancreas Trypsin = pancreas lactase = duodenum
relationship between F and Celcius
T = 9/5T + 32
Tension of a chain in water
T = Fg -Fbouy
period equation related to wavekength and velocity
T = wavelength / velocity
Which lymphocytes are involved in cell mediated immunity
T lymphocytes or T cells (cytoxic, helper, memory, and suppressor)
T or F? Dendritic cells are a type of Antigen Presenting Cell
TRUE
ionization energy
The amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom
histone acetylation
The attachment of acetyl groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins.
Refraction
The bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another
Two factors that normally determine the level of BP are...
The cardiac output and the resistance to blood flow
Evaporation
The change of a substance from a liquid to a gas ocean water to the air water interface
Condensation
The change of state from a gas to a liquid
net force
The combination of all forces acting on an object if net force=0 the combination of all the forces acting on the object are in equilibrium velocity does not change when the net force on an object is zero
Why can metals conduct electricity?
The delocalised electrons can move and carry charge. This happens in all states
schwann cells vs olgiodendrocytes
The difference between Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes lies on the type of nerve cell axons they insulate. Schwann cells insulate the axons of the nerve cells in the PNS whereas oligodendrocytes insulate the nerve cells in the CNS.
photoelectric effect
The emission of electrons from a metal when light shines on the metal occurs when a photon of sufficiently high E strikes and atom with a sufficiently low work function (a photon with a higher E is more likely to produce the effect) --> more likely to produce a current in the metal
End product inhibition/Feedback inhibition
The end product of pathway acts as an inhibitor for an enzyme in the pathway, thus slowing it down.
ionic character
The greater the electronegativity difference between two bonded atoms, the greater the percentage of ___ in the bond greatest diff in EN between the metal nd the nonmental
Enthalpy
The heat content of a system at constant pressure
When visible light travels more slowly through an optically dense medium than through a vacuum, what is a possible explanation of the activity of the light?
The light is absorbed and re emitted by the atomic structure of the optically dense medium and thus slow down the light
isoelectric point (pI)
The pH at which an amino acid is predominantly in zwitterionic form
Embryogenesis
The process by which a single-celled zygote becomes a multicellular embryo. morula to blastula to gastrula
Mutarotation
The rapid interconversion between different anomers of a sugar
Which of the following best describes why hyperventilation would lead to a decreased blood CO2 concentration?
The rate of CO2 exhalation exceeds the rate of CO2 production in the cells. the main source of CO2 in the human body is cellular production during the krebs cycle unusually low blood CO2 corresponds to a high blood pH and alkaline conditions
Esterification
The reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to produce an ester and water.
what does the retention factor in TLC depend on
The retention factor in a TLC procedure depends on the solvent system, temperature, and the adsorbent.
secondary circular reactions
The second of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving people and objects. Infants respond to other people, to toys, and to any other object they can touch or move.
nuclear localization signal
The signal sequence for the nucleus that enables proteins to move through pores in the nuclear envelope.
nuclear localization signal
The signal sequence for the nucleus that enables proteins to move through pores in the nuclear envelope. generally proteins that are translocated into the nucleus contain a nuclear localization seq
affect heuristic
The tendency to consult one's emotions instead of estimating probabilities objectively. making judgment based on evoked emotions
EMF (electromotive force)
The total work done when a unit charge moves around a complete circuit Unit: J/C or Volt (V)
Passive immunity
The transfer of antibodies through for example breast milk Also when maternal antibodies are able to cross the placenta and enter fetal circulation Fast but short lived
General Strain Theory
The view that multiple sources of strain interact with an individual's emotional traits and responses to produce criminality.
work-energy theorem
The work done on an object equals the change in kinetic energy of the object
electric potential (V)
The work done per unit charge in bringing a positive test charge from infinity to that point in the field. potential is directly proportional to the amount of work done, which is equal to the amount of E gained by the partivle Energy is directly proportional to the square of the speed
when light is entirely reflected...
Theta incidince > Theta Critical
Critical angle equation
Theta(c) = sin^-1 ( n2 / n1 )
how do catalysts affect Delta G and spontaneity
They dont
vitamin B1
Thiamine-- a coenzyme in the metabolic process
Gram - bacteria
Thin layer of peptidoglycan. Contains outer membrane (lipo-polysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids) with porin. pore porins aid in the diffusion of hydrophilic antibiotics
What percentage of standard atmospheric pressure is the pulse pressure of a healthy adult? When Pp= Ps - Pd ps= 120 pd= 75 A. 10% B. 6% C. 2% D. 1%
This is a General Chemistry question that falls under the content category "Importance of fluids for the circulation of blood, gas movement, and gas exchange." The answer to this question is B because the pulse pressure in a healthy adult is (120 − 75) mmHg = 45 mmHg, and so the percentage is 45 mmHg/760 mmHg = 6%.
Theronine (Thr/T/polar/uncharged/hydrophillic)
Threonine Amino Acid
energy stored in a fully charged capacitor
U = 1/2CV^2
potential Energy of a spring
U = 1/2kx^2
if V=IR, what can you substitute in for I if you are working with a charge
V = IR and I =Q/ Dt so Q = (V)(Dt)/R
Charles' Law
V1/T1=V2/T2 use K (C + 273)
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
VC + RV
Volume of water displaced equation
Va = m object / density object
ileocecal valve
Valve at the junction of the small and large intestines
kinematic equation with acceleration
Vf^2 = Vi^2 + 2ax
T cells fight of virus, bacteria, or fungi?
Virus
Vitamin A functions
Vision; maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin; bone and tooth growth; reproduction; immunity
with competitive inhibition...what happens to Vmax and Km
Vmax is unchanged Km is increased (decreasing affinity)
Kcat (equation)
Vmax/[E]t
relationship between intensity and Energy
W = (I)(A)(t)
power can be expressed as all of the following
Watts (W) J x s -1 ft x lb x s-1
glycogen phosphorylase
What enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycogenolysis? yielding gluose 1-phosphate
q=mcdeltaT
What is the formula for calculating heat absorbed or released by a process?
entropic penalty
When hydrophobic aa is in a hydrophilic area, and vice versa -increases the amount of entropy in the area To decrease entropic penalty: put hydrophobic aa in hydrophobic area, hydrophilic aa in hydrophilic area
Ksp =
[prodA][prodB] do not include solids
UV spectroscopy
[spectroscopy] involves passing uv light through a chemical sample and plotting absorbance v wavelength can identify isolated conjugated alkenes
Puranose
a 6 membered ring (5C 1O) that glucose can adopt not denoted by alpha or beta distinguishing
vector DNA
a DNA molecule used to insert a gene into a cell. Usually a form of a plasmic-- a circular piece of DNA
self-fufilling prophecies
a belief that leads to its own fufillment
empirical formula
a chemical formula showing the ratio of elements in a compound rather than the total number of atoms instead of C6H12O6 it would be CH6O
combustion reaction
a chemical reaction that occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen, releasing energy in the form of heat and light reaction of a hydrocarbon with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water
horsepower
a common unit of power, equal to about 746 watts
Cretinism
a congenital form of hypothyroidism
Presbyopia can be corrected with
a converging lens to direct the image onto the retina
common ion effect
a decrease in the solubility of an ionic compound caused by the addition of a common ion
fungi is what
a eukaryote with a nucleus
independent samples t-test
a hypothesis test used to compare two means for a between-groups design, a situation in which each participant is assigned to only one condition
an ideal bureaucracy is
a hypothetical model of a bureaucracy that will make decisions in accordance with its mission
absolute poverty
a lack of resources that is life-threatening
ideal gases have
a mass, a volume BUT NO attractive forces between particles
half-reaction method
a method of balancing a redox equation by balancing the oxidation and reduction half-reactions separately before combining them into a balanced redox equation before starting make sure that the reaction is balanced with coefficients
Symbolic Interactionism
a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions
PCC
a mild anhydrous oxidant that can oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes, and secondary alcohols to ketones NOT STRONG ENOUGH to oxidize alchols or aldehydes to carboxylic acids
Agonist
a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response
germ line cells mutation
a mutation occurring in gametes passed on to offspring will be inherited
what will a nonpolar/hydrophobic compound dissolve in?
a nonpolar / hydrophobic solution like DMS nonpolar solutions are often long hydrocarbon chains (they may also have N)
what are alpha-D-glucose and beta-D-glucose
a pair of two anomers (differ only in the absolute configuration of their anomeric carbon, or the carbon at the center of the hemiacetal group) the anomeric carbon will determine the configuration, whether the OH group is axial or equitorial in cyclic glucose
Gamma decay occurs when a nucleus emits:
a photon
treat an aldehyde with LiAl4 you produce...
a primary alcchol through REDUCTION
Isochoric process / isovolumetic
a process that takes place at a constant volume
Alzheimer's disease
a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning
what is the name of something that is upstream from the DNA sequene and that promotes transcription
a promotoer
oxidative phosphorylation requires....
a proton gradient in order to product ATP (creating electrical potential across the mitochondrial membrane)
self-serving bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
Anomie
a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation; normlessness rapid changes in society low levels of income high heterogenity
the membrane of lysosomes is...
a single membrane
when a strong base is added to a strong acid in a buffer system, what change will occur in the pH
a slight increase in pH
paired samples t-test
a test for differences in the means of paired samples
Conflict Theory
a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
a theoretical perfect condition where the gene frequencies of an entire population are unchanging (ie 30% alleles = white flowers and 70% alleles = purple flower)
myogenic activity
ability of a muscle cell to contract without input from the nervous system; found in smooth and cardiac muscle types
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
Enteropeptidase
activates trypsinogen and procarboxypeptidases, initiating an activation cascade the activated trypsinogen can then activate chymotrypsinogen through a cascade
parallel play
activity in which children play side by side without interacting--4 year old when children do not have direct interaction and observe another child playing and adjust their play in response
overall reaction
add up the elementary steps and cancel out the intermediates
lactate dehydrogenase is associated with which pathway
aerobic glycolysis ie during strenuous exercise converts/ferments pyruvate to lactate
house money effect
after a prior gain, people become more open to assuming risk
Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)
aka hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt Produces NADPH and serves as a source of ribose 5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis Involves glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) (induced by insulin) Inhibited by NADPH and activated by NADP+ Pentoses can be made from glycolytic intermediates without going through G6PD reaction - accomplished by transketolase and transaldolase
hemiacetal
aldehyde + alcohol
aldosterone has what affect on potassium concentrations
aldosterone increases H2O and Na+ reabsorption from the kidney while exchanging K+ ions for Na+ ions aldosterone is released when blood K+ is high, because this means that Na+ levels have fallen...and that aldosterone must increase blood sodium concentrations
mucous cells secrete
alkaline mucus
out of alkanes, alcohols, and ketones compare thir BP
alkane has consistiently the lowest ketone is slightly higher due to dipole alcohol is further elevated due to H bonding
when the incidinc angle > critical angle
all of the LIGHT IS REFLECTED BACK-- and will not pass into the new medium
inhibition of PFK-1 by ATP is an example of...
allosteric regulation feedback inhibition
the H's of phosphoric acid have pKa values that allow what type of buffering
allowfor moderate buffering capacity over a large pH range of 0-14
selective cleavage of proteins by digestive enzymes
allows for fragments of different lengths with known AA endpoints to be created
types of cognitive bias
anchoring bias availability bias bandwagon effect choice supportive bias conformation fundamental attribution error halo effect ingroup preference jerk factor ostrich effect recency effect zero risk bias
Viruses are distinct from most biological organisms in that they:
are pathogenic entities which have been described as not living gray area
Monosaccharides
are reducing sugars
somatosensory cortex
area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
Pressure-Temperature Relationship
as temperature increases, the pressure increases, provided the volume does not change --> by a proportional amount
Given an electric dipole, the electric potential is zero ____. (where is the electrical potential zero)
at any point along the perpendicular bisector of the dipole axis, as well as at infinity
what do all isotopes have the SAME of
atomic number (protons) they all differ in the amount of neutrons
dispositional attribution
attributing behavior to the person's disposition and traits
A band
dark area; extends length of the thick filaments full length of thick filaments
if pH > pI then:
deprotonated
what pH should the indicator be for acid base titrations
desirable is when the pKa of a chosen indicator is within -+ 1 unit of the target pH
high EN groups will destabilize or stabilize carbocations?
destabilize Ie F is a highly EN atom that will destabilize
how is binding E determined
determined experimentall
galvanic cell
device in which chemical energy from a spontaneous redox reaction is changed to electrical energy that can be used to do work
cis-trans isomers are a subtype of what..
diastereomers a cis trans isomer pair is likely also a diastereomer pair
pancreatic lipase
digests fat in the digestive tract
what type of hormone is GH, prolactin, and endorphins (from the anterior pituitary)
direct hormones
diamagnetic substances
do not contain net unpaired spins and are slightly repelled by a magnet NO UNPAIRED ELECTRONS IN THE GROUND STATE (ex: helium, nobel gases, group with Zn)
Carbon-14 half life
does not depend on conditions external to the C14 nucleus
Catecholamines
dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine derived from tyrosine , not derived from arachidonic acid
Nucleophilicity trends
down the periodic table due to greater size and polarizability
Anticholinergic effects
dry mouth constipation photophobia blurred vision Tachycardia blocking the parasympathetic nervous system
the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
28S, 18S, and 5.8S rRNAs
each individual RNA TRANSCRIPTS that when combined, produce a ribosome the number indicates the size of the RNA transcript seperated by gel electrophoresis
Assuming a 95% yield for each coupling step, what would be the final yield for synthesizing a 10 amino-acid length peptide?
each time we add an AA to the chain we get a 95% pure yield for THAT STEP... if we run the cycle 9 times (since no coupling is needed for the first of the 10 AA), each cycle is independing from the preceding 0.95^9 gives about 60% final yield
the three germ layers present in the gastrula
ectoderm : outermost "Attractoderm" (makes up the things that attract us to others like skin, hair, nails, face, brain, nervous system) mesoderm: Movement "getting around": bones, muscle, circulatory system, kidneys, gonads endoderm: Innermost, Linings of internal organs, respiratory tract, accessory organs (gall bladder, pancreas)
why does cytosolic NADH yield potentially less ATP than mitochondrial NADH
electron transfer from cytosol to the matrix can take more than one pathway electrons from NADH can enter mitochonrion through one of two shuttle mechanisms (glycerol-3 phosphate shuttle or the malate asparatate shuttle)
paralell spins
electrons in different orbitals with the same ms value (both +1/2 or both -1/2)
Individuals who have the ability to delay gratification in pursuit of long-term rewards are most likely to be categorized as having which type of intelligence?
emotional Individuals who have the ability to delay gratification in pursuit of long-term rewards are most likely to be categorized as having which type of intelligence?
which cellular compartment facilitates membrane fusion
endosomes
power is a rate of ____ over time
energy expenditure or work
E = hf H is planks constant (6.6 x 10^-34 Jxs)
energy of a photon
is the entropy larger for liquid water or water vapor
entropy is larger for water vapor (gas)
when in the human male reproductive system do the gametes become motile and capable of fertilization
epididymis
meritocracy would support ....
equality of opportunity
at the proximal convoluted tubuke... what is reabsorbed
essentially all glucose, AA, and other important organic molecules via active transport
Triglycerides contain 3 ____ functional groups
ester is broken down by lipase through hydrolysis
lipid soluble vitamins A D E K and fat
excess fat increases the initial dose of vitamin required to achieve a particular effect
the absorption of UV light by organic molecules results in what processes
excitation of bound electrons
negative enthalpy
exothermic, favorable, spontaneous
A woman suffers a hemorrhage into her pituitary gland, destroying only the portion of the anterior pituitary responsible for producing luteinizing hormone. What will be the effect of this destruction on her menstrual cycle?
f the portion of the anterior pituitary that produces LH is destroyed, then LH levels will not surge during the menstrual cycle and ovulation would not occur (choice C is correct and choices B and D are wrong). In the absence of ovulation, the corpus luteum would not develop either, although if FSH is unaffected, the follicle would most likely develop and release estrogen. Regardless, the menstrual cycle would be affected (choice A is wrong). She will become anovulatory.
Groupthink
failure to address other stances that may be less extreme
why are fats easier to store as E than glycogen
fats and hydrophobic and therefor do not need to be stored in water like the polar, water soluble glycogen molecule does
beta oxidation converts...
fatty acids into acetyl CoA
what might decrease an individuals self efficacy
feeling that past failures wre due to other individulas
definitions of filtration secretion reabsorption
filtration: the movement of solutes from blood to filtrate at bomans capsule. The direction determined by starling forces in the kidney. secretion: the movement of solutes from blood to filtrate anywhere other than bowmans capsule reabsorbtion: the movement of solutes from filtrate to blood
which learning style is most frequency
fixed ratio
relationship of the equation between cross sectional area and velocity
flow rate = cross sectional area x velocity
for what type of molecule is binding E per nucleon the greatest
for intermediate sized atoms (with a molar mass that is similar to Fe)
selective forgetting
forgetting only things that are very traumatic
disruptive selection
form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle
Angiogenesis
formation of new blood vessels
an acyl halide reacts with a primary alcohol
forms an ester think of reaction with acid chloride and a primary alcohol
coordinate covalent bond
forms when one atom donates a pair of electrons to be shared with an atom or ion that needs two electrons to become stable occurs with lewis acids and lewis bases
wavenumber is proportional to what
frequency 1/wavelength (wavenumber) is proportiona to frequency (c/wavelength)
Ribosome protein synthesis
from N terminal to C terminal
open reading frame
from start codon to stop codon
depression is associated with what brain regions
frontal lobe limbic system structures hypothalamus
nephron
functional unit of the kidney
Puranose vs furanose
furanose = pentose ring puranose = hexane ring
effect of radius on magnetic fields
further you are from a magnetic field, the strength of the magnetic field will decrease
Acromegaly/Gigantism
gigantism ; result of excess growth hormone
electric field equation (using Volts and distance)
given in volts per meter DERIVED from the ED equation where V=ED
inner cell mass of blastocyst
gives rise to all 3 germ layers and all parts of the organism
Sulfonylureas
glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride
Collagen consists of three helices with carbon backbones that are tightly wrapped around one another in a "triple helix." Which of these amino acids is most likely to be found in the highest concentration in collagen? A. Proline B. Glycine C. Threonine D. Cysteine
glycine the carbon backbones are very close together in the triple helix, thus steric hinderance is a potential problem, to reduce this we need small side chains; glycine has the smallest side chain as a H atom
PFK is the RLE of what
glycolysis
the more negative the RSE, the _____ the stabilization
greater
second IE is always (less than/greater than) that of the first IE
greater than the removal of an additional electron woudl require more E
A group of police officers is brought together to discuss what changes, if any, are needed in MHA policies. After the discussion, the group submits a plan outlining policies that entail more severe punishments and more permissive escalation-of-force regulations. This plan most likely developed as a result of: group thing or group polarization?
group polarization the phenomenon in which a person comes to express a consensus view that is more extreme than the individual views of any one group member before the group discussion began
positive control group
group where an effect is expected not exposed to the ecxperomental tratment but is exposed to another treatment that is known to produce the expected effect
negative control group
group where there should not be an effect
paramagnetic
has unpaired electrons
L-amino acids
have the -NH3+ group on the left
D-amino acids
have the -NH3+ group on the right
Alkali Earth Metals (Group 2)
have two valence electrons form divalent cations (ions with 2+ charge) --> losing 2 electrons and becoming a divalent cation is a stable configuration for all of the alkialine earth metals
Haploid
having a single set of unpaired chromosomes germ cells --ova and spermatozoa
cyclic forms of monosaccharides
hemiacetals and hemiketals
methylation of histones
hides the transcribing DNA and reduces transcription levels
assimilated group
high dominant and low ethnic society immersion (rejects own country of origin)
socialization process
how cultural values and norms are passed down to children the process of internalizing the expected reactions to life situations
hCG
human chorionic gonadotrophin hormone decline during second trimester
binding of complementary nucleotides (2 complementary strands)
hybridization
under normal physiological conditions, the primary function of the nephron is to create urine that is ... hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic to the blood
hypertonic to the blood the excretion of concentrated urine serves to limit water loses frm the body to help preserve blood volume
net torque
if net torque=0, that means no angular acceleration--a beam will be level (in rotational equilibrium) torque=Frsin(theta)
when an image is placed between the focal point and a concave mirror, the image is ...
image is virtual and is LARGER than the object
conjugating protein
in conjugate vaccines needed to boost immune response to polysaccharides! have lipid or carbohydrate tags added to them (indicating that they should be directed to the cell membrane-lipid tags, to to a specific organelle)
In prokaryotes, genes can exist as operons that are transcribed into a polycistronic mRNA, containing multiple genes in a single transcript. In eukaryotes, transcripts exist only as monocistronic mRNA containing a single gene. What fundamental genetic difference is responsible for this distinction?
in eukaryotes, each gene has its own transcription initiation site
where is the glomerular filtrate of the nephron most concentrated
in the medullary portion of the collecting duct
where is chromatin found
in the nucleus (this includes both heterochromatin and euchromatin)
What causes duplex DNA with a certain (A + T):(G + C) ratio to melt at a higher temperature than comparable length duplex DNA with a greater (A + T):(G + C) ratio?
increased Pi stacking strength C. G-C base pairs form stronger π-stacking interactions than A-T base pairs, thereby creating the most thermal stability. GC content leads to an increased melting temperature
what isa physiological indication of increased sympathetic arousal
increased electrical conductivity of the skin
after a breif period of intense exercise, the activity of muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase is greatly increased. This increase is most likely due to...
increased pyruvate concentrations
blocking of dopamine in the brain results in
increased secretion of prolactin
increasing plasma concentration of aldosterone is most likely to be followed by which of the following
increased sodium reabsorbtion in the distal tube
Large Ksp means
increased solubility
velocity ___ as cross sectional area decreases
increases
atomic radius trend
increases down a group, decreases across a period
does complex ion formation increase or decrease solubility
increases solubility
Does H bonding Increase or decrease solubility
increases solubility (shielding a molecule from H bonding, decreases solubility)
Demethylation of DNA
increases transcription
ionization energy trend
increases up and to the right
ionization energy trend
increases up and to the right the first IE of li < first IE of BE < second IE of Be
Attenuation increases with ____ frequency
increasing
how does polarity affect solubility in aqueous solutions
increasing polarity is increasing solubility
benzene is intert in the presence of what
inert to the actions of an acid or bases
Hary Harlow monkey exp
infant monkeys perfered time clining to the cloth mother even when only the wire mother had food monkeys displayed abnormal behavior with the wire mother which could not be corrected later in life by pairing them with the cloth mother
leukocytes may contribute to
inflammation
the frontal lobe
initiates motor activity, responsible for speech, conscious thought
where are signaling proteins made / reside
inside certain cells
tertiary protein structure
interaction between the R group of one amino acid forming intermolecular attractions with the R-group of another
dipole-dipole forces (ie between water and oil molecules at an oil-water interface be characterized)
interactions are those that occur between polar molecules that do not contain O-H, N-H, or F-H bonds. These attractive forces draw the negative end of one dipole closer to the positive end of another.
relationship between density and sound wave velocity
inverse relationship as density increases (warm to cold air) velocity will decrease
index of refraction and speed of light relationship
inverse relationship the smallest index of refraction (n) will have the fastest speed of light through its material
relationship between wavelength and energy
inversely related a wavelength of 560nm is higher E than a wavelength of 600nm because the 560nm has a shorter wavelength, greater frequency, higher E
3 primary functions of NADPH
involvement in biosynthesis of lipids and cholesterol (precursor to steroid hormones), production of bacterial bleach in the lysosomes of certain WBC, maintenence of a supply of reduced glutathione for protection against free radical damage
correctly list methanol, isobutyl alcohol, and propanol by decreasing BP
isobutyl alcohol > propanol > methanol with all else constant, BP increase with increasing size of the alkyl chain due to van der waals attraction s
Anomers
isomers that differ in only one chiral center, opposed to enantiomers which differ in all chiral centers
increased atomic radius does what to electron affinity
it decreases electron affinity--> the smaller the radius, the more tightly they electrons are pulled in to the nucleus
functions of bile
it emulsifies bile for easier digestion and is produced in the pancreas and gallbladder and is amphiphatic (with both polar and nonpolar regions)
why is cytochrome c different from the other cytochromes in the ETC
it is highly water soluble -- all others are hydrophbic
what happens to the atomic mass during beta + and beta - decay
it is neglibible (no change occurs in atomic mass) in B+ decay neutrons are converted to protons, and in B - decay protons are converted to neutrons
what will happen to entropy with a solid or liquid is dissolved in a solvent
it will increase
will entropy increase or decrease as the molecular compexity increases due to increased movement of electrons (like KOH vs Ca(OH)2)
it will increase
will entropy increase or decrease when the solubility of a gas decreases and it escapes from a solvent
it will increase
Schater-Singer
julia pets her cat, BP decreases, brain releases oxytocin, realizes how much she loves her cat, experiences happiness as a result
Osteoclasts are
large polynucleated cells that break down bone matrix and are involved in bone reabsorption
observational learning
learning by observing others
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
amide
least reactive in acyl substitution because they are the most stable
median
less sensitive to outliers not influenced by those at the upper range of wealth
a RQ of approaching 0.7 is indicative of which macromolecule
lipids RQ gives an indication of the primary fuel that is being utlized
which of the following phase changes are exothermic liquid to gas liquid to solid gas to solid
liquid to solid and gas to solid reactions that proceed from solid to liquid to gas are endothermic--since gases have more heat E than solids (reactions that go from gas to liquid to solid release heat and are therefor more exothermic)
which of the following locations is expected to have the highest number of glucagon receptors kidney heart liver skeletal musc
liver glucagon is released by the pancreas as a response to low blood glucose levels. Its main purpose is to increase glycogenolysis and increase blood glucose. Most of glucagon action occurs in the liver
Bundle of His (AV bundle)
located next to the AV node; provides the transfer of the electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles
good nucleophiles have what characteristics
lone pairs or pi bonds negative charge polarized alkoxide (OR-) and hydroxide (OH-) anions = strong nucs alcohols (ROH) and carboxyllic acid (RCOOH) are weak nucs look for ELECTRON DONATING GROUPS... electron withdrawing groups will make it an ELECTROPHILE (ie you DONT want a carboxyllic acid etc)
when determining hybridization... how do you count.. lone pairs double bonds single bonds
lone pairs you count as 1 double bonds count as 1 sigma bonds count as 1 you count regions of electron density, not individual bonds and lone pairs
More complete fractionation of proteins using an SEC column could be achieved by using a:
longer column increasing column length enhances the resolution of the column leading to more complete fractioning by SEC
characteristic of the UV region of the electromagnetic spectrum
longer wavelengths lower energy
Oxidation
loss of electrons gaining H bonds
HSL (hormone sensitive lipase) repsonds to ...
low insulin levels cortisol and epinephrine to mobilize fatty acids from adipocytes NOT DIGESTION but MOBILIZATION of fatty acids
small Ksp means
low solubility
which amino acid has an additional amino group
lysine
protein levels relate most directly to ___ levels
mRNA
mRNA vs tRNA vs rRNA
mRNA carriest the message from DNA in the nucleus via transcription of the gene; it travels into the cytoplasm to be translated tRNA bring in AA and recognizes the codon on the mRNA using its anticodon rRNA makes up the ribosome and is enzymatically active
electric field of a current carrying wire
magnetic field and current are directly proportional magnetic field and distance are inversely proportional
magnitude of electric force depends on:
magnitudes of charges square of distance between charges
addition sig fig
maintained by the smallest number of decimal places
multiplication sig fig
maintained to the smallest number of significant digits
which of lactose, sucrose, maltose, cellobiose is digestible by humans and made of only one type of monosaccharide lactose sucrose maltose cellobiose
maltose
are the enzymes used in the body stereospecific
many of the enzymes used in the body are stereospecific and only produce one enantiomer
allergic reactions occur due to an overactive immune response to a substance, which cells within the respiratory tract play the largest role in the generation of allergic reactions
mast cells
Osteocytes
mature bone cells that eventually become surrounded by their matrix (role is maintenence)
mature mRNA consists of
mature mRNA consists of a 5'-cap (one base pair), the 5' UTR, exons, the 3' UTR, and a poly(A) tail 5' cap - 5' UTR - 3' UTR - poly A tail 5'UTR region of an mRNA that is directly upstream from the initiation codon. This region is important for the regulation of translation of a transcript
formal social sanctions
mechanisms of social control by which rules or laws prohibit deviant criminal behavior
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)
membrane receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosines
anterograde memory
memory for events that have occurred after brain damage
retrograde memory
memory for events that occurred before brain damage
Electrophoresis
method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge
exchange mobility
mobility in which, if we hold fixed the changing distribution of jobs, individuals trade jobs not one-to-one but in a way that ultimately balances out
Colchicine is a drug that prevents the formation of microtubules. Which of the following mitotic processes would NOT occur after exposure to this drug?
movement of the chromosomes toward opp poles of the cell during anaphase
wedge in a chair confirmation
must be up
index of refraction of air
n = 1
in most metabolic pathways, the enzymatic reactions that undergo regulatory control are typically....
near the beginning of pathways or at pathway branch points
a more stable protein will...
need more E to unfold the protein and therefor be observed to have a higher temp at which it denatures
Structure of diamond
network of carbon atoms that form 4 covalent bonds similar properties to that of Carbon (formed from graphite)
folate is important for
neurolation / induction of the ectoderm in order to differentiate into the nervous system
neuronal cells and G0
neuronal cells do not divide following initial differentiation and remain permanents in G0
charge of the molecule when pH = pI
neutral
in early mammalian development, from fertilized egg to morula, there is no change in ______ , but several replication result in ____________ cells
no change in cytoplasm amount several replications result in smaller and more numerous cells
Adiabatic
no heat exchange
a correlation coefficient of 0 means
no relationship
what is true during uniform circular motion?
no work is done the displacement vector and force vector are always perpendicular ; no work is done potential E is constant for an object in uniform circular motion, whether it is the gravitational portential E fo a satillite orbiting the earth or the electrical potential E of an electron oribiting the nucleus of an ideal atom
will an increase in the substrate concentration at a constrant enzyme concentration lead to a proportional increase in the rate of the reaction?
no, this only occurs initially, and will then level off once the active sites are occupied
the creation of gamates through meiosis is what type of process
non cyclical happens once and terminates in gamete creation (either sperm cells or ova) (haploid to diploid)
Aneuploidy results from
nondisjunction during anaphase
Where do post-transcriptional modifications occur?
nucleus
animal viruses
obligate intracellular parasites that require appropriate cells to replicate
Self-actualization (Maslow)
one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential
which compounds from this list has the ability to become oxidized ? Primary Alcohol Secondary Alcohol Tertiary Alcohol Ketone Carb acid
only primary and secondary alcohols can become form additional bonds to O while loosing them to H
when will an electron go from HOMO to LUMO
only when the electron is excited
Stage 1 of sleep cycle
onset of sleep; twilight; alpha waves
cardiac sphincter
opening from the esophagus to the stomach
acetylation of histones
opens chromatin, allowing transcription
optimal arousal theory
organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an optimal level of arousal
obligate anaerobes
organisms that cannot live where molecular oxygen is present
centrioles function
organize DNA during cell division and organize microtubules
how to calculate H ion concentration from pH steps
pH = -log[H] [H]=10^-pH so if pH was 6 [H] = 10^-6
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
pH = pKa + log [A-]/[HA]
calculating pH from pKa
pH = pKa + log([base]/[acid]) henserson hasselbach FOR BUFFER QUESTIONS :)
cheif cells secrete
pepsinogen
glycerophospholipids are a subset of what
phospholipids
Kinases
phosphorylate
molecules that contain strongly electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituents are highly ____ and possess correspondingly high ______
polar dipole moments
in both column chromatography and TLC, what is the relative speed of a polar compound
polar compounds will travel slower while less polar compounds will travel the most rapidly
which solvent is preferred for a nuc-electrophile reaction
polar solvents like ... H2O CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
In electrolytic cell, anode is
positive
in electrolytic cell, cathode is
positive
positive field lines point ... negative field lines point...
positive = outward negative = inward
referent power
power that comes from subordinates' and coworkers' respect, admiration, and loyalty (personal) appeals to individuals through external factors such as appearing desirable or feeling inluded and not knowledge or logical evidence
AV valve function
prevent back flow into atria when ventricles contract
intramembranous ossification
process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue skull fusing
group assimilation
process whereby individuals are socialized to conform to the group's norms, demonstrating the characteristics that define the in-group
cognitive processes
processes that involve changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language
beta oxidation of fatty acids
produce acetyl CoA (precursor of acetoacetate) by breaking down fatty acids in mitochondrial matrix generates electron carriers
Granulosa cell tumor
produce excess estrogen
where is sperm produced and by what
produced by the sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules, not leydic cells
parietal lobe integrates
proprioceptions and temp with thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors
which of the following vraiables are negatively correlated with globalization
protectionism refers to a country rejecting trade with others and being isolative, which is inversely proportional to globalization
Colipase
protein secreted by pancreas that binds lipase, bringing it in contact with lipid droplets in the small intestine/digestive tract
what type of solvent does sN1 prefer / run the fastest in
protiic solvents unlinke Sn2 which prefers aprotic
If pH< pI then:
protonated positively charged
where IS sodium actively transported out of the nephron
proximal and distal convoluted tubles, where the concentration of sodium outside the nephron is higher than inside, requiring E to transport them against the concentration gradient also the thick portion of the ascending LOH where there are many mitochondria (which make it think) to drive the active transport
equation for capacitance and voltage and charge
q = VC
heat of fusion
q=mL
in the nephron, AA enter the vasa recta via the process of ....
reabsorption ALL essential substances (glucose, salts, AA, water) are REABSOBED FROM THE FILTRATE and returned to the blood in the vasa recta
synthesizing esters
reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence on an acid
for a convex lens , what image is formed when the object is placed at a distance greater than the focal point
real
converging species (concave mirros and convex lenses) will produce
real or virtual images
how to find the equilibrium constant for the BINIDING of two molecules, when you are given the disassociation constant
reciprocal if the disassociation constant is 5 then the equilibirum constant for binding is 1/5
Cialdini's 6 principles of persuasion
reciprocity, commitment and consistency, social proof, authority, liking, scarcity
meiotic recombination
recombination from assortment or crossing over at meiosis
in a GALVANIC CELL, a more + reduction potential means that that element will be ____
reduced at the cathode
miRNA
regulate gene expression
relative and absolute configuration
relative refers to retention of bonds not being broken and maintaining the positions of groups around the chiral carbon absolute configuration referes to the reactant and the product both maintaining the R or S designation
Diastole
relaxation
Behaviorists would assert that self-defeating behaviors are maintained by immediate reinforcement in the form of:
relief from anxiety.
size exclusion chromatography
relies on porous beads; larger molecules elute first because they are not trapped in small pores
H2/Pd
removes double bonded oxygen. substitutes 2 H. a strong catalytic reduction mechanism that reduces molcules all the way to an alkane
projective personality assessment
require the participant to respond, and then their response is assessed for meaning
what process must the body undergo in order to remove individual glucose monomers and process glycogen down to the branch point itself
requires glycogen phosphorylase and alpha 1,4:alpha 1,4 transferase
mixed-methods study
research study that includes elements of both quantitative and qualitative research
Type III restriction enzymes
resemble type I enzymes in their ability to methylate and restrict (cut) DNA. - adenine methylation occurs on only one strand.
characteristics of peptide bonds
resonant, have planar molecular geometry, and partial double bond character
All of the following are functions of mammalian skin EXCEPT: respiration sensation protection from disease protection against internal E
respiration
alpha H of ketones are acidic due to..
ressonance stabilization the electrnegative carbonyl O
What is the function of the Na+K+ ATPase during a neuronal action potential?
restoration of the resting potential
Cytosine degradation
results in Uracil (this is why uracil is excluded from DNA but not from RNA) (this is a common mutation where cytosine goes to uracil in the presence of heat)
implicit memory
retention independent of conscious recollection
main function of the nucleolus
ribosomal RNA synthesis
Stage 3 of Sleep cycle
sections of delta waves, hard to wake up, wet bed & sleep walk in 3&4
what property of protein digesting enzymes allows for a sequence to be determined without fully degrading the protein ?
selectivity
antioxidant activity
selenium, zinc, copper, manganese
cancerous stem cells exhibit
self renewal, may be able to resist chemo
kinesthetic sense
sense of the location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other
interoceptive awareness
sensitivity to stimuli arising from within the body, such as heart rate
according to snells law, if you go from a material with a low index of refraction to a higher one, the is angle of refraction smaller/equal to/greater than that of the incidince
smaller! closer to normal
which RNA molecules/proteins will bind to hnRNA to induce slicing ?
snRNA (small nuclear RNA) snRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleoprotiens) NOT shRNA
splicing as a posttranslational modification is done by...
snRNA and snRNPs in the splicesome; introns are removed in a lariat structure, and exons are ligated together
soap characteristics
soaps are salts of carboxylate anions with long hydrocarbon tails
agents of socialization
social institutions, including families and schools, that help to shape individuals' basic political beliefs and values
Meritocracy
society in which an individuals mobility is determined by their acheived status, talent, and work
Social Reciprocity
society naturally punishes criminals indiscriminantly
What maintains the resting membrane potential?
sodium potassium pump and leak channels
Endosomes
sorting of endocytosed material
relationship between sound velocity and bulk modulus elasticity
sound velocity = (K/p)^2 where K is bulk modulus p is density
SNW DRP
southern blot = DNA Northern blot = RNA Western blot = protein
which hybridization does Be in the atom BeH2 assume
sp Be has only 2 electrons in its valence shell. When it bonds to 2 H's it requires two hybridized orbitals, meaning that its hybridization must be sp. The presence of only single bonds DOES NOT mean that the hybridization must be sp3, this only is an assumption used for C. The two unhybridized p orbitals around Be are empty in BeH2, which takes on the linear geometry characteristic of sp hybridized orbitals
alkenes are ___ hybridized
sp2
wavength =
speed / frequency in
what is the sequence of the development of a mature sperm cell
spermatogonium -> 1 spermatocyte -> 2 spermatocyte -> spermatid -> spermatozoan
Where do B cells mature
spleen
In mammals, which of the following events occurs during mitosis but does NOT occur during meiosis I?
splitting of centromeres One of the key differences between mitosis and meiosis occurs during their respective anaphases. During anaphase of mitosis, sister chromatids are pulled apart at the centromeres, each becoming an independent chromosome in the two diploid daughter cells. During anaphase I of meiosis I, homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated into the two daughter cells.
negative delta G means
spontaneous
galvanic cells proceed ...
spontaneously
anal-motor stage
stage 2 of erik eriksons defined by the conflict between autonomy and shame and doubt
HNO3 (nitric acid)
strong acid
the Ka of a carboxylic acid is associated with what
stronger acidity...adding EWG like flouring atoms will provide inductive stabilization of the conjugate base by pulling electron density away from the negatively charged position you WANT en atoms nearby
social facilitation
stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
Collagen
structural protein found in the skin and connective tissue --found in tendons cartilage and bv
How to determine Bond Energy
sum of broken bonds-formed bonds = Bond Energy
principal quantum number
symbolized by n, indicates the main energy level occupied by the electron
the majority of triglycerides stored in adipocytes origionate from
synthesis in the liver (where they are then transported as VLDL to adipose tissue for storage)
uracil is found in...
tRNA and ribosomes
Sn2 Cant do...
tertiary
SN1 can do
tertiary steric congestion promotes SN1
Why is the alpha-anomer of D-glucose less likely to form than the beta-anomer?
the Beta-anomer undergoes less electron repulsion
hnRNA is synthesized from what
the DNA template/antisense strand
before absorbing a UV photon, electrons can be found in...
the HOMO only
acetyl CoA can be used in what metabolic process
the Krebs cycle (CAC)
activation energy
the PEAKS on the graphs of a potential energy diagram lowered by a catalyst
what will NOT affect the equilibrium position of a reaction
the addition or removal of a catalyst
work function
the amount of energy needed to dislodge an electron from the surface of a material
salt bridges (ionic interactions)
the attraction formed between a carboxylate ion on one amino acid's side chain with the protonated amine on a second amino acid's side chain the residues of a salt bridge must be ionized and are likely to involve ion dipole interactions
Racialization
the formation of a new racial identity by drawing ideological boundaries of difference around a formerly unnoticed group of people
the only structure in the LOH that can reabsorb proteins
the glomerulus
instrumental support
the help people receive that can be used to address the stressful demand directly, tangible housgiving, transportation etc
Socialization
the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture
how much heat is produced from the complete combustion of 30 g of methane, if the enthalpy of reaction is -890kJ / mol
the molecular weight of methane (CH4) is 16g using dimensional analysis ... (30g) x (1mol/16g) x (890kJ/mol) 1.8 x 10^3kJ
Social identity theorists think that the greater the identification with the in-group:
the more likely in-group bias is to occur.
important property of bond energy
the more shared electron pairs that comprise a bond, the higher the E of that bond
what functional group will a phosphate add to
the most polar group ( so like a carboxyl group in AA) (or OH group if in the R group)
horizontal mobility
the movement of an individual from one social position to another of the same rank
interaction variable
the multiplicative product of two (or more) independent variables
pH dependence of a molecule is due to
the nature of the R group
Norepinephrine (NE)
the neurotransmitter used by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system at the post-ganglionic organ-level (synapse)
anomeric carbon
the new chiral center formed in ring closure; it was the carbon containing the carbonyl in the straight-chain form
coordination number
the number of ions of opposite charge that surround each ion in a crystal
centripetal force equation
the only centripetal force that matters is the one that is perpendicular to the tanget of the circle
Apolipoproteins
the protein components of lipoproteins
blood flow in the ductus arteriosus is from
the pulmonary artery to the aorta
a reaction is found to stop just before all reactants are converted to products. What could be true about the reaction?
the reaction is reversible, and the forward rate of the reaction is equal to the reverse rate this is a situation in which the equilibrium is reached very far to the right, with high product concentration and low reactant concentration
cultural capital
the symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
linguistic relativity hypothesis
the theory that thought processes and concepts are controlled by language Humans are better at distinguishing colors for which their language has a name
attribution theory
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
self-perception theory
the theory that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them much as would someone observing us - by looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs
the half life of a radioactive material is defined as ...
the time it takes for half of all the radioactive nuclei to decay into their daughter nuclei.
which statement correctly describes how enzymes affect chemical reactions? Stabilization of...
the transition state changes the activation energy of the reaction.
microtubules are used in
the transport of vesicles and the positioning of organelles wthin the cell do Phagosome transport to the lysosome Mitosis Meiosis
Theory of Mind (ToM)
the understanding that others have thoughts that are different from one's own
primary aging
the universal and irreversible physical changes that occur to all living creatures as they grow older
oxidative phosphorylation
the use of high E electrons from FADH2 and NADH in ATP (via electrochemical proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane)
Ingratiation
the use of strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another's favor
Raoult's Law
the vapor pressure of a solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of solvent present ideal solution behavior is observed when solute-solute, solvent-solvent, and solute-solvent interactions are very similar ie: benzene and toluene are expected to behavior very similarly (both polar and relatively similar in size)
what characeristic of alcohols makes them have a higher BP than their analagous hydrocarbons
their posession of the polarized O-H hydrogen bond formations
what shift will occur in bicarbonate buffer during hyperventilation
their respiratory rate increases--this means more CO2 is blown off causes a shift to the left in the bicarbonate buffer equation blood becomes more alkaline
what property of light will change as it is transfered from one medium to another when it is fully transmitted
their wavelengths will change the f and period do not change because if one of them them changes the other would also need to change
cognitive appraisal theory of emotion
theory of emotion that theorizes that individuals decide on an appropriate emotion following an event why some individuals interpret stigma negatively while others do not
what is the entropy for an endothermic reaction with +H and spontaneous DG
there must be an increase in entropy and DS must be positive
when command potential and measured membrane potential are equal (both at zero)
there will be minimal current flow between the clamp amplifier and the axon, or cirucuit
PCR is regulated by what
thermal cycling --repeated heating and cooling cycles to allow the enzymes to act specifically and replace helicases (this requires the use of NON HUMAN DNA because human DNA would be denatured at these temperatures) instead use thermus aquaticul from YNP
how do magnetic fields effect gamma photons
they DO NOT AFFECT them!! Gamma photons are not charged, while alpha particles, proton beams, and beta particles are charged. ALL photons have no charge, they are unaffected by magnetic fields
what is true of sphingolipids
they all contain a sphingosine backbone
if N and O have a recombinanant frequency of 18% what can be said about them
they are 18 map units apart
what is true of both osmosis and diffusion
they both rely on the electrochemical gradient of only the compound of interest
what type of muscle do veins lack that allows more blood to be in the venous system than the arterial system
they have a relative lack of smooth muscle in their walls
which of the following clearly marks fungi as a eukaryote
they lack mitochondria (lacking membrane bound organelles)
Why are thioesters high energy?
they release a great deal of E when hydrolyzed, making them well suited ad RESPIRATION REACTION DRIVERS useful becuase they release more E than typical ester cleavage (THIOESTER FORMATION NOT HYDROLYSIS IS WHAT REQUIRES A GREAT DEAL OF E)
what is true of mixtures with higher vapor pressures than predicted by raoults law
they will have stronger solute-solute , solvent-solvent, and solute-solvent interactions these particles do not want to stay in solution and they will more readily evaporate --> this creates a higher vapor pressure than an ideal solution
H zone
thick filaments only, mysoin only no overlap
convex lens (converging lens)
thicker in the middle thinner on the edges, focuses light. can produce a real or virtual image. As the object gets closer to the lens, the object appears to get larger and further away
converging lens
thickest in middle, almond shaped can produce real or virtual images
I band
thin filaments only
diverging lens
thin in middle, fans out at top can only produce virtual images produces negative image distances due to the virtual image
what trimester are the lungs formed
third
what is the only way that aneuploidy is inheritable
through meiosis
sired
to be the father of
role of lipases
to catalyze the reaction of the hydrolysis of triglycerides / fatty acids
which of the following is a reason for conjugating proteins
to direct their delivery to a particular organelle to direct their delivery to the cell membrane to add a cofactor needed for their activity
Why must a person either lean forward or slide their feet under the chair in order to stand up?
to maintain equilibrium adjusting the center of mass
at high altitudes, when bv are constricted, why may there be short periods of dialation
to maintain suffiencent oxygen
what is the function of SDS in SDS PAGE
to solubilize proteins to give them uniformily negative charges, making the seperation based purely on size
RNA polymerase I
transcribes rRNA in eukarotes nucleolus
bacterial genetic recombination ( transformation, conjugation, transduction)
transformation: bacteria suck up pieces of DNA from the surrounding environment conjugation: the sexual reproduction of bacteria transduction: occurs when a bacteriophage (virus that infects bacteria), accidentally packages bacterial DNA instead of bacteriophage DNA. They then introduce it into another bacteria.
which elements oxidation state is determined last
transition metals since they can have various oxidation states-- you must determine them after you determine all of the other oxidation states
glycoproteins often function as ...
transmembrane proteins to transport across the cell membrane
vas deferens (ductus deferens)
transports sperm from the epididymis
Ultrasound machines calculate distance based upon:
travel time of the reflected sound
chylomicrons contain
triglycerides cholesteryl ester fat soluble vitamins **these are all secreted into lacteals, once the chylomicron is absorbed**
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
trust vs mistrust autonomy vs shame and doubt initiative vs guilt industry vs inferiority identity vs role confusion intimacy vs isolation generativity vs stagnation integrity vs despair
Reliability and Validity
two factors that make up a good psychological test reliability = when you step on a bathroom scale every day and the weight is THE SAME... but wrong validity = how accurate the scale is reading in comparison to the true value
Covalent bonds are formed between
two nonmetals
automatic processing (encoding)
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
alturism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Type II restriction enzymes
used most frequently in the laboratory - do not have inherent methylation activity in the same molecule as the nuclease activity
glucokinase activity
used to trap extra glucose in the liver cells as part of a storage mechanism and in the pancreas as a glucose sensor
ADH
uses regulation of aquaporin channels to increase the passive absorption of water
Continuity equation
v1A1=v2A2 V is inversely proportional to cross sectional area (as A increases V will decrease)
Validity vs. Reliability
validity- measure of adequacy in comparison to other sources reliability - measure of consistency/a measure of if the results could be replicated
tricuspid valve
valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
atoms without their valence shells fully filled have what
very high EN
social-cognitive perspective
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context. if a person is screaming at the checkout clerk in front of you and got a free item, another person might do the same with the same hoep
for a convex lens, what image is formed when the object is placed at a distance smaller than the focal point
virtual
L cerebral hemisphere controls
vocab skills
watts are equal to what in joules
watt = joules/second
combining E=hf and f=c/wavelength
wavelength = hc / Energy
amide formation
when an amine and a carboxyl group or an acyl derivative react
Conmmensalism
when one species benefits but the other one is not helped or harmed
when do shock waves have the greatest impact
when the shock waves are traveling excatly at the speed of osund once it passes the speed of sound, destructuve interference will occur with the waves traveking behind
a decrease in mass due to loss of fluid in capillaries, due to a decrease in arterial pressue
will cause an initial rapid decrease in mass over time, and then eventually level out once the hydrostatic and osmotic pressures reach a new equilibrium
an intermediate sized atom... (energy, stability, etc)
will have a low energy state that is MORE Stable than that of large or small atoms this requires a lot of E to undergo fission (requiring a HIGH NUCLEAR BINDING E )
a less + reduction potential is ...
will likely to oxidized and act as a reducing agent
if you have log(x) = 6... what is x
x = 10^6 1000
45-45-90 triangle
x, x, x√2
is the ETC coupled together
yes
will a dipole placed in an electric field experience torque
yes it will experience torque until the dipole is at rest and oriented within the field so that the angle between the plane of the electric field and the dipole is 0 once this point is reached, the inversion of the electric field will have no impact on the dipole
thermal expansion equation
ΔL = change in length α = coefficient of linear expansion L = original length ΔT = change in temperature
angular frequency
ω = 2πf the magnitude of angular frequency will always be larger than that of the frequncy, and may or may not be larger than the period
Hormone Sensitive Lipase (HSL)
• Enzyme in the adipose cell that is responsible for the hydrolysis of triglyceride into FFAs and glycerol, which then leave the adipose cell and enter circulation • Inhibited by the hormone insulin NOT IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
Aldosterone
"salt-retaining hormone" which promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneys. na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressure primarily in the distal tubule and collecting duct released from the adrenal cortex in response to low bp
characteristics of good electrophiles
(+) charged polarized good leaving groups like halides (ie CH3OH and CH3Cl, CH3Cl is a stronger electrophile because it has a better LG and is more stabilized)
Mass defect: equation
(mass of each of the protons and each of the neutrons in the unbound state added together) - (mass of the formed nucleus)
phosphorous acid
(ous acid means one less O)
Monocytes
*A type of white blood cell that transforms into macrophages, extends pseudopods, and engulfs huge numbers of microbes over a long period of time *An agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage. immune cells secreted from epithelium to produce and inflammatory response
charge of the molecule when pH < pI
+
Entropy (delta S)
+ with a spontaneous reaction
charge of the molecule when pH > pI
-
Simple distillation
- Liquids that boil below 150 C and have atleast 25C difference in boiling temperature. - Consists of a distilling flask (containing combined solution), distillation column ( thermometer, condenser, and receiving flask to collect the distillate.
IC50 value
- for an antagonist: concentration of ANTAGONIST drug required to reduce full agonist response to 50% of max response ** higher ANTAGONIST affinity = HIGHER concentration of agonist needed to get 50% response concentration of an inhibitor that reduces the activity of the corresponding process by 50%. Dose-response curves are usually used to determine the IC50 value for a given inhibitor.
Alternative Splicing of mRNA
-One gene can code for more than one protein -Exons can be spliced together into a variety of different mRNAs
protecting groups
-good=acetals and ketals -when need to prevent aldehyde or keton from reacting change into these ie methylsulfonyl chloride
SA node (sinoatrial node)
-pacemaker of the heart -sets the heartbeat rate -located in the right atrium -causes atria to contract
Vitamin D function
-promotes bone mineralization (makes calcium and phosphorus available to blood that bathes bones) -assists in immune function
Gravity Filtration
-used when the product of interest is in the filtrate -hot solvent is used to maintain solubility product remains in filtrate to be collected
according to kirkoffs loop rule, the total potential difference around any closed loop is equal to what
0V
pyrimidines have __ rings
1 C U T
Palmitic acid has the chemical formula, C16H32O2. Which of the following best describes the appropriate product distribution after 4 rounds of beta-oxidation?
1 C8H16O2; 4 NADH; 4 acetyl-CoA; 4 FADH2 Recall that each round of beta-oxidation produces 1 acetyl-CoA, 1 NADH, 1 FADH2, decreasing the fatty acid chain length by two carbons. After 4 rounds of beta-oxidation, there will be 4 acetyl-CoA produced (choices C and D are wrong), 4 NADH, 4 FADH2 and a fatty acid that is reduced by 8 carbons, C8H16O2
conversion factor between MeV and amu
1 amu = 932 MeV
a paraschutist jumps from a plane. Beginning at the point when she reaches terminal velocity (constant velocity during free fall), which of the following is or are true 1) the jumper is in translational eq 2) the jumper is NOT being acted upon by any forces 3) there is an equal amount of work being done by gravity and air resistance
1 and 2 only at terminal velocity, the force of gravity and force of air resistance are equal in mag
conversion between atm and mmHg
1 atm = 760 mmHg
the electron transport chain carriers can carry how many electrons at a time
1 to 2
what three primary components may pyruvate be converted into
1) acetyl-coA for the CAC via pyruvate dehydrogenase complex 2) lactate during fermentation via lactate dehydrogenase 3) OAA for gluconeogenesis via pyruvate carboxylase
which are ways to measure the activity of the Na+ K+ ATP pump
1) measuring the rate of ATP HYDROLYSIS 2) measuring the rate of ADP production 3) measuring the change in ion concentration within the liposome
true statements regarding the photoelectric effect
1) the kinetic E of the emitted electrons DO NOT depend on the light intensity 2) the intensity of the light beam DOES effect the photocurrent 3) a weak beam of light f that is greater than the threshold f yields more current than an intense beam of light f lower than the threshold f 4) for light of a given f, the KE of emited elextrons increases as the value of th work function decreass
Hemiacetals and Hemiketals usually keep reacting to form acetals and ketals. Why is it difficult to isolate hemiacetals and hemiketals. These molecules are unstable The hydroxyl group is rapidly protonated and lost as water under acidic conditions, leaving behind a reactive carbocation The molecules are extremely basic and react rapidly with one another.
1) they are unstable 2) the OH group is rapidly protonated and lost as water under acidic conditions, leaving behind a reactive carbocation
what compounds are almost always soluble in water
1+ and 1- ions (ions that are more attracted to H bonding, coulombic forces that are low in magnitude)
1 degrees Celcius is equal to what F
1.8F
area of a triangle
1/2 base x height
doubling frewuency has what effect on period
1/2 the period
Capacitors in Series
1/C=1/C₁+1/C₂+... create a smaller overall capacitance
Resistors in parallel
1/R=1/R₁+1/R₂+1/R₃+... V=V₁=V₂=...
paralell Req for 4 16 ohm resistors in paralell
1/Req = 1/16 + 1/16 + 1/16 + 1/16 + 1/16 1/Req = 4/16 Req = 4
if the Keq of the forward reaction is X, what is the Keq of the reverse reaction
1/X
thin lens equation
1/f = 1/di + 1/do
10 micrometers in nanometers
10 micrometers (um) 10000 nanometers (nm)
how many times are ATP stores turned over daily
1000
how many J are in 1 kJ
1000 ie 1kJ = 1000 J
bent molecules have what bond angles
104.5
trigonal pyramidal molecules have what bond angles
107
tetrahedral molecular bond angle
109.5 contain 4 electron rich areas and 4 bonded atoms at this angle
above what concentration in the blood is glucose found in the urine
10mg/mL
piagets stages of cognitive development formal opperational
12 and on thinking logically about abstract ideas and problem solving
piagets stages of cognitive development preoperational
2 to 7 children begin to do symbolic thinking and egocentrism make believe and have an imagination imagine what other people may think or feel
what compounds are almost always insoluble in water
2+ and 2-, 3- ions these ions have stronger coulombic forces, so they are harder to break ionic bonds since it is a stronger bond)
quaternary protein structure
2+ protein chains forming functional protein, forming via H bonds and vanderwalls forces disulfide bonds maintain this structure
what stage of piagets theory of cognitive development is observed in 6-7 year olds
2-7 represents preoperational stage of development--where children learn to operate symbolically and engage in a lot of symbolic play
Rydberg Constant (Rh)
2.18 x 10^-18 J
lb to kg conversion
2.2 lbs = 1 kg
what is the square root of 9 x 10^-6
3.0 x 10^-3 how: square root of 9 = 3 3.0 x 10^-6(1/2) multiply the exponent by 1/2 when you are squaring it so answer is 3.0 x 10^-3
visible light spectrum
400-700 nm
what procedure would be good to use in order to extract acetaldehyde from an aqueous solution 1x extraction with 100mL of ether 2x succesive extractions with 50 mL portions of ether 3x sucessive extractions with 33.3mL portions of ether 4x sucsessive extractions with 25mL portions of ether
4x sucsessive extractions with small amounts of ether is better than one extractions with large amounts of ether
Pedigree
A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family.
Parkinson's disease
A disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors. not as much familial
cardiac ishemia or MI
A elevated or depressed ST segment may signify?
binary fission
A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
Modeling Theory
A form of social learning theory that asserts that people learn how to act by observing others.
Anhydride
A functional group containing two carbonyls separated by an oxygen atom (RCOOCOR); often the condensation dimer of a carboxylic acid.
secondary oocyte
A haploid cell resulting from the first meiotic division of oogenesi (not that the cytoplasmic division in this case is unequal, producing one large cell with almost all of they cytoplasm - the secondary oocyte- and one smaller cell with virtually no cytoplasm - the first polar body.). The secondary oocyte (along with some follicular cells) is released from the ovary during ovulation.
PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
A laboratory technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules, and nucleotides.
UV spectroscopy
A method of determining the concentration of protein in an isolate by comparison against a protein standard; relies on the presence of aromatic amino acids Can also be used with nucleic acids and other compounds
Strecker synthesis
A method of synthesizing amino acids that uses condensation between an aldehyde and hydrogen cyanide, followed by hydrolysis. ammonia will attack a carbonyl forming an imine. the imine will be attacked by cyanide to form an amine and a nitrile
Chemiosmosis
A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme. nicotinamide (NADH) nucleotides are neither oxidized nor reduced during this step of cellular resp
Gentrification
A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.
Fractional distillation
A process of petroleum refining, by which a chemical mixture such as petroleum is separated into its components depending on the different boiling points of components.
Parasitism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed
enolate ion
A resonance-stabilized anion resulting from the deprotonation of a carbon atom adjacent to a carbonyl functional group.
social desirability bias
A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself.
Functionalist Theory of Stratification
A theory suggesting that inequality is necessary to maintain complex societies.
fluid pressure changes with depth are assumed to be linear. Which statement best explains why this does not hold true for atmosphereic pressure changes? at very high temps, air behaves less ideally the volume of a mass of air is not constant the majority of molecules in air are nonpolar air is not of uniform comp
ANSWER: the volume of mass of air is not constant -- hydrostatic pressure for liquids is linear because as depth changes, the density of a liquid remains constant. Gases however, have desities that change accordign to the forces applied to them. Gases are compressible, while liquids and solids are not
main E sources of metabolism and when and why they are used
ATP is simple, unstable, constantly between ADP and Pi and ATP Glucose is easy to use and immediatley released from the liver. Hard to store (as glycogen) which is water soluble and must be dissolved in water to be stored glycogen is the bodys way of storing extra glucose; must first be broken down fats like triglycerides, fatty acids, long carbon chains etc; you need to break the chains down two carbons at a time into acetyl CoA molecule (2 C long) from fat molecules in the liver. You must also transport fat to the liver from adipose more easily store hydrophobic
(A^3)^2
A^6
ketolysis generates what
Acetyl-CoA (the breakdown of ketone bodies to acetyl CoA for Energy) occuring in the BRAIN, MUSCLES, TISSUES but not in the liver
why does acidity trend oppositely of EN, electron affinity, and Ionization E
Acidity relates to the stability of the conjugate base, and larger atoms form more stable conjugate bases even when they are less electronegative than smaller atoms. acidity increases down the periodic table , and across
Relative Deprivation Theory
Actions of groups that are oppressed/deprived of rights that others in society enjoy. ex. Civil Rights Movements
Glycosidation
Addition of a sugar to another compound
adhesion proteins
Adhesion proteins are membrane proteins that form junctions between adjacent cells.
Conformity
Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
Phenylalanine (Phe/P/Nonpolar, Hydrophobic, Aromatic)
Amino Acid Preferes interior on globular protein, because of hydrophobicity Aromatic R groups, making its action in the brain similar to that of tryptophan
Serine (Ser/ S/polar/uncharged/hydrophilic)
Amino Acid Serine
Arganine (Arg/R/basic/polar/MOST hydrophilic)
Amino Acid arg
Isoleucine (Ile/I/nonpolar/hydrophobic)
Amino Acid isoleucine
heat of fusion
Amount of energy required to change a substance from the SOLID phase to the LIQUID phase.
ionic bonds form between what types of electronegativities
An ionic bond is most likely to form between elements of very high and very low electronegativity. in theory this means an atom from the far left bonded to one from the far right
Newton's First Law
An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
which of the following is closest to the pH of a solution containing 5mM H2SO4 1 2 3 4
Answer = 2 steps: 1)convert concentration of 5mM to 5 x 10^-3 M 2) since H2SO4 is strong, we assume that it will completely dissociate (ie that both protons will dissociate) 3) therefor the concentration of H ions is 2( 5.0 x 10^-3) = 5.0 x 10^-2 4) the equation for pH is pH = -log [H+] 5) so if [H+] = 10^-2M, then pH = 2
Wernicke's aphasia
Aphasia resulting from damage to the Wernicke's area of the frontal lobe. Affects written and spoken language. difficulty connecting meaning to language
he dancer is wearing a necklace which consists of a chain and a pendant of mass, m. When the dancer is spinning at a constant speed, the pendant pulls away from her body, and the chain makes an angle, θ, with the dancer's body. If the pendant is spinning at a constant speed, v, and the chain has a tension, T, what is the radius of the circle created by the pendant?
B. The question describes the pendant travelling in a circle making an angle, θ, with the dancer's body. A force diagram of the pendant is below. Notice that the component of tension directed into the center of the circle is T sin θ, not the full tension in the chain. It is just this component of tension that provides the centripetal force. Centripetal force is always equal to mv2 /r so in this case T sin θ = mv2 / r. Solving for the radius of the circle shows r = mv2 / T sin θ. The correct answer is choice B. mv^2 / Tsin(theta)
Mating behavior
Behavior surrounding propagation of a species through reproduction. Natural selection plays a role in this.
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.
a certain sound level is increased by 20dB. By what factor does its inensity increase
Bf = Bi + 10log(If/Ii) Bf - Bi = 10log(If/Ii) 20dB = 10log(If/Ii) 2= log(If/Ii) 100= If/Ii this equation related sound level to intensity
the IR peaks to memorize for test day (these all show up in AA)
C-O 1750 (C=O) N-H sharp at 3300 O-H 3300
Which of the following will decrease the percentage ionization of 1.0 M acetic acid, CH3CO2H(aq)? A. Chlorinating the CH3 group B. Diluting the solution C. Adding concentrated HCl(aq) D. Adding a drop of basic indicator
C. Adding concentrated HCl(aq) The answer to this question is C because HCl is a strong acid that will increase the amount of H+ in solution and thus decrease the percentage of CH3CO2H that ionizes.
A 10 kg dancer raises her leg in the air in a développé. Her 2 kg leg is 1 m long and can be assumed to have uniform mass throughout its length. What angle, θ, between the working leg and the standing leg will create the most torque in the dancer's hip? A. 30° B. 45° C. 90° Correct Answer D. 135° Your Answer
C. Torque can be calculated using the equation τ = Fd sinθ, where F is the force creating torque, d is the distance from the force to the rotation point, and θ is the angle between F and d. In this case, the force is the weight of the leg which is (2 kg)(10 m/s2) = 20 N. Since the question states that the leg can be assumed to have uniform mass throughout its length, then the weight can all be considered to be acting in the middle of the leg. So the distance from the rotation point to the force is half the length of the leg, or 0.5 m. Using the values for force and distance, the torque equation becomes τ = (20 N)(0.5 m)sin θ = (10 N·m)sin θ. So the torque is greatest where sin θ is greatest. The angle between the two legs is the same as the angle between the force and the distance, so taking the sine of each of the answer choices shows the greatest torque is when the angle is 90°. While it might be tempting to select choice D since it is the largest angle, remember that the largest value sine can have is at an angle of 90°. The correct answer is choice C.
exceptions to the solubility rules Cl- Br- I- are insoluble with.... slightly soluble with... and insoluble with...
Cl- Br- I- are insoluble with Ag+ Pb2+ Hg2+ slightly soluble with weak acids F- insoluble with (2+ charges) Ca2+ SR2+ Ba2+
transcription factors....
Collection of proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription. They bind to DNA and recruit RNA polymerase to make RNA
If heat is transferred from a hot gas to a cold gas, what is the primary mode of heat transfer
Conduction
pyloric sphincter
Controls passage of food from stomach to small intestine
2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase
Converts two conjugated couble bonds to one double bond at the 3,4 position to undergo isomerization by enoyl-CoA isomerase, allowing for the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. just think DIenol for POLYunsaturated (need multiple)
oxidation of primary alcohols to carb acids
CrO3 K2Cr2O7
oxidation of a 2ndary alcohol to a ketone
CrO3 Na2Cr2O7 C5H5NHClCrO3
Jones Reagent
CrO3, H2SO4 converts 1 alcohols to carb acids ( will not stop at aldehydes)
when cytosine is converted to uracil in the presence of heat, how is this error corrected
DNA repair enzymes recognize uracil and correct the error by excising the base and inserting cytosine
social capital
Democratic and civic habits of discussion, compromise, and respect for differences, which grow out of participation in voluntary organizations.
why is diatomic N unique (N2)
Diatomic N gas is relatively inert and can be used as the atmosphere in lab conditions to prevent unwanted side reactions
sexual dimorphism
Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species.
energy of light equation
E = hv E = hf E= hc / wavelength where h = 6.62 x 10^-34 where c = 3 x 10^8
equation relating Gibbs free E and E degrees cell
E cell = DG = -nFEcell n is the number of moles transferred F is the faraday constant 96,485 C/mol e- to determine n, you must look at the half reactions occuring in the redox reaction
E cell equation
E cell = E cathode - E anode
Which of the following do NOT have proteins with a nuclear localization signal?
E coli Archaea (types of bacteria that do not have nuclei)
what will stabilize a carbocation?
EDG their donation of electrons will balance out the + charge and stabilize the carbocation
how does the speed of a charged particle in an E field affect the electrical force on the particle
Electrical force depends on the particle's charge and the strength of the electric field experienced by the particle, not on the particle's speed.
what is released in the formation of intermediate sized atoms through the breakage of large atomic mass nuclei or the formation from small atomic mass nuclei
Energy will be released because the intermediate atoms are the most stable Small --> Intermediate Fusion + E Large --> Intermediate Fission + E
rate law expression
Equation relating the rate of a reaction to the concentrations of the reactants and the specific rate of the constant. only consideres the rate determining step
Calculating E cell
Ered - Eoxi = E cell
oral-sensory stage
Erikson development stage, ages birth to 12-18 months, crisis=trust vs. mistrust, key event=feeding, positive resolution=child develops a belief that the environment can be counted on to meet his or her basic physiological and social needs
the stroop effect
Explains the decreased speed of naming the color of ink used to print words when the color of ink and the word itself are of different colors.
the force needed to compress or stretch a spring by a distance of X is a linear relationship defined by what equation
F = kx k is the spring constnat
the force of turning is calculated by
F turning = (m)(ac)
how much ATP does FADH and NADH produce respectively
FADH2 = 1.5 NADH = 2.5
centripetal force equation
Fc=mv^2/r
Rank the following metals in order of increasing oxidation potential: Sr(s) Cs(s) Fe(s) Ca(s)
Fe < Ca < Sr < Cs
to stop a block from sliding down a ramp... must have equal and opp frictional forces that can therefor be set equal to one antother
Ff = mg sin theta Ff = uFn Ff = o.25 x Fn = 0.25mgcos theta (for this problem)
Newton's Second Law
Force equals mass times acceleration
directional selection
Form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve
formal charge equation
Formal charge= valence-Nnonbonding-.5Nbonding
GTP-binding proteins
GTP-binding proteins or G proteins are transmitting signals outside the cell which cause changes within the cell. They act as molecular switches which are on when binding GTP and off when binding GDP
Condensation
Gas to liquid
Tollen's Test
Gives a "silver mirror" product for reducing sugars. Reducing sugars are hemiacetals in their ring form and either aldehydes or ketones in their straight-chain form. Acetals do not open easily because they contain blocking groups (in "formation of acetals" in book). Promotes enediol rearrangement of ketones and aldehydes.
Tollens' test typically involves exposure of a carbohydrate to a solution of CuO in ammonia (NH3). Glucose yields a positive Tollens' test, but sucrose does not. Which of the following best explains this fact?
Glucose contains a hemiacetal group, while sucrose does not; this classifies glucose as a reducing sugar. reducing sugars are sugars that can act as reducting agents and can undergo mutarotation
what is the main difference between the krebs cycle and glycolysis
Glycolysis is the first step involved in the process of respiration and occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. While Krebs Cycle is the second process of respiration which occurs in the mitochondria of the eukaryotes and cytosol of prokaryotes
Rutherford
Gold foil experiment most of the volume of the gold atom is empty space the alpha particles and the gold nuclei are both positively charged
Metal Elements
Good conductors of heat and electricity, hard, shiny, reflect light, malleable, ductile, typically have one to three valence electrons
what determines the migration of individual components of a sample in chromatography
H bonding
secondary protein structure
H-bonding between hydroxy and amino terminals --alpha helices and beta pleated sheets
charge of the ground state compared to the excited state
HAVE THE SAME OVERALL CHARGE, since there is no electron transfer but E is typically slightly higher in the excited state than in the ground state, due to vibrational processes prior to emission back to the ground state (photons have higher E in the excited state than the ground state)
formic acid (methanoic acid)
HCOOH
the7 strong acids
HCl hydrochloric acid HBr hydrobromic acid HI hydroiodic acid HCLO3 chloric acid HCLO4 perchloric acid HNO3 nitric acid H2SO4 sulfuric acid (only the first H to leave is considered "strong"; if you add H2SO4 to water all of it will imediatley become H+ and HSO4- and the second H will leave more slowly)
determine the pulse of an individual with a cardiac output of 7500mL per min and a stroke volume of 50mL
HR= CO/SV = (7500mL/min) / (50mL/beat) HR = 150 beats/min
during fatty acid mobilization, what occurs
HSL (hormone sensitive lipase) is activated to breakdown triglycerides in adipocytes (resulting in 3 FFA and a glycerol molecule) free fatty acids are released
Hypertonic
Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution. ie higher concentration of NaCl than water when a cell is placed in an enviorment that contains a higher concentration of solutes than the interior of the cell (water moves from the cell into the surroundings)
Paraphilia
Having sexual arousal to unusual stimuli
Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is the rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis. Which of the following conditions would negatively regulate PFK activity?
High citric acid levels (Krebs cycle)
Naming Esters
Highest priority: "oate" suffix Name of R group as prefix O-R Lower priority: "alkoxycarbonyl" prefix
Histadine
His, H
HATs
Histone acetyltransferase add acetyl groups to Histone lysine, which removes the (+) charge and creates "open chromatin" - transcriptionally active loosely winds the DNA around the histone allowing for active gene expression and transcription activate/increase gene expression
HDAC
Histone deacetylase. An enzyme that removes acetyl groups from a histone tail, allowing histones to wrap the DNA more tightly promoting repression of gene transcription.
quaternary/tertiary/secondary protein structures all involve
Hydrogen bonds
proteolytic cleavage
Hydrolysis of a protein by a proteolytic enzyme, eg. trypsin, chymotrypsin
Relationship between gauge pressure and hydrostatic abs atmospheric pressure
Hydrostatic pressure = gauge pressure + atmospheric
which of the following will cause a blood pH of 8.8?
INCREASED RESPIRATORY RATE physiological pH is 7.4, therefor 8.2 is an increase in pH (alkalosis) bicarb system of the blood is given by H2O (aq) + CO2 (g) ↔ H2CO3 (aq) ↔ H+ (aq) + HCO3- (aq) decrease in products causes eq shift to the right
Arrange the following in increasing order of compactness. I. Nucleosome II. Heterochromatin III. Euchromatin IV. DNA helix
IV, III, II, I DNA helix < Euchromatin < Heterochromatin < Nucleosome
Psychic Apparatus
Id, ego, and superego; 3 components to Freud's structural model of the human psyche
innate immunity
Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens.
In a culture of mammalian skeletal muscle cells, the consumption of oxygen and glucose is measured. Which of the following would occur in response to inhibition of electron transport?
In the absence of electron transport, oxygen is not needed (it is the final electron acceptor in the transport chain) so the consumption of oxygen would decrease (choices A and B are wrong). Since the electron transport chain is not available to make energy (ATP) the cells will rely solely on anaerobic respiration - glycolysis. Further, since the energy demands of the cells have not changed, and since glycolysis makes fewer ATP than electron transport, the rate of glycolysis will have to increase to keep the level of ATP normal. Thus, glucose consumption would increase (choice D is correct and C is wrong). Oxygen consumption will decrease, and glucose consumption will increase
Decreasing the speed of a pressure will always do what to pressure
Increase
Aldosterone function
Increases resorption of sodium from DCT, leading to increased water retention and plasma volume
The term "ideal gas" refers to a gas for which certain assumptions have been made. Which of the following is such an assumption?
Individual molecular volume and intermolecular forces are normal
cognitive dissonance
Inner tension that a consumer experiences after recognizing an inconsistency between behavior and values or opinions
when is insulin released
Insulin is released when serum glucose levels are high, or when humans are in a recently fed state; lipolysis would be low in this situation,
relationships of Keq, spontaneity
Keq>1, proceeds spontaneously to the Right, G<0, exergonic Keq=1, reactants and products are in equilibrium Keq<1, G>0, Endergonic, Non-spontaneous to the left
units for the rate order of a second order reaction
L/ (mol x s) rate = k[A]2 M/s = k(mol/L)2 mol/(L•s) = k(mol2/L2) k = (mol/(L•s))/(mol2/L2) k = L/(mol•s)
what are the respective Ka and pKa values for a strong acid
Large Ka small pKa If Ka is large (pKa is small) this means the acid is mostly dissociated, so the acid is strong. Acids with a pKa less than around -2 are strong acids. If Ka is small (pKa is large), little dissociation has occurred, so the acid is weak
inclined planes produce what type of mechanical advantage
MA that are greater than 1 inclined planes allow us to lift an objet using less fore than would be required if we had to lift it straight up
what configuration are mammalian amino acids in
Mammalian amino acids, except the achiral glycine, all have an L configuration, which corresponds to an S stereocenter at the alpha carbon for eighteen out of the remaining nineteen amino acids (cysteine with S in the side chain, has an R configuration
mean, median, mode
Mean is the average Median is the middle number Mode is the number that occurs the most.
drive reduction theorists
Mid-twentieth-century behaviorist theorists who proposed that motivation stems from a combination of drive and reinforcement, in which stimuli become reinforcing because they are associated with reduction of a state of biological deficit
Standard deviation
Most common measure of distribution Most closely linked to the mean of the distribution Can be used to calc P values (probablility that an observed difference be two populations is due to chance)
calculation to find unknown concentration or volume in titrations
N1V1 = N2V2 if monoprotic, can use M1V1 = M2V2, if polyprotic must use Normality
Nicotinamide
NAD+ as oxidize form NADH as reduced form
what would happen to NADH if the Krebs cycle was inhibited
NADH levels will rise, as NADH is not being reduced to NAD+ as you would expect if the ETC was properly funcitonng
products of the phosphate pentose pathway
NADPH glycolytic intermediates Ribose-5-phosphate (NOT NADH)
which of the primary methods of amino acid synthesis result in an optically active solution strecker only gabriel only both neither
NEITHER these all result in racemic mixtures of enantiomers
using the nerst equation... for most cells, the extracellular calcium concentration is around 10000 times higher than the intracellular calcium concentration. What is the membrane potential established by this electrochemical gradient ?
NERT equatio relates intra and extra cellular concentration of an ion to the potential created by that gradient. at physiological temp it can be simplified to E = 61.5/z(log[ion]outside x log [ion]inside) for calcium z = +2 (ca2+) and the ratio of [ion outside] to [ion inside] = 10^4... plugging in we get E = 61.5/+2log10^4 = 61.5/+2 x 4 = 123 mV
ammonium cation
NH4+ composed of four polar covalent bonds, one of which is a coordinate covalent bond (one between a lewis acid and base)
do epimers have equal but opposite optical activity
NO
does Frequency change when changing mediums / materials
NO
what should equilibrium expressions NOT INCLUDE
NO solids and liquids ONLY gas and aqueous
are triglycerides likely to act as coenzymes in metabolic reactions?
NO triglycerides are large in size, neutral in charge, and ubiquitous--making them unlikely to act as coenzymes
according to selyes GAS, is the human stress response specific to the type fo stressor ?
NO, it is not specific
Do MHC cells have a direct role in all types of rejection
NO, only in all NUCLEATED CELLS
do epimers and diastereomers have equal and opposite optical activity?
NO, their optical rotations have nothing to do with their pair because they are not enantiomers
is work done in an isochoric process
NO-- if the gas is neither is compressed or expanded...then work is performed
stabilizing selection
Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes
The compound below is sold under the name Proton-Sponge®. Is this compound likely to be a good nucleophile?
No this nuc has steric hinderance which makes it not a good of a nuc
does the sodium potassium pump directly cause action potentials along neurons?
No; action potentials result in an increased permeability of the plasma membrane to sodium
sig fig rules
Non-zero digits are always significant. Any zeros between two significant digits are significant. A final zero or trailing zeros in the decimal portion ONLY are significant. ie 14,320,010 and 3.618000 have the same number of sig fig
Introns
Noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding sequences.
if an unconscious person is rushed into the ER with no medical history which blood type should they receive
O- Universal donors with no surface antigens no ABO or Rh incompatibility
objective measures of motivation
Objective measurements are impartial, usually quantifiable outcomes recorded with some kind of diagnostic instrument. Examples in medicine include blood work to determine cholesterol levels, sphygmomanometer for blood pressure, and wearable devices that measure step count. direct measures
Antioxidants
Organic molecules that help protect the body from harmful chemicals called free radicals
final electron acceptor of ETC
Oxygen O2 + 4e- + 4H+ --> 2H2O
in which regions of a ECG correcspond to the movement of sodium ions into a cardiac neuron
P Q R
citrate levels will most affect which enzyme
PFK 1 this makes sense becuase PFK 1 is the RLE of glycolysis, whose end product is citrate if citrate is high negative feedback on PFK 1 will inhibit the production of more citrate, and if citrate levels are low it will stimulate PFK 1 to produce more
when the O2 supply is dramatically reduced forcing the cardiac myocytes to switch to anaerobic metabolism, which of the following enzymes would be activated by increased cellular levels of AMP succinate dehydrogenase PFK1 isocitrate dehyxrogenase pyruvate dehydrogenase
PFK1 PFK1 catalyzes the RL step of glycolysis and is the only listed enzyme that functions under anaerobic conditions , all of the others are involved in O2 requiring processes
Pyrophsophate
PPi an inorganic phosphate containing molecule
Ideal Gas Law
PV=nRT R must be used as 0.0821 P must be in atm NOT mmHG
Aminopeptidase
Peptidase secreted by glands in the duodenum that removes the N-terminal amino acid from a peptide.
Behaviorist Theory
Personality is constructed by a series of learning experiences that occur through interactions between the individual and their environment. related to classical conditioning
partial pressure of a gas equation
Pgas = Xgas Ptotal where Xgas is the mole fraction of a gas (the number of moles of that gas present divided by the total number of moles of gas in the mixture (Xgas = ngas/ntotal).)
A student finishes an experiment involving several bacteria which are highly pathologic in humans. She wishes to dispose of the agar plates and micropipette tips she used. Which of the following procedures should she carry out?
Place all materials in an open metal container and autoclave the container.
Asparagine, Asn, N
Polar neutral
Saponification
Process of soap formation; as related to decomposition, the conversion of fatty tissues of the body into a soapy waxy substance called adipocere or grave wax. essentially hydrolysis of an ester bond
endochondral ossification
Process of transforming cartilage into bone- hyaline cartilage template forms, osteoblasts migrate in and produce spongy bone (primary ossification center), other osteoblasts produce compact bone beneath the periosteum, osteoclasts break down spongy bone, creates medullary cavity
what enzyme will reverse the general catalytic effects of PKA
Protein phosphatase 1 phosphatases remove a phosphate from the substrate, reversing the catalytic function
kinetechore
Protein structure that forms at the centromere region and attaches chromosomes to the spindle fiber.
equation for heat in to and out of the system (heat capacity)
Q = mcDT
Amide
R(C=O)NR NR connected to the carbonyl
Amine
R-NR2
biochemical activities of the liver
Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism such as glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, and gluconeogenesis Deamination of amino acid and conversion of the resulting ammonia to urea Lipid metabolism, including cholesterol and lipoprotein synthesis DOES NOT PRODUCE LIPASE (it emulsifies lipases) and IT DOES NOT PRODUCE BILE (the pancreas does)
post-transcriptional control
Regulation of gene expression that occurs after transcription of the gene has begun; examples include RNA splicing and RNA interference.
Conduction
Requires the flow of a fluid to cause heat transfer
Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Research study conducted by a branch of the U.S. government, lasting for roughly 50 years (ending in the 1970s), in which a sample of African American men diagnosed with syphilis were deliberately left untreated, without their knowledge, to learn about the lifetime course of the disease.
interphase (g0)
Resting phase is also known as Gap 0 (G0). During this period, the cell just goes about its business; in fact, many fully-differentiated cells in the body remain in G0 for long periods of time. growth and DNA replication.
"right- shifted" hemoglobin curve
Right shift-amount of Oxygen released to the tissues is increased (in the muscle) Left Shift - Lungs
Role strain vs role conflict
Role strain - when you can't carry out all obligations of a status, tensions within one status. Causes individual to be pulled many directions by one status Role conflict- one role interferes with another; conflict/tension between two or more different statuses,
Where do post-translational modifications occur?
Rough ER
solubility rule exceptions S2-
S2- is soluble with Ca2+, Ba2+ and Sr2+
Solubility exceptions SO4 2-
SO4 2- is generally soluble.. EXCEPT with Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb 2+, Ag2+, Hg2+ --> this makes it insoluble
enzymes do what to the transition state
STABILIZE THE TRANSITION STATE by lowering the activation Energy
Foraging behavior
Set of behaviors through which animals obtain food. A social behavior. Animals optimize this to maximize the energy available through food and to minimize the energy expenditure involved in obtaining it.
The equilibrium BaCrO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + CrO42-(aq) exists in a saturated aqueous solution of BaCrO4. Dissolution of Na2CrO4 in a saturated aqueous BaCrO4 solution would: A. have no effect on the position of this equilibrium. B. shift this equilibrium left. C. shift this equilibrium right. D. shift this equilibrium first right and then left.
Shift the equilibrium Left dissolution of Na2CrO4 would introduce the common ion, CrO42-, which would reduce the solubility of BaCrO4 due to the common ion effect.
Oligomer
Short chain of monomer liquids that is often thick, sticky, and gel-like and that is not long enough to be considered a polymer. If size exclusion chromatography (SEC) were used to separate a mixture of ethylene glycol oligomers, as shown below, with fractions further purified by gas chromatography (GC), what might be expected? ***Oligomers with short retention times on the SEC column will have long GC retention times
Analagous Structures
Similar function but different structure - does not show common ancestry - Ex: butterfly wing and bat wing)
glucose oxidation in diabetic patients
Similarly glucose oxidation rates are low in diabetic patients due to limited entry of glucose into body cells
relationship between pKb and pOH
Similarly, the strength of a base is determined by using pKb. pOH measures the hydroxide ion concentration of a solution (how basic it is). While pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration (how acidic a solution is). pH = 14 - pOH
the difference in single crossover events vs double crossover events
Single-crossover events affect only the ends of chromosome arms, while double-crossover events can affect segments in the middle of chromosome arms.
Stanley Miligram Experiment
Stanley Milgram's shock experiments analyzed obedience and the power of authority figures
Renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system
System that is activated when there is a drop in renal blood flow that increases blood volume, blood flow to the kidney, vasoconstriction, and blood pressure
the mass of a spring undergoing period motion
T = 2n (square root of m/k) m is the mass k is the spring constant
what can alter the emf of an electrochemical cell
Temperature of the solutions in the half - cells NOT altered by the mass of the electrodes, the length of the wire connecting the half cells, or the overall size of the battery
Why is the C-N bond of an amide planar?
The C-N bond of an amide is planar because it has partial double bond character due to resonance. Double bonds exist in a planar conformation and restrict movement.
polarization of light
The aligning of vibrations in a transverse wave, usually by filtering out waves of other directions
While the blood is buffered primarily through the equilibrium between carbon dioxide and carbonic acid, coupled with hemoglobin, the blood may also be buffered through other plasma proteins. Which of the following is true?
The amino acid residues that make up the protein may act as Brønsted acids or bases, reducing shifts in pH.
specific heat
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celcius
What fraction of a 15O sample decays in 10 min? 15O (with a half-life T1/2 = 2 min) 1/8 B. 9/16 C. 3/4 D. 31/32
The answer to this question is D because the half-life of 15O is 2 minutes; thus, 10 minutes = 5 half-lives. Therefore, only (1/2)5 = 1/32 of the sample will be left after 10 minutes, while 31/32 of the sample will decay.
1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D production
The decrease in serum phosphate levels would lead to increased 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D production, since vitamin D functions to increase serum calcium and phosphate levels when they are low
state dependency memory
The enhanced ability to retrieve information when you are in the same physical and emotional state you were in when you encoded the information
ecological validity
The extent to which a study is realistic or representative of real life.
oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain)
The final major process of aerobic respiration is oxidative phosphorylation, through which the majority of aerobically-derived ATP is synthesized. This process begins by passing electrons through a series of chemical reactions, known as the electron transport chain (ETC), to a final electron acceptor, oxygen. This is the only time in eukaryotic aerobic respiration where oxygen is directly required. In the ETC, the energy released from the series of electron transfers is used to pump H+ across the membrane.
primary circular reactions
The first of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving the infant's own body. The infant senses motion, sucking, noise, and other stimuli and tries to understand them.
latency phase erik eriksons
The fourth stage of psychosexual development is known as the latent period. In this stage, the libido's energy is suppressed and children focus more on other activities such as school, friends, and hobbies. Freud believed this stage was important for developing social skills and self-confidence.
Blastula
The hollow ball of cells marking the end stage of cleavage during early embryonic development a layer of outer cells, with a fluid filled inner cavity
constructive interference
The interference that occurs when two waves combine to make a wave with a larger amplitude
destructive interference
The interference that occurs when two waves combine to make a wave with a smaller amplitude
how to determine the weakest base
The less electronegative an atom (the later it appears in the periodic table), the more basic it likely is. If electron density can be delocalized by resonance, the molecule is a weaker base as it is less interested in losing electrons and accepting a proton.
What is the pH of a buffer solution that is 0.2 M in HCO3- and 2 M in H2CO3? (Note: The first pKa of carbonic acid is 6.37.)
The pH of the solution can be calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbach equation: pH = pKa + log([base]/[acid]). Plugging in the values provided in the question gives pH = 6.37 + log(0.2/2) = 5.37.
relationship between pH and pKa
The pKa is the pH value at which a chemical species will accept or donate a proton. The lower the pKa, the stronger the acid and the greater the ability to donate a proton in aqueous solution. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation relates pKa and pH.
obligate parasties
The parasite that is dependent entirely on its host is called an obligate parasite whereas the parasite that does not rely entirely on a host is referred to as a facultative parasite Rickettsia and Chlamydia are examples of obligate parasites that require eukaryotic host cells to survive.
Surgical severing of the corpus callosum is a potential treatment for severe epilepsy. A post-surgical epileptic is in the car, on the way home from the hospital. Which of the following would be expected when the person is looking straight ahead?
The person will be able to verbalize the names of streets he sees on the right side of the road but not the names of streets on the left side of the road
what determines alpha or beta distinguishing of cyclic acetals or hemiacetals ?
The prefixes "α" and "β" are employed to define the stereochemistry of the C-OR bond at the anomeric carbon atom.
genetic mapping
The process of determining the location and chemical sequence of specific genes on specific chromosomes.
oxidative phosphorylation
The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.
Active immunity
The production of antibodies during an immune response (may be conferred on an individual by vaccination)
The 10 kg dancer leaps into the air with an initial velocity of 5 m/s at angle of 45° from the floor. How far will she travel in the air horizontally before she lands on the ground again?
The question is asking for the range R of the projectile (in this case, a dancer). Use v0x as the initial velocity in the x-direction and v0y as the initial velocity in the y-direction. So range = (v0x)(time in the air), or in this case, R = (5 m/s)(cos 45°)(total time). To find the time in the air, consider the time it takes to get to the top of the projectile parabola. The time to the top of the parabola can be calculated since the velocity in the y-direction at the top of the parabola is zero. So 0 = v0y - g(time to top) and time to the top = v0y / g = (5 m/s)(sin 45°)/(10 m/s2) = √2/4 s. Since the time in the air is twice the time to the top, the time in the air = 2(√2/4 s) = √2/2 s. Plug this into the original equation for range, so range = (5 m/s)(cos 45°)(√2/2 s) = 5(√2/2)(√2/2) = 5(2/4) = 2.5 m. The correct answer is choice B. Anwser = 2.5m
signal sequence
The sequence within a protein that directs the protein to a particular organelle.
What is the concentration of Ca2+(aq) in a saturated solution of CaCO3? (Note: The solubility product constant Ksp for CaCO3 is 4.9 × 10-9.)
The solubility product constant expression for CaCO3 is Ksp = [Ca2+][CO32-]. Since equal quantities of Ca2+(aq) and CO32-(aq) are produced when CaCO3 dissolves, this expression reduces to 4.9 × 10-9 = x2, or 49 × 10-10 = x2. This can be solved directly by taking the square root of each side.
theory of operant conditioning
The theory that both positive and negative reinforcement increase behavior while punishment and extinction decrease behavior.
Schater-Singer theory of emotion
The theory that emotional experience results from the interpretation of bodily responses in the context of situational cues.
cognitive attribution model
The theory that our emotional experience results from cognitive analysis of the context around us, so that physiological changes may accentuate emotions, but not specify which emotion we experience
inclusive fitness
The total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring and by providing aid that enables other close relatives to increase the production of their offspring. the behavior of an animal to ensure the propagation of its genes
stratification theories
Theories that emphasize that social forces, particularly those related to a person's social stratum or social category, limit individual choices and affect a person's ability to function in late adulthood because past stratification continues to limit life in various ways.
Where are most self reactive T cells eliminated
Thymus (where T cells are educated and eliminated by the improper binding to MCH antigen complexes—positive selection)
Clarithrin
Trans golgi --> lysosomes Plasma membrane --> endosomes (receptor mediated endocytosis, LDL receptor activity)
Isomers
Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula structural isomers have same chemical formula but are just attached differently
First order kinetics
Type of kinetics when a constant percentage of substrate is metabolized per unit time
W of a stetching spring
W = 1/2 kx^2
Work equation with for change in KE
W = DKE W= 1/2m(vf^2-vi^2)
change in potential E in an electric field
W = DU = qDV any potential E that is lost is converted to KE
work calculation
W = Fd x Cos(theta) W = pv W = KE f - KE i area under the curve is proportional the the amount of work done
work function equation
W = h f(T) f(T) = threshold frequency W: min energy required to eject e-
Homotropic Regulation of Binding
Where a regulatory molecule is also the enzyme's substrate. ie in the hemoglobin dissasociation curve O2 is a homotropic allosteric modulator of hemoglobin
On a histogram with two different colors on each bar...
You shoukd analyze them as two seperate distributions
effective nuclear charge (Zeff)
Zeff = Z - S where Z is atomic number (just protons) S is the number of shielding or non-valence inner electrons essentially the number of protons that are not cancelled out (electrostatically) by inner electrons each valence electron experiences the pull of all non canceled out Zeff protons INCREASES FROM LEFT TO RIGHT INCREASES GOING UP THE PERIODIC TABLE
electron configuration of a cation think of electron configuration of Zn vs Zn2+
Zn would be 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d10 however, to make the cation of Zn2+ we need 2 less electrons, the electrons lost would need to come from the 4s2 NOT the 3s10, even though the 3d10 is listed last YOU REMOVE ELECTRONS FROM THE HIGHEST E SUBSHELL, and in this case the 4s2 is higher energy than the 3d10 because of the 4 vs 3 the new configuration would be 1s22s22p63s23p64s03d10
furanose
a 5 membered ring (4 C, 1 O) also not denoted by alpha or beta distinguishing
what is assumed due to elevated billirubin
a blockage of bile flow, increased production of bilirubin from massive hemoglobin release, or an inability of the liver to produce bile
Structural Functionalism
a conceptual framework positing that each element of society serves a particular function to keep the entire system in equilibrium almost all social actions have both manifest functions and latent functions, both of which are connected to overall social stability
attributional bias
a congnitive bias that refers to the systematic errors made when people evaluate or try to find reasons for their own and others behavior makes people prone to perceptual errors leading to biased interpretations of their social world
Intellectualization
a coping mechanism in which the person analyzes a situation from an emotionally detached viewpoint
Depersonalization
a dissociative disorder characterized by persistent or recurrent feelings of detachment from one's mental processes or body
fatty acyl CoA
a fatty acid bonded to coenzyme A through a thioester bond
when you react a aldehyde with a primary alcohol via nucleophic addition reaction, what is the product
a hemiacetal the carbonyl O will become a OH group, and the O of the alcohol adds as an ester
exclusive fitness
a measure of an organisms success in a population, based on number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and the ability of offspring to then support others
bulk modulus elasticity
a measure of relative stiffness, or how compressible a fluid (gas or liquid) is not compressible = high bulk modulus very compressible = low bulk modulus
normality
a measure of the equivilents of something in solution (ie H ions, electrons, OH-ions ) NOT always the same as molarity ie youmay have 1 M H3PO4 but that is 3N in relation to H + ions
schitzotypal personality disorder
a mental disorder characterized by severe social anxiety, thought disorder, paranoid ideation, derealization, transient psychosis, and often unconventional beliefs.
normative influence
a phenomenon that occurs when another person's behavior provides information about what is appropriate
lateral geniculate nucleus
a place in the thalamus that receives impulses from the optic nerve visual relay center
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
Gestalt Psychology
a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts
dielectric constant
a quantity measuring the ability of a substance to store electrical energy in an electric field
double-displacement reaction
a reaction in which a gas, a solid precipitate, or a molecular compound forms from the apparent exchange of atoms or ions between two compounds
neutralization reaction
a reaction in which an acid and a base react in an aqueous solution to produce a salt and water
single-displacement reaction
a reaction in which one element or radical takes the place of another element or radical in a compound
parietal cortex
a region of the brain that is especially important for working memory
Neobehaviorism
a school of psychology based on the general principles of behaviorism but broader and more flexible in concept. It stresses experimental research and laboratory analyses in the study of overt behavior and in various subjective phenomena that cannot be directly observed and measured, such as fantasies, love, stress, empathy, trust, and personality; psychologists belonging to this school believe that behavior can be modified by rewards or punishments
second order kinetics
a second order kinetic step determines that the RDS must only involve TWO reactant molecules !!!
reference group
a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions
electrolytic solution
a solution containing solutes capable of conducting electricity ex: an ionic compound that is composed of one cation with +3 charge and three anions with -1 charge they have electrolytes with high dissociation constants (that will readily dissociate)
linear regression
a statistical method used to fit a linear model to a given data set
Cholesterol
a steroid hormone precursor that interacts with both the heads and tails of phospholipids precursor for vitamin D
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)
a structured approach to treatment that attempts to reduce psychological disorders through systematic procedures based on cognitive and behavioral principles ie. accompanying a patient to the mall and challenging her belief that she will become trapped with no escape
nucleus accumbens
a subcortical structure that participates in reward and addiction
normative pressure
a subtype of conformity pressure in which the individual knows that the others are incorrect, but still feels pressure to not dissent from the rest of the group
aldonic acid
a sugar produced by oxidation of an aldose aldehyde group to a carboxylic acid group
social stratification
a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy
Meritocracy
a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Western blot
a test that detects HIV antibodies and confirms the results of earlier EIA tests (protein expression) Western blots are performed on cell lysates, or solutions of soluble proteins. They give information on which proteins are expressed by a cell.
signal detection theory
a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.
third order kinetics
a third order kinetic step determines that the RDS must involve THREE reactant molecules !!!
p53 gene
a tumor-suppressor gene that codes for a specific transcription factor that promotes the synthesis of proteins that inhibit the cell cycle mutations in p53 more often cause cancer than in any other protein
reconstructive bias
a type of bias related to memory: we may not remember as accurately when under high amounts of stress
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
gamma radiation
a type of nuclear radiation made of high-energy waves
shRNA (short hairpin RNA)
a useful biotechnology tool used in RNA interference targets mRNA to be degraded in the cytoplasm; not utilized in the splicing of the hnRNA (heterogenous nuclear RNA)
mediating variable
a variable that helps explain the relationship between two other variables
lytic cycle
a viral reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within a host cell, which then bursts open, releasing new viruses
lytic cycle
a viral reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within a host cell, which then bursts open, releasing new viruses a virus in the lytic phase will infect, and kill or lyse the bacteria
lysogenic cycle
a viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added to the host cell's DNA and is copied along with the host cell's DNA
lysogenic cycle
a viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added to the host cell's DNA and is copied along with the host cell's DNA a virus in this phase does not kill the bacteria
PET scan (positron emission tomography)
a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
if you have an acidic pH, what kind of buffer willl you have?
a weak acid buffer -- and its corresponding salt
Upon ovulation, the oocyte is released into the?
abdominal cavity before being drawn into the fallopian tube w help from cilia
effectiv agengy
ability to be in control with ones life
cognitive theorists
abnormal behavior comes from irrational beliefs and illogical patterns of thought
modern synthesis model
accounts for mutation and recombination as mechanisms of variation and considers differential reproduction to be the mechanism of reproductive success
fatty acids enter the catabolic pathway in the form of
acetyl-CoA fat molecules stored in adipose tsissue can be hydrolyzed by lipases to fatty acids and glycerol
the breakdown of polypeptides via hydrolysis is favored under what conditions mild heat acidic enviorment anhydrous enviorment nonpolar solvent
acidic enviorment acid will protonate the carbonyl O, which increases the electrophilicity of the carbonyl C, this allows H2O to serve as the nuc, attacking the bond and hydrolyzing the molecule
nucleophilic acyl substitutions are favored by
acidic solutions and basic solutions basic solutions make the nuc more nucleophilic and in acidic solutions the electrophile becomes more electrophilic
percent yield formula
actual yield/theoretical yield x 100 make sure you are in g and g or mol and mol make sure to check the limiting reagant for the theoretical and then multiply that value by the molar mass of the product
which of the following will most likely increase the electric fiend between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor
adding an extra battery to the sysem the electrical field between 2 plates of a parallel plate capacitor is related to the potential difference between the plates of the capacitor and the distance between the plates as shown in the V=ED equation
what will affect the equilibrium position of a reaction
adding or removing heat increasing or decreasing the concentrations of reactants increasing or decreasing the volumes of the reactants
Carboxylation
addition of carboxylic acid groups, usually to serve as calcium-binding sites
A genotypically female infant is born with ambiguous genitalia. Soon after birth, she suffers from hyponatremia, or low blood concentrations of sodium. Which endocrine organ is most likely to be affected? a. Hypothalamus b. Pituitary c. Kidneys d. Adrenal cortex
adrenal cortex this shows that she was exposed to androgens during the fetal period she is also losing sodium causing hyponatremia--indicating the presence of 2 defects. First excess androgens and second lacking aldosterone. This hormone is required for the uptake of sodium in the kidneys. Both hormones are synthesized in the adrenal cortex
Glucose transporter proteins in the liver do not require the presence of insulin to facilitate the uptake of glucose. However, insulin does stimulate the first step in the glycolytic pathway within the liver. Therefore, in liver cells, insulin most likely:
aids glucose uptake by decreasing the cellular concentration of glucose
what happens to the mass of H2O per unit volume contained in the air as you increase in altitude and therefor decrease in temp?
air will have significantly less mass of H2O per unit volume at 300m above sea level for example
Which parts of the sarcomere shorten during contraction?
all bands and zones o the sarcomere shorten during contraction except A band H band, I zone and entire length of the sarcomere all shorten
Stage 4 of Sleep cycle
all delta waves deep sleep, growth
diamagnetic
all electrons are paired
affective processes
all feelings and responses, positive or negative, related to emotion-laden behavior, knowledge, or beliefs
Darwin's Theory of Evolution
all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.
what could form the genome of a virus 1x stranded RNA 2x stranded DNA 1x stranded DNA
all three of them! the nucelic acid in ciruses can be DNA or RNA and either single or double stranded IN BOTH CASES
function of the Phosphate Pentose Pathway
allows our body to digest 5 carbon sugars, as well as produces the reducing agent NADPH to be used within our cells more active in adipose tissue than in muscle
mutarotation of D-glucose
alpha to beta
Power calculation
also P = IR P = FV P = V^2 / R
the blood pressure in the aorta is ________ than the pressure in the superior vena cava
always higher
what functional group forms during peptide bond formation
amide group
Valine (Val/V/nonpolar/Hydrophobic)
amino acid high melting point capable of strong dipole dipole interactions
a RQ of 0.8-0.9 indicates what metabolism
amino acid metabolism
how does the primary structure of proteins form
amino terminus of one amino acid attacks the carboxy-terminus of another
surface active properties
amphilic molecules important example of an amphiphilic compound triacylglyceride derivatives with two nonpolar fatty acid "tail" regions and a hydrophilic phosphate-containing "head." The predominant structural component of the cell membrane is the lipid bilayer, which is composed of two layers of amphipathic phospholipids that spontaneously arrange so that the hydrophobic "tail" regions are isolated from the surrounding aqueous (i.e., polar) environment, causing the more hydrophilic "head" regions to associate with the intracellular (cytosolic) and extracellular faces of the resulting bilayer
surfactants
amphiphatic molecules (containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions) that reduce the surface tension of a liquid pulmonary surfacant reduces surface t3ension in the alveoli, allowing them to remain inflated when the lung is compressed during respiration
a D sugar has ...
an R conformation at the last stereocenter in the molecule
an L sugar has...
an S conformation at the last stereocenter in the molecule
any Ka above 10^-7 is a what
an acid
polyprotic acid
an acid that can donate more than one proton per molecule
organic acids
an acid with a carbon-atom backbone; often contains the carboxyl group. H atoms must be directly connected to C atoms
a cross between an affected male and an unaffected female carrier will produce
an affected female 25% of the time
Korsakoff's syndrome
an alcohol related disorder marked by extreme confusion, memory impairment, and other neurological symptoms thiamine deficiency
tertiary alkyl halide
an alkyl halide in which the halogen is bonded to a tertiary carbon
what product is produced when an acetic anhydride is reacted with ammonia NH3
an amide and a carboxylic acid --> the carboxylic acid which IS AN ACID...will then be able to react with the base ammonia for form the ammonium carboxylate
peptidyl transferase connects the carboxylate group of one AA to the amino group of an incoming AA. What type of linkage is created in this peptide bonds?
an amide linkage (PEPTIDE BONDS ARE CONSIDERED AMIDE LINKAGES)
free radical
an atom or molecule or ion that has at least one unpaired electron atomic oxygen (O) has 2 unpaired electrons
electrolytic cell
an electrochemical cell used to cause a chemical change through the application of electrical energy
Disproportiation reaction
an element in one oxidation state is simultaneously oxidized and reduced ie O could be a part of 2 different compounds in the same chemical reaction, so it could have 2 diff oxidation states
mass percent composition
an element's percentage of the total mass of a compound containing the element
Lysozyme
an enzyme found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria degrades peptidoglycan to prevent infection from gram + bacteria lacking lysozyme leads to increased risk of infection
cytochrome c oxireductase
an enzyme responsible for the electron transfer in the ETC... its inhibition would slow or stop the ETC, therefor reducing ATP production
A-amylase
an enzyme that cleaves amylose anywhere along the chain to yeild short polysaccharides, maltose, and glucose
B-amylase
an enzyme that cleaves polysaccharide chains and yields maltose at the nonreducing end
restriction endonucleases
an enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sites, producing small fragments used in genetic engineering. can be used in gene therapy, southern blotting, and DNA repair
net ionic equation
an equation for a reaction in solution showing only those particles that are directly involved in the chemical change do not include spectators
-Delta H represents what
an exothermic reaction (the forward reaction will produce heat)
looking-glass self
an image of yourself based on what you believe others think of you
what may occur in the absence of apolipoproteins
an inability to secrete lipid transport lipoproteins an inability to endocytose lipoproteins a decreased ability to remove excess cholesterol from blood vessels
what may explain increased urine production in response to increased heart rate and breathing rates
an increase in blood pressure caused by excitement or anxiety
glycolytic flux
an increase in glycolysis
increased synthetic actiyt of the parathyroid glands would lead to
an increase in the rate of bone resorption to increase blood calcium levels three mechanisms: increased calcium reabsorption in the kidneys (decreased excretion) increased bone resorption increased absorption of calcium from the gut (via activation of vitamin D)
Euploid
an individual with the appropriate number of chromosomes for their species
Scattering
an interaction of light with matter that causes light to change its energy, direction of motion, or both
case study
an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
arachidonic acid
an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid with 20 carbons and four double bonds; precursors for ecasinoid signaling molecules--> prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes
escape learning
an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation
if all else is constant, what is the most reactive anhydride carb acid ester amides
anhydride > esters > carb acids > amides
hierarchy of reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives
anhydrides > carb acids and esters > amides
In a galvanic cell the anode is _____ and the cathode is _____
anode = negative cathode = positive
electrons from from ___ to ____ in all types of cells
anode to cathode
which peptide would be most likely to achieve the same experimental result when starting with FLGFTY (options A. FLGFAY B. FLGFQY C. FLGFGY D. FLGFE)
answer is D because threonine would be best mimicked by glutamic acid in terms of size and charge
immunoglobulins
antibodies
Vitamin E function
antioxidant that protects erythrocytes and membranes from damage (E for Erythrocytes)
Teratogen
any factor that can cause a birth defect
secondary reinforcer
any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars do not provide basic needs
Holoenzyme
apoenzyme + cofactor
what reagant will convert a cyclic acetal to a carbonyl and a dialcohol
aqueous acid an acetal can be converted to a carbonyl and a dialcohol by treatment with aqueous acid. This is the final step when using alcohols as protecting groups; called deprotection
electrons; magnetic field
are - charged, and will feel a force in the opposite direction of the electric field vector
vitamin deficiencies
are measured in the blood... so would not appear in chyme for example becuase they are not measured in the gut
Boiling Chips and vacuum distillation
are used to provide nucleation sites that give the liquid a place to start forming bubbles to prevent superheating; lower the BP of the substances to be distilled
pH of carboxylic acid functional groups
around 2
pH of ring structure
around 6
pH of amino group NH3+
around 9
which vascular structure creates the most resistance to blood flow aorta arterioles capillaries veins
arterioles -- highly muscular and have the ability to contract and dilate in order to regulate BP
Bernoulli's Principle
as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases
(D) amino acid
aspartic acid
chaperone proteins
assist in folding other proteins
negrostriatal system
associated w movement, loss of the neurons in this area = parkinson's
unreliable witness effect
associated with eyewitnesses in court cases being unable to accurately and reliably recall the events they witnessed
dissonance theory
assumes that inconsistency among attitudes propels people in the direction of attitude change
when will gases deviate from ideal behavior
at high pressures and lower volumes and temperatures (both of these force molecules together) the closer that particles are to one another, the more they will participate in intermolecular forces, which violates the definition of an ideal gas
Why can some atoms violate the octet rule by being surrounded by more than 8 electrons?
atoms may exceed the octec because they have d orbitals in which extra electrons may reside all atoms in the third period or greater have d orbitals which can hold an additional 10 electrons
acetylation promotes transcription by...
attaching acetyl groups to lysine residues on histones, making them less positively-charged and causing a looser wrapping pattern that allows transcription factors to access the genome more easily.
situational attribution
attributing behavior to the environment
nucleoside
base + sugar NO PHOSPHATE adenosine tri phosphate is a nucleotide but adenosine is a nucleoside
protein digestion
begins in the stomach where pepsin (secreted as pepsinogen) hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds continues in the SI as trypsin (secreted as trypsinogen) ,chymotrypsin (secreted as chymotrypsingogen), carboxypeptidases A and B (secreted as procarboxypeptidases A and B), aminopeptidase, and dipeptidases hydrolyze specific parts of the peptide protein digestion DOES NOT OCCUR in the mouth or LI
Exchange-rational choice theory
believes that decisions are made by rational beings who have weighed all aspects of the problem, and who the proceed to make the rational choice
what kind of branches does cellulose use
beta 1,4 linkages
beta decay
beta plus or beta minus
intermolecular bonds
between different molecules will exhibit higher melting points and will be more water soluble
informational support
between friends, advice and guidance in solving personal problems
companionship support
between friends, reliance on each other as companions in social activities
intramolecular bonds
between regions of the same molecule
components of bile
bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, bilirubin, water, and ions Bile salts are HYDROPHILIC, they emulsify fats
piagets stages of cognitive development sensorimotor
birth to 2 children manipulate his or her environment to meet physical needs learns to coordinate sensory input with motor actions
chylomicrons vs VLDL
both contain apolipoprotiens and primarily transport triglycerides difference is in tissue of origin: *chylomicrons transport dietary triglycerides and origionate in the SI *VLDL transport newly synthesized triglycerides and origionate in the liver
kinesin and dynein
both use ATP to move things along microtubules both are INTRACELLULAR transport proteins kinesin: normally carries substances away from the cell center dynein: normally carry substances toward the cell center
glycogen and amylopectin uses what linkages?
both use alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6 glyosidic linkages to demonstrate branching
alpha 1,6 glycosidic linkage affect on solubility
branches increase solubility in water
topoisomerases function:
break and rejoin double helix to release tension and prevent nots during the replication and transcription of DNA
alcohol dehydrogenase
breaks down ethanol as a product of fermentation in yeast
how do tumor supressor genes result in cancer
by the loss of function mutations
which of the following is most likely to be found bound to a protein in the body sodium potassium chloride calcium
calcium ions that are not readily accessible in the cytoplasm or extracellular space are likely to be bound to a binding protein (this is true for both caclium and magnesium)
Cadherins
calcium-dependent glycoproteins that hold similar cells together
quantum number ml
can only be an integer value between + and - l
a RQ of 1.0 indicates what metabolism
carbohydrate metabolism
when fatty acid beta oxidation predominates in the liver, mitochondrial pyruvate is most likely to be...
carboxyated to OAA for entry into gluconeogenesis
which types of muscle (cardiac, smooth, skeletal) has myogenic activity
cardiac and skeletal
cytochrome C
carries electrons from CoQH2-cytochrome c oxireductase (complec IV) as a part of the ETC this takes place in the inner mitochondrial matrix
functions of the liver
carry out metabolic processes (glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, fat storage and gluconeogenesis) , detoxification, detoxification or activation of medication, synthesis of bile
Apoenzymes are
catalytically inactive enzymes most enzymes require the presence of a nonprotein molecule to behave catalytically. An apoenzyme is an enzyme that is devoid of this molecule
LCAT
catalyzes the formation of cholesteryl esters for transport with HDL (adds a fatty acid to cholesterol to produce cholesteryl esters, to then dissolve in the core of HDL, allowing HDL to transport cholesterol from the periphery to the liver)
reflexive motor response
caused by interactions of PNS and the spinal cord brain not involved
Topipotent cells
cells that have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into the three primary germ cell layers of the early embryo and into extra-embryonic tissues such as the placenta.
out of dynenin, flagella, actin, and centrioles, which is NOT involved in cell migration?
centrioles --composed of microtubules (involved in MITOSIS) not cell migration
sequence of information travel from CNS to periphery
cerebral cortex to spinal cord to efferent neurons to skeletal musc cells
relationship between charge current and time
charge = current x time in sec
complex ion
charged species consisting of metal ion surrounded by ligands complex ion formation increases solubility
mitochondrial DNA is...
circular and self-replicating they evolved from anaerobic prokaryotes that engulfed a aerobic prokaryote to establish a symbiotic relationship this makes it liklely that mitochondrial DNA is similar to BACTERIAL DNA (circular)
the cyroprotective role of glucose
circulating blood distributes the glucose throughout the body tissues
If you become violently ill after eating at a new restaurant, and feel nauseated whenever you pass that restaurant in the future, this feeling of nausea is an example of:
classical conditioning
Type I restriction enzyme
cleave at sites remote from the recognition site; they require both ATP and S-adenosyl-L-methionine to function
Ozonolysis
cleaves double bond in half, it only oxidizes the carbon to an aldehyde under reducing conditions. if ozidizing make same product as KMNO4 results in a multiple carbon carbon bond being replaced by a double bond to oxygen (carbonyl)
belief perseverance
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
do clockwise loops do positive or negative work
clockwise loops tend to do positive work
ways that enzymes alter the rate of chemical reactions
co localizing substrates altering the local pH altering substrate shape (NOT altering substrate primary structure)
is stereotyping cognitive or behavioral
cognitive
Uncouplers
compounds that prevent ATP synthesis without effecting the ETC and thus decreasing the efficiency of the ETC/oxidative phosphorylation pathway ADP builds up ATP synthesis decreases body sense lack of energy production - increases O2 production and NADH oxidation energy from the electrons is released as heat - fever that rises from toxic levels of salicylates (asprin) glycogen stores are activated
double approach-avoidance conflict
conflict in which the person must decide between two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects
Isothermal
constant temperature
transcriptional control
control of gene expression by the use of transcription factors, and other proteins, that regulate either the initiation of transcription or the rate at which it occurs
Phosphoglucomutase
converts glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate
Which region of the kidney has the lowest solute concentration?
cortex where the PCT And DCT are found solute concentration will increase as you descend into the medulla
a quick way to determine the orbital hybridization around the central atom
count up the number of bonds and lone pairs (ie ammonia has 3 bonds and one lone pair around the central N atom, for 4 total regions of electron density--thus needing four orbitals to hybridize: s p p and p (making ammonia an sp3 hybrid)
disulfide bonds are what type of bond
covalent
grignard reactions
create new C-C bonds grignard reagants are extremely good nucleophiles that react with electrophiles to form new C-C bonds DO NOT form Carboxyllic acids
Those species that are capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction will typically prefer sexual reproduction because it:
creates more variation in the next generation.
properties of B lactams
cyclic amides cyclic forms of the LEAST reactive type of carb acid derivative more reactive than their straight chain counterparts molecules with high levels of ring strain
a molecule must meet what requirements to be aromatic
cyclic molecule planar molecule conjugated molecule contain 4n + 2pi electrons
the growth of cell cultures through mitosis occurs in what type of process
cyclical process
corretly list hexanol, phenol and cyclohexanol by increasing acidity of the hydroxyl hydrogen
cyclohexanol < hexanol < phenol phenols have the most acidic hydroxyl H's than other alcohols becuase of ressonance stabilization of the conj base, making the most acidic H's the ring of the cyclohexanol is slightly electron donating making it have the least acidic Hydroxyl H
sulfhydryl bonds form with what amino acid
cysteine
Cytoplasmic components
cytosol, organelles like mitochondria and inclusions
Which of the following types of orbitals of the central atom are involved in bonding in octahedral compounds?
d2sp3 octahedral compounds have six σ bonds and no lone pairs. According to valence bond theory, the central atom requires the hybridization of six atomic orbitals, d2sp3.
what could caused increased myoglobin present in the urine
damage to skeletal muscle or the kidney Myoglobin is the substance that holds oxygen in the muscles and organs. The physician's observation is consistent with an injury to muscle or organs, but not bone.
stratum corneum and stratum lucidum contain
dead keratinocytes
what reaction types are included in the gabriel synthesis
decarboxylation nuc substitution hydrolysis (2)
adding a strong acid to a solution of weak acid will _______ the amount of ionization of the latter.
decrease
bond lengths ____ as bond order (1x bond, 2x bond, etc) increases
decrease the bond lengths will also decrease wither larger differences in EN (more EN atoms have shorter atomic radii)
a decrease in heart rate will...
decrease oxygen use by the oxygen starved cardiac tissue
hardening of lung tissue causes it to be much more stiff, this makes what finding true and detectable by spirometry decreased TLC decreased IRV increased RV
decreased IRV--this is the only one of the first two that can actually be measured with spirometry, although both are true. The last one is wrong
Due to kidney disease, a person is losing albumin into the urine. What effect is this likely to have within the capillaries?
decreased oncotic pressure allows displaced water at the arterial end of a capillary bed by hydrostatic pressure to be reabsorbed at the venule end
hemoglobins affinity for O2 ___ as blood pH decreases
decreases
Ionic Radius Trend
decreases across a period and increases down a group
How does leptin work?
decreases appetite by inhibiting the production of orexin, which is also associated with alertness, ie causing drowsieness
senile dementia
decreases in mental abilities experienced by some people in old age
increasing Velocity does what to pressure
decreases pressure
pulmonary surfactant increases or decreases surface tension
decreases surface tension -- decreasing the pressure difference required to inflate the airway
which phase change has the largest decrease in entropy
deposition gas to solid gas has the highest entropy and solids have the lowest
melting point ____ upon solute addition
depresses
acids ending in -ic
derivatives of anions ending in -ate
acids ending in -ous
derivatives of anions ending in -ite
Hill's criteria
describe the components of an observed relationship that increase the likelihood of causality in the relationship
will the O of a hydroxyl group shied or deshield the hydroxyl H
deshield --> shifting it downfield to the LEFT ie carb acids have some of the most downfield absorbances in H NMR
Following puberty, the testes begin producing large amounts of testosterone. After production, the testosterone:
diffuses into the circulatory system and is transported around the body while bound to a plasma protein--does also contribute to the formation of secondary sex characteristics circulating and traveling throughout the body
primary oocyte
diploid cell in prophase 1 of meiosis that can be hormonally triggered to develop into an ovum from the time of birth until shortly after ovulation
general paresis
disease that leads to paralysis, insanity, and eventually death; discovery of this disease helped establish a connection between biological diseases and mental disorders
dissociative disorder
disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
what type of intermolecular force provides an explanation fro why noble gases can liquify
dispersion forces nobe gases are entirely uncharged and do not have polar covalent, ionic, or dipole moments/bonds. They ONLY experience london dispersion forces
reducing agents reduce what types of bonds
disulfide bonds
Oxygen as a free radical (Atomic Oxygen)
does not exist on earths surface in any significant amount Oxygen has a relatively large effective nuclear charge (the net positive charge experienced by valence electrons) ...this contributes to its high electronegativity
After infection of a cell, a viral particle must transport itself to the nucleus in order to produce viral proteins. What is the likely genomic content of the virus? A. Double-stranded DNA B. Double-stranded RNA C. Positive-sense RNA D. Negative-sense RNA
double stranded DNA a virus that req transport to the nuc in order to produce viral proteins likely requires the use of nuclear RNA polymerase in order to create mRNA that can be translated to protein only DNA ciruses need to be transported t the nucleus t produce viral proteins
what is the result of doubling the area of a capacitors plates, as well as halving the distance between them.
doubling the area will double the capacitance halving the distance will double the capacitance so overall it will quadruple the capacitance
NMR: deshielding
downfield shift to the left due to removal of electron density H bonds deshield
to determine oxidation states of a compound
draw out the connectivity of the compound choose the most EN atom, know that it will have a - oxidation number--double check w periodic table to see assign + whatever you need to balance out the - pull from the EN atoms
key diff mitosis and meiosis
during metaphase of mitosis, centromeres are present directly on the metaphase plate; during metaphase of meiosis there are no chromosomes on the metaphase plate
when are sister chromatids separated in mitosis and meiosis
during mitosis and meiosis II, sister chromatids are separated
why does the muscle stiffen after death because ATP
during normal muscle contraction, ATP is required to break the bonds between the actin filament and the myosin head. After death, no new ATP is generated, so the myosin head cannot be released from the actin filament, resulting in stiffening of muscles
Efficiency equation
efficiency is sometimes given to you in the problem , if you have multiple efficiencies that are a part of the kinetic chain, multiply them together used to generate the E that is needed in the system "how much E do the lower extremities produce in the pitch" Energy / efficiency
Hund's Rule
electrons occupy orbitals of the same energy in a way that makes the number of electrons with the same spin direction as large as possible
beta + decay
emission of a beta (+) particle (a anti-electron or positron); happens when a proton is split into a positron and a neutron; Zdaughter = Zparent - 1; Adaughter = Aparent
When an electron moves from a lower to a higher energy level, the electron
emits a photon of light
distinct emotions
emotions that are isolated to different parts of the brain
trait perspective
emphasizes the description and measurement of specific personality differences among individuals
primer annealing step
enables the primers to attach to specific location on the single stranded template DNA by hydrogen bonding primers serve as the starting point for DNA synthesis
hormones are found in the body in low concentrations but with strong effects, what type fo receptors are hormones most likely to act on
enzyme linked receptors and GPCR (for a ligand present in low quantities to have a strong action we would expect it to initiate a second messenger cascade system) This will amplify signals because enzymes can catalyze a reaction more than once while they are active, adn often activate other enzymes
which process will begin earliest in a prolonged fast
enzyme phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
the work done by a pulley in either directions is...
equal and opposite The absolute value of the work done is mgΔh where Δh is positively defined, and because none of these values changes in magnitude when the mass goes up or down, these actions involve the same amount of work.
enantiomers have
equal and opposite specific rotations , but may be present in different percentages in the overall mixture
Faraday's Constant
equivalent to the amount of charge contained in one mole of e¯ = 96,487 C/mol e¯
which conversion between carboxyllic acid derivatives is NOT possible by a nucleophilic reaction?
ester to anhydride nuc attack of an ester cannot result in the corresponding anhydride because anhydrides are more reactive than esters wha
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
negative entropy
exchange of energy and resources between systems that promote growth and transformation decreased disorder
going from more entropy to less entropy (like gas to liquid to solid) is endothermic or exothermic
exothermic
Robbers Cave Experiment
experiment which showed that even arbitrary group distinctions (camp teams) can cause a bitter rivalry and discrimination, thus demonstrating in-group/out-group biases
face validity
extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring
internal validity
extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study
external validity
extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings
Radius of curvature vs focal length
f = R/2
finding wavelength from frequency
f = c/wavelength
frequency equation related to velocity and wavelength
f = v/wavelength
From one point in space, Point S, to another, Point T, electric potential increases continuously from 100 V to 200 V. Which of the following must be true of the electric field near these points?
field lines point from T to S field lines point from a high voltage to a low voltage (200V --> 100V)
velocity calculation around a circle when given frequency
first calculate the period T from 1/f then use the period in this eq V = 2(pi)(r) / T
Lipid nomenclature
first number indicates the number of carbons, and the second number indicates the number of double bonds, the number after Delta indicate the positions of the double bonds
Mores
fixed customs or manners; moral attitudes norms that are highly necessary to the welfare of society and that have consequences if they are violated
reduction
gain of electrons loss of H bonds
which particle is expected to have the least mass alpha particle beta particle positron gamma particle
gamma particle is a photon of electromagnetic energy which has NO MASS
Deposition
gas to solid
G cells secrete
gastrin
cell differentiation is mediated primarity by
gene expression levels and DNS methylation
ethical concern of gene frequencing
gene sequencing can impact relative, so privacy concerns must be raised
which of the following does sound travel the fastest in vacuum air water glass
glass sound = mechanical disturbance transmitted by the oscillation of particles paralell to the direction of the sound waves propogation speed of propogation is fasted in SOLID materials, the LIQUIDS, then slowest in GASES
Cortisone is a
glucocorticoid
After an overnight fast, which of the following enzymes would be expected to have little if any physiological activity? Malate dehydrogenase Glucokinase a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Phosphofructokinase-1
glucokinase during an overnight fast the liver is producing glycose and glucokinase activity is insignificant
chronic hyperglycemia directly leads to the presence of which of these molecules in the urine
glucose and ketone bodies if cells cannot uptake glucose, it will remain in the blood and eventually be excreted in the urine when it builds up the the point that it cannot be reabsorbed by the nephron. In a state of extended hyperglycemia, the body relies on fat metabolism to generate E, which produces ketone bodies that are also excreted in the urine
how much hyperglycemia promote cellular dehydration?
glucose molecules raise osmotic pressure of the extracellular space
(E) amino acid
glutamic acid
amino acid 'E'
glutamic acid
which amino acid does NOT have an L-enantiomer
glycine The R group is an H which doesnt allow glycine to have L or D enantiomers
after a fast, what are the two main ways that the liver can contribute glucose into the blood stream
glycogenolysis (an early intermediate to fasting) and gluconeogenesis (intermediate late to fasting)
cancer cells have a high rate of what metabolic process
glycolysis
What is the gram equivalent weight of phosphoric acid?
gram eq weight is the weight in grams that releases 1 acid or base eq from a compound. Becuase H3PO4 contains 3 protons, we find the gram equivalent weight by dividing the mass of one mole of the species by 3. The molar mass of phosphoric acid is 98 g /mol, so the gram eq weight is 32.7g
which of the following is a conservative force air resistance friction gravity convection
gravity is a conservative force becuase it is pathway independent and it does not dissipate mechanical E. Air res and friction are nonconservative forces that do dissipate E thermally. Convection is not a force, but a method of heat transfer
at the venous end of a capillary bed, the osmostic pressure is ____ than hydrostatic pressure
greater than as a result, fluid will move out of the capillaries at the arterial end and back in at the venous end because the osmotic pressure exceeds the hydrostatic pressure
galvanic cells always have cell potentials that are ______ zero
greater than zero THE CELL POTENTIAL OF A GALVANIC CELL IS NEVER NEGATIVE
If pH > pKa if pH < pKa
group becomes deprotonated group becomes protonated
majority group
group in society that controls most of the wealth and power, though not always the largest group in numbers
operon
group of genes operating together
GMP
guanosine monophosphate a purine
which psychoactive drug has the lowest risk of dependence
hallucinogens
latent heat
heat absorbed or radiated during a change of phase at a constant temperature and pressure is required to actually cause something to melt after bp etc
correct pairings of hexokinase/glucokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase/pyruvate carboxylase in glycolysis with their respective gluconeogenic enzymes
hexokinase/glucokinase---> glucose 6 phosphatase phosphofructokinase---> fructose-1,6-bisphosphate pyruvate kinase----->pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)
what will and will not lead to denaturation
high salt concentration adn detergents can denature a protein, as can high temps moving a protein to a hypotonic environment (a lower solute concentration-should not lead to denaturation)
a nucleus with a larger Zeff will have a (higher/lower) EN
higher they trend together
what amino acid has a side chain that can be ionized in cells histidine leucine proline threonine
histidine
HDACs
histone deacetylases remove acetyl groups from histones removes acetyl groups, tightens the DNA around histones, to prevent transcription from occurring -- silence gene expression
The primary function of working memory is to
hold and manipulate information stored in short-term memory.
how do hormonal controls of glycogen metabolism differ from allosteric controls
hormonal control is systemic and covalent --these controls are coordinated to regulate the metabolic activity of the entire organism, while allosteric controls can be local or systemic the modification of the enzymes of glycogen metabolism by insulin and glucagon is either through phosphorylation or dephosphorylation, both of which modify covalent bonds
Parietal cells secrete
hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
an alpha helix is most likely to be held together by
hydrogen bonds
cholesterol esterase
hydrolyzes cholesterol esters (digests) in the digestive tract
what will polar compounds dissolve in
hydrophillic/ polar solutions like ethanol and water
C and Hydrocarbons make a molecule ...
hydrophobic
is benzene hydrophobic or hydrophilic
hydrophobic with essentially non-acidic protons
the transmembrane domain
hydrophobic region of a transmembrane protein that anchors it in the membrane only nonpolar AA
statin drugs that inhibit HMG-CoA reductase are likely prescribed for...
hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol) this makes sense because the job of HMG-CoA is to produce cholesterol, so if the drug inhibited it it would work to lower cholesterol
which part of the brain is associated with thirst
hypothalamus
what is the expected pKa of a buffer solution
ideally the buffer would be within +-1pKa unit of the pH
Normality
if given a molar amount, multiply by the number of things of interest (like H + ions or OH- ions)
what is the product of ammonia NH3 with an aldehyde
imine (ie the C=O is replaced with a C=N)
Egocentrism
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
conditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response THE BELL
in vivo
in life
plane polarized light travels...
in one direction, if light can pass through a polarizer going one direction, it cannot travel in another direction through another polarizer
where does aldosterone work to increase sodium reabsorption
in the DCT and collecting duct reabsorbs salt and therefor water, increasing blood volume and pressure without a change in blood osmolarity
where are secretory proteins made
in the RER
During the production of insulin, the translated polypeptide is cleaved into the mature form and secreted from the cell. The cleavage most likely takes place in which of the following locations?
in the endomembrane system secreted proteins such as insulin are cleaved into mature form within endomembrane system
where do we logically perceive in the brain
in the frontal lobes
where are AA, fat soluble vitamins, and cholesterol all secreted
in the small intestine
specific rotation + example (a scientist takes a 0.5g solution of an unknown pure dextrorotary organic molecule and places it in a test tube with a diameter of 1 cm. He observed that the plane polarized light is rotated 12 degres under these condition. What is the specific rotation)
in this example we know that *Alpha obs = +12 degrees (+ since it is dextrorotary or clockwise) *c = 0.5 g/mL l = 1cm = 0.1dm ALWAYS USE LENGTH IN dm [a] = a obs / c x l = +12 / (0.5)(0.1dm) = + 240 degrees
Inbreeding can reduce the fitness of a population in the short term because it causes an increase in the:
incidence in expression of deliterious traits Deleterious genes are generally rare because they tend to be eliminated through natural selection.
Demographic measures
income, sexual orientation, education
both conjugation and transduction ____ bacterial genetic variability
increase
what will cause a right shift of bicarbonate buffer
increase BPG increase CO2 blowoff increased pH decreased [H+]
in an adiabatic compression process, the internal E of the gas is increased or decreased, and is the work done of the gas positive or negative
increase because the work done on the gas is positive
electrophiles
increase electrophilicity by the addition of electron withdrawing groups makes the carbon of the electrophile more electron deficient
positive entropy
increase in disorder
adding salt to water will cause the boing point of the water to
increase the BP decreases the VP requires a greater average kinetic E of the liquid to produce a vapor pressure equal to the external pressure (the definition of BP)
adding heat to a close biological system will do what
increase the internal E of the system increase the average of the vibrational, rotational, and translational Energies increase the enthalpy of the system IT WILL NOT cause the system to do work to maintain a FIXED internal E
what will be a result of insulin
increased glycogen synthesis increases esterification of fatty acids (analogous to the formation of glycogen from glucose) decreased gluconeogenesis
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
increased in mammals with reduced metabolism and access to O2 occurs when anaerobic metabolic mechanics dominate and lactic acid is produced via fermentation LDH is the enzyme that processes lactic acid
which metabolic change would be expected when the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane to protons is increased
increased oxygen utilization this will proton motive force to be dissipated
As methanol is converted to methanal, and then methanoic acid, the oxidation number of the carbon increases decreases increases, then decreases decreases, then increases
increases methanol is a 1ary alcohol methanal (aka formaldehyde) is the simples aldehyde methanoic acid is a carb acid
Making which of the following changes to a circuit element will increase the capacitance of the capacitor described in the passage?
increasing the area of the capacitor plates C is proportional to the plate area and inversely proportional to the separation distance of the plates
differential association theoretic perspective
individuals engage in criminal choices because they are exposed to it, while individuals who dont commit crimes have not been exposed to this type of behavior
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval Normative social influence describes when someone changes her or his behavior (conforms) because she or he has a desire for the approval of others and wants to avoid rejection
top-down processing
information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
uncompetitive inhibition
inhibitor binds only to enzyme-substrate complex locks substrate in enzyme preventing its release (increasing affinity b/w enzyme and substrate so it lowers Km) Lower Km and vmax
function of endothelial cells
initiate vasoconstriction/dilation; allows white blood cells to pass into tissues; initiate blood clots to repair vessels
the actin-myosin cross bridge cycle
initiation: acetylcholine is released by efferent neurons into the synapse acetylcholine binds to receptors on the sarcolemma (cell membrane of myocyte) causes depolarization to trigger an AP AP spreads down T tubules into sarcoplasmic reticulum release of Ca2+ from SR the dissociation of Pi and ADP causes the powerstroke (NOT ATP HYDROLYSIS) --in the power stroke actin slides over mysoin ATP hydrolysis causes myosin head to recock (resting state) ATP binds and causes myosin to detach
Id (Freud)
innate biological instinct and urges; self serving, irrational, and totally unconscious
endometrium
inner lining of the uterus estrogen is known to cause its growth during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and these levels will stay high during the luteal phase
Defects in which of the following proteins would most likely lead to loss of structural integrity in skin epithelial cells?
intermediate filaments -- ie keratin which is responsible for the structural integrity of the skin
repression is the same as an ______ relationship
inverse
real image
inverted image, formed on opposite side from the object creates a positive image distance
a salt bridge in a galvanic cell contains
ionic compounds ex: NaCl, MgSO3, NH4NO3 slat bridges contain inert electrolytes (which are ionic conpounds) that will completely dissociate in solution
what type of bond is described by three dimensional arrays of charged particles
ionic compounds are described as three dimensional arrays of charged particles they associate charges particles with large differences in EN -- form in crystalline solids and are measured with formula weights
coupling constant J
is a measure of the degree of splitting that is caused by other atoms in the molecule
routine or high resolution karyotyping
is capable of detecting a missing chromosome
high Rf value
is given to the solute that moves the furthest along the silica plate (a non-polar molecule will have a high Rf on a polar silica plate)
the highest priority functional group
is not named as a substituent, it is named as the root
somatostatin
is released to inhibit both insulin and glucagon
formula weight (FW)
is the sum of the atomic weight (AW) of atoms in the chemical formula of a substance
cytoplasmically inherited disorders
is the transmission of genes that occur outside the nucleus. It is found in most eukaryotes and is commonly known to occur in cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts or from cellular parasites like viruses or bacteria.
how is HSV described
it adds genetic info to the genetic info of the cell it contains a tail sheath and tail fibers
Heisenberg uncertainty principle
it is impossible to know exactly both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same time
how does the acidity of the alpha H on a carb acid relate to the hydroxyl H
it is less acidic than the hydroxyl H , and relatively acidic as organic compounds go
Ignoring attenuation, how does the intensity of a sound change as the distance from the source doubles?
it is one quarter as intense SA= 4pir^2
an object is placed at the center of curvature of a concave mirror. Which of the following is true about the image it is real and inverted it is cirtual and inverted it is real and upright it is virtual and upright
it is real and inverted solve using the sign convention. If the object is at the center of curvature, its distance is 2f. plug this in to the optics equation 1/f = 1/o + 1/i ---> 1/i = 1/f - 1/o = 1/f - 1/2f = 1/2f
what is the best way to introduce an antisense gene into all cells
it must be incorporated into the cell in which it will perform its job so that its product is available to hybridize with the sense mRNA that needs to be blocked. the best way to deliver the antisense gene into all the cells of the individual would be to infect an embryo with a virus that carries the antisense gene.
what is noticeable about the melting point of a compound with the presence of impurities
it will be broad and include a larger range of numbers a pure compound has a narrow melting point range
heating water will increase or decrease the solubility of oxygen or any other gas
it will decrease it
what affect does increasing CO2 in the bicarbonate buffer system have on the H+ ion concentration
it will decrease the H+ ion concentration
on a silica plate, a more polar substance will have a larger or a smaller Rf compared to a nonpolar substance
it will have a smaller Rf, because it will not travel as far as a nonpolar substance on the polar silica gel
how will altering the CONCENTRATION of O2 affect the disassociation constant for hemoglobin
it wont :) Adding [O2] will temporarily disturb the system's equilibrium, but the system will return to equilibrium according to Le Châtelier's principle until Q = K′. K′ will remain constant with the addition of [O2] which makes Item III false
If researchers failed to take into account the effect of air resistance on the pitch, how would it impact their measurements of the efficiency of energy transfer from the arm to the baseball?
it would be lower than the actual efficiency, as there was a higher initial release of the ball decreased V leads to decreased E transfer
what affect would an agonist ligand have on GPCR signaling
it would increase GPCR signaling
a prior causal relation increases or decreases the implications of a study
it would increase/strengthen the implications of the study
characteristic of oxidizing agents
itself is reduced often EN like F, trying to fill their valence shell
the most prevalent extracellular proteins are
keratin elastin collagen
HMG-CoA reductase
key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis
Lactone to lactam
lactone: cyclic ester with a CO(C=O)C unit in the ring Has O in the ring, and a =O attached next to it. alpha (2C but triangle ring cause O), Beta (3C), gamma, delta lactam: Has N in ring instead of O, but still has =O attached to it Beta (3C), gamma, delta, epsilon
moving an object further from a concave mirror makes the image
lager
increasing carbon dioxide production
leads to a decreasing pH of the blood results from increased carbonic acid in bloodstream and bicarbonate levels
kinesthetic learning
learning by performing a task or handling items
electrolytic cells always have cell potential that are _____ zero
less than THEY WILL ALWAYS HAVE - E CELLS
Air is bubbled through distilled water. The solution will have a pH:
less than 7, because CO2 undergoes hydrolysis CO2 undergoes a hydrolysis reaction in liquid water to produce carbonic acid, a weak acid that produces a solution whose pH is less than the pH of water
Insecure Attatchment style (anxious style)
less trusting worried about being left prone to jealousy
alpha-1,6-glucosidase
liberates a free glucose residue
how does bond strength and type affect boiling point
london dispersion forces < dipole dipole < H boding < ionic the stronger the bond the greater the BP
long wavelengths have what type of energy
long wavelengths are wider, they have lower energy and lower frequencies
what is likely to be found in a patient with liver failure
low concentrations of clotting factors in the blood , low concentration of urea, high concentration of ammonia , low concentrations of albumin the patient would not be able to convert ammonia to urea through the urea cycle, and would have high concentrations of ammonia and low concentrations of urea in the blood. due to decreased synthetic activity, both ALBUMIN and CLOTTING FACTOR concentrations would be low
what kind of DH are associated with antioxidant activity
lower DH values , which are more favorable
what type of DH value is most favorable
lower DH values are more favorable
higher infant mortality and higher fertility rate is associated with
lower quality of life indicators
what will cause a compound to move most quickly through gas liquid chromatography? Therefor showing up first on the chromatography
lowest intermolecular weight and weakest intermolecular forces of attraction
during which stage of the menstruel cycle does progesterone concentration peak
luteal -- supporting the endometrium for potentiak implantation
what does LH do
luteinizing hormone causes the ovaries to release an egg during ovulation.
positively charged amino acids
lysine (K), arginine (R), histidine (H) will move towards a cathode
Native PAGE
maintains the protein's shape, but results are difficult to compare because the mass-to-charge ratio differs for each protein
trypsin and chymotrypsin
major protein digesting endopeptidases of the small intestine
what is the affect of many + charges on SDS-PAGE
may cause measurments to be less accurate the - charge of the protein will not be as great as anticipated -- meaning the mass of the protein is actually greater
central tendency
mean, median, mode
preferentially processed
means that it is highly likley that competetive inhibition may occur
gram equivalent weight
measure of the mass of a substance that can donate one equivalent of the species of interest (ex with H2SO4--> add up all parts to find molar mass, then for respect to protons, divide by 2 because there are 2 protons)
how do solute particles affect the melting point of ice
melting point is depressed because solute particles enhance lattice formation solute particles will interfere with the lattice formation
Integrins
membrane proteins; they transmit signals between the ECM and cytoskeleton
context effects
memory is aided by being in the physical location where encoding took place
which phase of mitosis is likely to be first interrupted if a cell has no microtubules
metaphase-- the chromosomes become attached to the microtubules in this phase and are then pulled apart in anaphase
do microfilaments contain tubulin? what about centrioles, cilia, flagella
microfilaments DO NOT -- these are made of actin the rest do
mitotic spindle is composed of
microtubules (made of tubulin)
aldosterone is a
mineralcorticoid
Where does B-oxidation occur?
mitochondrial matrix
Where does the citric acid cycle occur?
mitochondrial matrix (only succinate dehydrogenase of the CAC is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane)
mitosis results in... meiosis results in...
mitosis --> diploid daughter cells meiosis--> haploid cells to produce
is mitosis or meiosis responsible for cell culture growth
mitosis, maintains the genetic integrity between parent and daughter cells within a cell culture (meiosis does not maintain genetic integrity, as one of its functions i genetic recombination in order to create genetic diversity in offspring)
Bradford Protein Assay Method
mixes a protein in solution w/ Coomassie Brilliant Blue dye -in protonated form (acidic) this dye has brown-green color -dye gives up protons to ionizable groups in protein becoming basic & acquiring blue color in process -increased protein concentrations correspond to larger concentration of blue dye in solution - very accurate only when 1 type of protein is present
the gas eluent in gas chromatography and the liquid eluent in paper chromatography are examples of which component of these systems
mobile phase -- where the solutes dissolve and move
Bohr Model
model of the atom in which electrons move rapidly around the nucleus in paths called orbits
ways in which an enzyme decreases the activation energy for biological reactions
modifying the local charge enviorment forming transient covalent bonds acting as electron donors or receptors they are NOT altered by the process of catalysis and will not break intramolecular bonds
Methane
molecular weight 16 g/mol
are covalent compounds measured in formula weights or molecular weights
molecular weights
Aliphatic molecules
molecules with chains of carbon atoms do not form aromatic rings
Serotonin affects
mood, hunger, sleep, arousal
Large Ksp means
more soluble
How many RNA transcripts can be created for a particular gene at the same time by a riboenzyme?
more than 1
tranisition metals can often form....
more than one ion--> leading to the formation of hydration complexes with water this decreases its ability to dissolve in water unlike other ions that do not form hydration complexes
does bacteria have introns
most bacteria lack introns
what is true of enzyme kinetics
most enzymes operating in the human body work best at 37 C an enzyme sub complex can either form a product or dissociate back into the enzyme and substrate maximal activity of human enzymes occurs at pH 7.4
Motor and sensory neurons
motor neurons are associated with muscles and sensory are associated with electrical signals to the CNS
Chemotaxis
movement of a motile cell or organism, or part of one, in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance.
intragenerational mobility
movement up or down a social stratification hierarchy within the course of a personal career changes in social class that occur within one lifetime (NOT across generations)
dash in a chair confirmation
must be down
reduction potential of O in the ETC
must be greater than any other acceptor in the chain (O2 is the final electron acceptor so its red potential must be more + than any other acceptor in the chain)
index of refraction equation
n = c / v c: speed of light in a vacuum v: speed of light in the medium
Snell's Law
n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2
how many M is 2 nM
nanomolar to molar 2.0 x 10^-9
Vitamin K function
needed for proper function of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X and proteins C and S (K is for Koagulation)
difference between nerves and tracts
nerves may carry more than one type of info (sensory or motor; in the PNS), tracts only carry one type of info tracts are collections of neurons, but in the CNS not the PNS
hyperventilation causes what in relation to CO2, O2 and pH
net exhalation of CO2 increase in blood pH increased O2 increase hemoglobin O2 affinity
Antioxidants
neutralize free radicals
Phenylalanine and tryptophan are ___ tyrosine is ___
nonpolar polar
electrolytic cells are what type of reaction
nonspontaneous electricity must run through them
Folkways
norms that are not strictly enforced
single stranded DNA has equal or not equal amounts of paired nucleotides
not equal A = T but C does not = G for example
is delivering shocks unethical
not necessarily.. you do not always need to avoid things that may be uncomfortable for participants as long as there is informed consent
a goosecoid protein would contain
nuclear localization (because it is a transcription factor, and transcription occurs in the nucleus), and DNA binding motifs Since it is a transcription factor, Goosecoid binds DNA and must therefore have DNA binding motifs
free radicals from ionizing radiation are highly unstable and have carcinogenic effects. These effects are most likely result from damage to:
nucleic acids cancer is generally a product of mutations in DNA that disrupt the processes of regulated cell growth and division. Nucleic acids target DNA
Binding of two nucleotides
nucleotides are linked to one another by phosphodiester bonds between the sugar base of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of the adjacent nucleotide in a way that the 5' end bears a phosphate, and the 3' end a hydroxyl group
Where does transcription occur?
nucleus
Ploidy number
number of sets of chromosomes in a cell haploid or diploid
law of similarity
objects that are similar tend to be grouped together
specific rotation equation
observed rotation / [solution] x tube length (dm)
source monitoring error
occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source
Attrition bias
occurs when participants drop out of a long-term experiment or study
Refraction of light
occurs when wave of light passes from one medium to another and the light wave is bent or refracted.
Formation of Ketals
often if you react with a diol, it is a hemiketal etc and the product should be a ketal
where do the sugar phosphate backbones form in the double helix
on the exterior
conjugation (sex) pili
one of the sex factors is F (fertility factor) F+ cells are males and F- cells are females Female (-) bacteria can take up this sex factor via conjugation or transformation to become a male (+) the sex factor can also integrate into the bacterial chromosome (Hfr-high frequency of recombination) bacteria with the fertility factor integrated into the chromosome during conjugation the bacteria will try to transfer its entire chromosome, but sometimes the bridge breaks before the entire transfer
self-efficacy
one's sense of competence and effectiveness
calculating initial number of moles of a compound in a sample when titrating
only need the moles/volume of the compound used to reach endpoint do not need initial volume or Ka
amino acid properties
only non-optically active is glycine most have hydrophillic R groups all neutral AA are zwitterions-- a molecule with both positive and negative regions of charge typically do not have acidic R groups
E cell is dependent on
only the identity of the electrodes NOT the amount that is present
fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood peaks in early adulthood
crystallized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age peaks in middle adulthood
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
disulfide bonds are formed by___ and break by a ___
oxidation reducing agnet these bonds maintain the quartenary structure of proteins
in the PPP The reaction of glucose-6-phosphate to form ribulose-5-phosphate is a(n):
oxidation of G6P (The conversion of NADP+ to NADPH is a reduction reaction, as NADp+ gains electrons, something has to loose electrons, and that is G6P)
in the rust reaction, iron is 4Fe (s) + 3O2 (g) --> 2Fe2O3 (s)
oxidized it will have a less + reduction potential than the other metals, more likely to donate electrons to oxygen
which component of the ETC is never oxidized, only reduced
oxygen
Power equation
p=w/t (power=work/time)
The gastric juices in the stomach have a pH of approximately 2. What is the hydroxide ion concentration in this solution?
pH + pOH = 14 2 + pOH = 14 pOH = 12 so [OH-] = 10^-12
AA typically will deprotonate at what pH
pH 8
pH to H concentration
pH = -log [H+]
In lysine, the pKa of the side chain is about 10.5. Assuming that the pKa of the carboxyl and amino groups are 2 and 9 respectively, the pI of lysine is closest to: A) 5.5 B) 6.2 C) 7.4 D) 9.8
pI = (10.5 + 9) / 2 D typically would do carboxylic acid pKa + amide pKa / 2 but in this case since the R group is stated we use that instead of the carboxyl group
relationship between pKa and pKb
pKa + pKb = 14
henderson hasselback for bases
pOH = pKb + log [HA]/[A-]
dimerization
pairing of two receptor-hormone complexes favored in a solvent that is opposite (ie a nonpolar molecule would want a polar solvent)
what is the only fatty acid that humans can synthesize?
palmitic acid (fully saturated with 16 C that is synthesized from 8 molecules of Acetyl CoA) written 16:0 for 16 C not 2x bonds
glucagon and insulin
pancreatic hormones
Treatment of schizophrenia often causes severe side effects similar to symptoms found in what other disease?
parkinsons -- decreased dopamine
diluting segment of loop of henle
part of the ascending LOH where salt is actively reabsorbed in the outer medulla there the filtrte becomes hypotonic compared to the blood
The initial filtration step in the glomerulus of the mammalian kidney occurs primarily by:
passive flow due to pressure differences
subjective assessments
patients project their own subjective feelings, perceptions, and thoughts onto the assessment stimuli, yielding results that are open for inaccuracy.
Exchange-rational theory
patterns of behavior in societies reflect the choices made by individuals as they try to maximize their benefits and minimize their costs
Asch Experiment
peer pressure: length of lines; responses varied with responses of group line experiment (if the confederates said an obvi short line was longer so would everyone else)
ADH is a
peptide hormone
ADH/ vasopressin
peptide hormone released by post pitu in response to high blood osmolarity and low blood volume increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water, increasing water reabsorption resulting in an increased blood volume (and pressure) with decreased blood osmolarity
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
peptide hormones produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary (peptide or amino acid derivative hormones)
Surround suppression
perceiving tactile information while ignoring stimuli immediately surrounding it.
Interphase
period of the cell cycle between cell divisions when the cells are not dividing and instead functioning normally
glucagon is released in...
periods of starvation
function of the ascending LOH
permeable to salt BUT NOT to water ; salt is reabsorbed BOTH PASSIVELY AND ACTIVELY diluting segment is in the OUTER MEDULLA since this is where salt is actively reabsorbed
function of distal convoluted tubule
permeable to water but NOT SALT -- as filtrate moves into the more osmotically concentrated renal medulla, water is reabsorbed from the filtrate vasa recta and the nephron flow in OPP directions, creating COUNTERCURRENT MULTIPLIER SYSTEM allows for MAX reabsorbtion of water here
the dynamic properties of molecules in the cell membrane are most rapid in ...
phospholipids moving within the plane of the membrane the movement of individual molecules in the cell membrane are affected by both size and polarity (ie lipids which are smaller than proteins in the plasma membrane will move much more quickly) they will also move the fastest in the plane of the cll membrane becuase the polar head group does not need to pass through the hydrophobic tail region in the same way as if it were passing between the membrane layers
Sn2 menchanisms want what type of solvent
polar aprotic solvents
polar aprotic solvents
polar solvents that can't form hydrogen bonds acetone DMSO
Kohlberg's stages of moral development
preconventional, conventional, postconventional
conformity pressure
pressure on group members to go along with everyone else
the magnification of a miltilense system is the
product of both of the magifications
Imine
product of reaction of amines and acid derivatives
ways in which prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA differ
prokaryotic DNA lacks nucleosomes Eukaryotic DNA has telomeres Prokaryotic DNA is replicated by a different DNA polymerase
blocking NE reuptake results in what
promotes the synthesis results in increase HR
state functions
properties that are determined by the state of the system, regardless of how that condition was achieved (pressure, density, temp, volume, enthalpy, internal E, Gibbs free E, entropy) (Heat is NOT. A state function)
RNA and DNA both require
purines --so a B12 deficiency would affect both DNA and RNA replication, since B12 aids in the synthesis of purine nucleotides
When a bond is created between two nucleotide triphosphates in DNA synthesis, the small molecule released from this reaction is: Pyrophosphate Inorganic phosphate ATP Organic phosphate
pyrophosphate when DNA is synthesized, it forms phosphodiester bonds, releasing pyrophosphate PPi
the enzymes used in gluconeogenesis in order to bypass the irreversible steps of glycolysis
pyruvate carboxylase fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase glucose-6-phosphatase pyruvate carboxylase fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase glucose 6 phosphatatse
from what orbital would electromagnetic radiation have the shortest wavelength
radiation that ejects and electron from an sp orbital short wavlengths are the most energetic--want most s character
Vasopressin (ADH)
raises blood pressure and makes kidneys conserve water
social cognitive theory
referring to the use of cognitive processes in relation to understanding the social world WHEN PEOPLE LEARN BY WATCHING OTHERS
social cognitive theory
referring to the use of cognitive processes in relation to understanding the social world based on changing behavior or attitudes based on observation
life course approach to illness
refers to a holistic perspective that calls attention to developmental processes and other experiences across a persons life earlier life exposures can influence later disease risk
AV node (atrioventricular node)
region of the heart between the right atrium and right ventricle from which electrical impulses spread to the ventricles during a heartbeat
Affective
relating to moods, feelings, and attitudes
debranching enzyme
removes oligosaccharides from a branch in glycogen or starch
Alcohols generally require acid catalysis in order to undergo substitution by nucleophiles. The acid catalyst enhances the reaction by:
replace the hydroxyl group and that hydroxide ion is one of the worst leaving groups in substitution reactions. Under acidic conditions, the hydroxyl group is protonated such that the leaving group is now water, a superior leaving group, rather than hydroxide ion.
what is a degree of unsaturation?
represented as rings and pi bonds (unsaturated fats have rings and double bonds and kinks that allow them to roll off of each other, opposed to saturated fats that all stick together since they have no double bonds)
the DCT
responsive to aldosterone and ADH with variable permeability allows for reabsorption of the right amount of water depending on the bodys needs
what tissue is most dependent on insulin
resting skeletal muscle
the catalytic production of DHAP and G3P from F16BP is what type of reaction
retro aldol reaction hallmark is the breaking of a carbon carbon bond to form 2 aldehydes, 2 ketones, or one of each
Norms
rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
the energies of the principle quantum numbers are as follows (s p d f)
s > p > d > f
Starch is hydrolyzed into maltose by
salivary amylase (secreted by salivary glands) and pancreatic amylase (secreted by pancreas)
GCPR's and enzyme linked receptors both use what
second messenger systems (while ion channels do not)
Piaget's stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
dorsal root ganglion...sensory or motor
sensory clipping it would result in loss of sensation
Conjugation in bacteria
sexual reproduction of bacteria ; two cells connect through a conjugation bridge *DNA is transfered from a donor male (+) to a recipient female (-) via a conjugation bridge *the bridge transferring the DNA is formed from a "sex pili" that is found on the donor male
which RNA molecule or proteins is NOT found in the splicesome during intron excision snRNA hnRNA shRNA snRNP's
shRNA (NOT produced in the nucleus for use in the splicesome)
shorter wavelengths have what type of energy
shorter wavelengths are closer together, they have higher energy and higher frequencies
prinsoner's dilemma
shows why two completely rational individuals might not cooperate, even if it appears that it is in their best interest to do so
when does siRNA exert its effects
siRNA is only able to bind to other RNA strands, NOT DNA or protein...so it must interfere with gene expression after transcription has already occurred
Rf
silica plates are very polar phenylalanine has a higher Rf than tyrosine because tyrosine is more polar than phenylalanine molecules with an affinity for polar phases will have a lower Rf--more polar molecules have a greater affinity for the stationary phase on a TLC
ethanoic acid
simplest carb acid
acetone
simplest ketone
if Acetyl-CoA is high, what will happen...
since acetyl-CoA is produced during beta oxidation it will inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase and shift the CAC to run in the reverse direction, this producing OAA for gluconeogenesis acetyl coA stimulates pyruvate carboxylase directly
stereospecific
single reactant forms an unequal mixture of stereoisomers
what is reabsorbed and what is secreted in the Proximal convoluted tubule
site of bulk reabsorbtion of... GLUCOSE AA SOLUBLE VITAMINS SALT WATER site of secretion of ... H IONS K+ IONS AMMONIA UREA DUMP the HUNK
Epididymis
site of sperm maturation and storage sperm gain motility
The Thomas theorem states that
situations defined as real are real in their consequences
which type of muscle (skeletal, smooth, cardiac) is always multinucleated
skeletal cardiac may contain one or two centrally located nuclei, and smooth always has one
troponin functions in both ___ and ____ muscle
skeletal and cardiac
if the binding E is greatest for intermediate sized atoms (therefor giving them the most stability), what does that look like for small and large atoms
small and large atoms are comparatively less stable
Stage 2 of sleep cycle
small bursts of activities spindles, nonrem sleep
what types of molecules will be filtered out of the glomerulus to bowmans capsule
small molecules (like monosaccharides) things like proteins, platelets, and erythrocytes will not
moving an object closer to a concave mirror makes the image
smaller
an object is placed in front of a concave mirror between the focal point and the mirror. If the object is then moved closer to the mirror, the image would be:
smaller and closer to the mirror (an object that is placed at the focal point creates no image) Conceptually, an object placed directly at the focal point would produce no image (i.e., an image infinitely far away). Therefore it makes sense that moving away from the focal point would produce an image closer to the mirror. This would eliminate choices A and B. Also, when an object is placed between the focal point and the mirror, the image is virtual and larger than the object. As the object moves closer to the mirror, the image would get smaller and eventually become the same size as the object when the object is touching the mirror. The answer is therefore choice D.
morula
solid mass of cells seen in early development
Which phases of solvent and solute can form a solution?
solid solvent, gaseous solvent solid solvent, solid solute gaseous solvent, gaseous solute they just need to create a homogenous mixture in order to create a solution
Sublimation
solid to gas
Ksp
solubility product constant Ksp=[A+]^m[B-]^n do not include concentration of pure solid/liquids if you are not explicitly given concentrations, look at the product and see how many ions it seperates out into and use those
humoral immunity
specific immunity produced by B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids Antibodies are secreted by B-cells into the blood and are classified as humoral immunity (hyper-acute rejection)
humoral immunity (B CELLS)
specific immunity produced by B cells that promote antibody/immune response ---> antibodies can then recognize polysaccharide, phospholipid, and nucleic acid antigens to help the body fight extracellular bacteria and pathogen etc
quantum numbers
specify the properties of atomic orbitals and the properties of electrons in orbitals
mass percent composition of Ag in the product of the reaction between 0.44moles of AgNO3 and 0.2 moles of MgCl2
steps 1) the original moles are irrelevant to answer this question 2) find the products: AgCl and Mg(NO3)2 3) since we are wondering about Ag, we know that there will always be 107.9g of Ag per mole of product and 35.5 g of Cl per mole of product 4) total mass of AgCl is 143.3g/mol 5) mass percent composition of Ag=107.9/143.3 = 75%
Prolactin
stimulates milk production
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
stimulates secretion of hormones by adrenal cortex Exogenous corticosteroids would provide negative feedback to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and thus inhibit both CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone, hypothalamus) and ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone, anterior pituitary).
angiotension
stimulates thirst and makes blood thicker to preserve water supply during bleeding angiotension II causes the secretion of aldosterone which serves to increase the reabsorption of sodium, and promote the excretion of K+ and H+ ions
which skin layer contains stem cells that proliferate to form keratinocytes
stratum basale
Vygotsky's social learning theory
stresses the role of people and interactions in language aquisition, involving motor neurons
what is needed for an amide to undergo nuc acyl sub
strong acid or base the reactivity of carb acid derivatives is anhydride > ester > carb acid > amide without strong acid or base the amides will not even react
dissociation of strong acids in water
strong acids will fully dissociate; HCl becomes H+ and Cl- entirely
LDA is a
strong base
Strong bases are
strong electrolytes group IA and IIA
a higher Ka
stronger acid lower pKa --> lower pH
electron withdrawing groups
strongly electronegative and pull electron density away from rest of the molecule, and stabilize negative charge.
mesolimbic pathway
subcortical part of the brain involved in cognition and emotion sense of pleasure
informative pressure
subtype of conformity pressure. It occurs when an individual conforms his or her behavior to match that of the rest of a group out of the belief that the group is better informed and knows more than the individual.
disulfide bonds are
sulfhydryl groups on their side chains come close because of protein folding and the sulfurs bond together
cystine participates in...
sulfur chemistry and disulfide bonding look out for thiols
trace the circulatory pathway
superior vena cava left atrium left ventricle pulmonary artery lungs pulmonary veins right atria right ventricle aorta
Somatostatin
suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin its release is stimulated by high blood glucose or AA levels ALWAYS INHIBITORY
CT imaging
takes a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer
Type IV restriction enzyme
target modified DNA (e.g. methylated, hydroxymethylated).
Ubiquitination
targets a protein for degradation by a proteasome
ketose sugars may have the ability to act as reducing sugars, which is explained by which process
tautomerization--the rearrangement of bonds to undergo keto-enol shifts (forms an aldose to then act as a reducing sugar)
talk therapy
technique in which a person describes his or her problems and concerns to a skilled listener in order to better understand the emotions and issues that are creating the problems
Functional MRI (fMRI)
technique that uses magnetic fields to visualize brain activity using changes in blood oxygen level asseses the OPERATION of brain regions not just their STRUCTURE
What is the last point in the meiotic cycle in which the cell has a diploid number of chromosomes?
telophase I this is when cytokenesis occurs
what will affect reaction rate
temp change in the partial pressure of the gas adding reactants (if not in zero order reaction) type of solvent removing the product of an irriversibel reaction will not affect reaction rate
group polarization
tendency of group members to move to an extreme position after discussing an issue as a group
Automation bias
tendency to excessively depend on automated systems, which can lead to erroneous automated information overriding correct decisions
primacy effect
tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well
recency effect
tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well
role strain
tension among the roles connected to a single status
Sn1 works fastest with
tertiary
hormones derived from cholesterol
testosterone, progesterone, cortisol, aldosterone
Humanistic Perspective
the "third force" in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice
the effect of - charges on an acid when looking at the dissociation of acid in water
the - charge on the acid will cause dissociation to occur to the least extent ie : HPO42− + H2O → H3O+ + PO43− (HPO4 2- will dissociate rarely)
what are the hybridizations of the C and N atoms in CN- sp3 and sp3 sp3 and sp sp and sp3 sp and sp
the C and N atoms are connected by a 3x bond in CN- ( :C triple bond N: - ) a triple bonded atom is sp hybridized; one s orbital hybridizes with one p orbital to form two sp hybridized orbitals. The two remaining unhybridized p orbitals take park in the formation of two pi bonds **sp and sp***
why do we need a larger mass of electrodes in lead-acid batteries as compared to other batteries to produce a certain current
the E density of lead-acid electrode is lower than that of other batteries
binding energy
the E needed to break things/ a single atom that is/are bound apart
Why is overcharging a Ni-Cd battery not detrimental?
the Ni-Cd battery will stop accepting electrons from an outside source when its electrodes are rearranged
beta anomer
the OH group of the C1 cis to the CH2OH group *it will be equatorial and up*
a massless spring is initially compressed by a displacement of 2 cm. It is now compressed by 4cm. How has the PE of the system now changed
the PE has quadrupled
viral infection leads to an increase in what cellular pathways ?
the Pentose Phosphate pathway and the Aerobic respiration pathway
adaptive immunity
the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them
how will the solubility of an acid compound and a hydrocarbon differ
the acidic compound will be charged once deprotonated (acidic) (ie a carboxylic acid group once deprotonated will be more soluble than an aldehyde will be)
what does the acidity of carboxylic acids depend on
the acidity of carb acids is increased by the presence of highly electronegative functional group the Electron withdrawing effect increases the stability of the carboxylate anion, favoring proton dissociation--this effect increases as the number of EN groups of the chain increases
Confabulation
the act of filling in memory gaps a symptom of korsakoffs syndrome
Priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response
Polyadenylation
the addition of multiple adenine nucleotides to the 3' end of a newly synthesized mRNA molecule
polyadenylation
the addition of multiple adenine nucleotides to the 3' end of a newly synthesized mRNA molecule addition of a poly A tail, stabilization upon mRNA
what does the rate of a fischer esterification depend on
the amount of steric hinderance around the carbonyl C the alcohol must have room to approach the carb acid substrate. crowding of the carbonyl carbon will decrease the reactiity
what happens when an area of lung is filled with mucus
the areas will NOT participate in gas exchange and no concentration gradient will exist --neither O2 or CO2 will be able to diffuse
interoceptive awareness involves sensitivity to increase in the activity of the
the autonomic nervous system
Adding concentrated strong base to a solution containing an enzyme often reduces enzyme activity to zero. In addition to causing protein denaturation which of the following is another plausible reason of the loss of enzyme activity? Enzyme activity, once lost, cannot be recovered The base can cleave peptide residues Adding a base catalyzes protein polymerization Adding a base tends to deprotonate amino acids on the surface of proteins
the base can cleave peptide residues
Gambler's Fallacy
the belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently
blastocyte
the blastula of mammals has three distinct structures 1) inner cell mass 2) trophoblast 3) blastocoel
the brain E stores during a fast
the brain is almost exclusively dependent on glucose for E, but when in a prolonged fast, ketone bodies can be used for up to 2/3 of the brains E requirements
which organ is most sensitive to oxygen deprivation
the brain, which uses aerobic metabolism of glucose exclusively
glycogenolysis
the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
why triglycerides used in the human body for E storage
the carbon atoms of the fatty acid chains are highly reduced and therefor yield more E upon oxidation (2x as much as polysaccharides)
minority influence
the case where a minority of group members influences the behavior or beliefs of the majority
what may result due to an impaired ETC
the cells in the ETC will have to rely more heavily on glycolysis --> leading to higher levels of lactic acid fermentation
the relationship between the codon and anticodon
the codon and anticodon are antiparalell to one another ... ie Valine GUU GUC GUA and GUG is expected to have an anticodon that ENDS in AC due to the antiparalell relationship between the GU in the codon
episodic memory
the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place
Discrimination
the comparison between two quantities or things
in vaccum distillation, what compound is left in the round bottom flask as compared to that which is left in the receivign flask
the compound we are interested in is in the reveicing flask, and that one that we do not care about is left in the round bottom flask
social gradient of health
the consistent finding that inequality and health are related, with those at the top of the social system being healthier and living longer than those at the bottom
in [Cu(NH3)4]2+ ..... the subscript 4 indicates what
the coordination number of Cu2+ the number 4 reflects only the number of ammonia molecules that bind to the central Cu2+ cation
Generativity
the desire, in middle age, to use one's accumulated wisdom to guide future generations
Gastrulation
the development of the gastrula **generation of 3 distinct cell layers **blastula invaginates (pinches inward) until blastocoel disappears **inner space where it invaginated is called the archenteron **opening of the archenteron is the blastopore
boiling point elevation
the difference in temperature between the boiling point of a solution and the boiling point of the pure solvent
resting membrane potential depends on...
the differential distribution of ions across the axon membrane, active transport, and selective permeability
resting membrane potential depends on what
the differential distribution of ions across the membrane active transport processes selective permeability of the phospholipid bilayer
retroactive interference
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
proactive interference
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
radius of curvature
the distance between the center of curvature and the mirror's surface
nuclear binding energy
the energy released when a nucleus is formed from nucleons
first ionization energy
the energy required to remove the first electron from an atom increases / trends with EN across the periods to the R
creatine phosphokinase
the enzyme used to catalyze the reversible reaction between creatine and creatine phosphate. Catalysts increase the reaction rate by lowering the activation energy (stabilizing the transition state) of the reaction
Temporality (Hill's Criteria)
the exposure (independent variable) must occur before the outcome (dependent variable) Ie testing if smoking causes cancer, did they smoke before hey girl disgnosed or start after?
content validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
construct validity
the extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure
Bernoulli's Principle
the faster a fluid moves, the less pressure the fluid exerts
a reaction with a low activation energy will have what type of rate
the fastest rate
in glucose degredation under aerobic conditions, oxygen acts as what
the final electron acceptor
blastocoel of blastocyst
the fluid filled cavity
Fischer esterification
the formation of an ester from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in acidic conditions the carbonyl C is open to attack by the nucleophilic alcohol
glycogenesis
the formation of glycogen from glucose
How many grams of hydrogen gas are required to completely react with 32 g of oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide?
the formation of hydrogen peroxide is as follows H2(g) + O2 (g) --> H2O2(g) 32g O2 x (1 mol/ 32g) x (1 H2/ 1 O2) x (2g / mol) = 2g H2
if the reaction were exothermic, what effect would decreasing the temp have on the equilibrium
the forward reaction rate rate increases while the reverse reaction rate will decrease an exothermic reaction produces heat...when you decrease the temp product formation is favored which results in an increase in the forward reaction rate along with a decrease in the reverse reaction rate
natural (resonant) frequencies
the frequency at which an object vibrates most easily and with the largest amplitude
where does the phosphoryl transfer of kinases come from?
the gamma phosphate of ATP (ie gamma32P-ATP)
culture lag
the gap of time between the introduction of material culture and nonmaterial culture's acceptance of it
increased blood pressure will affect what component of the loop of henle
the glomerular filtrate rate (in addition, increasing blood pressure should increase flow of fluid through the kidney system and decrease, rather than increase, water reabsorption)
procedural memory
the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things
when the pKa of a functional group is smaller than enviormental pH....
the group will exist in its charged or deprotonated form
using half life and C14 to determine age of a fossil
the half life represents the amount of time that it takes for half of the atoms in a sample of that isotope to decay Carbons Half Life= 5,730 years if we know the half life, and we know the origional and final grams of C14 in the sample, we can go through half lifes until we reach the answer ex: normal adult living skeleton contains about 8g C14, and the fossil has 1g C14 after 5730 years, 8g C14 becomes 4g after another 5730 years, 4g C14 becomes 2g after another 5730 years, 2g C14 becomes 1g this is the g in the prehistoric sample, meaning that the fossil is 5730(3) years old
Why do halogens combine so readily with alkali metals?
the halogens have much higher electron affinities than do the alkaline earth metals alkali earth metals are more likey to be electron donors and the halogens will accept these electrons to become nobel gases
why may host antibodies be innefective in the stomach
the harsh pH of the stomach
how does binding E relate to stability
the higher the binding E, the more stable
how do you assign priority for a chiral center
the highest molecular weight is assigned #1...explaining why H is usually #4 ON A DASH
learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
how does the ideal temperature change for a reaction with and without an enzyme catalyst
the ideal temp is generally lower with a catalyst than without (the rate of reactions will increase with temperature becuase of the increased kinetic E of the reactants, but reaches a peak temp because the enzyme denatures with the disruption of H bonds at very high temps--in the absence of an enzyme, this temperature is generally much hotter)
equilibrium constant is only dependent on
the identity of the electrolyte solution and the temp
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system (happens before long term working memory)
when will reflection occur (in relation to incidence and critical angle)
the incidince angle must be greater than the critical angle
reciprocal determinism
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
hydrogen bonding
the intermolecular force in which a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom is attracted to an unshared pair of electrons of an electronegative atom in a nearby molecule
Mate choice
the intersexual selection of a mate based on attraction and traits
O18
the isotope of oxygen known as heavy oxygen
how can a operon, with is an inducible system, permit transcription
the lac operon for example is an inducible system, in which an inducer binds to the repressor and thus permits transcription
relative poverty
the lack of resources of some people in relation to those who have more
what would be the result when there is limited displacement in vibration of the stapes in the ear
the limited displacement during vibration is another way of stating that the amplitude of the vibration is decrased because amplitude is related to intensity, and intensity is realted to sound level, the perceived sound level or volume is decreased as well
how does the length of hydrocarbon chain impact combustion
the longer the hydrocarbon chain, the greater the E yield will be in a combustion reaction
Deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
the sense/coding strand is identical to what
the mRNA transcript, except that all thymine nucleotides will be replaced with uracil
glycosidic bond
the mechanism of combining monosaccharides with each other...formed when the anomeric C of one sugar reacts with a hydroxyl group of another sugar a dehydration reaction where a H2O molecule is lost
where to find the " approximate pKa" on the titration curve
the midpoint of the flat regions on a titration curve
first and second equivalent points on a titration curve
the midpoints between steep increases in slope
the conversion of pyruvate into glucose requires enzymes in... the mitochondrial matrix the interstitial fluid the cytosol the mitochondria and the cytosol
the mitochondria and the cytosol conversion of pyruvate to glucose first requires conversion to OOA, catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase in the mitochondria. OAA is then decarbozylated and phosphorlyated by cytosolic forms of PEPCK. Then the reamainder of gluconeogenesis occurs in the mitochondria
Groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
How can the value of a natural logarithm be converted to the value of a common logarithm?
the natural log is divided by a constant the relationship between the natural log of a number and the common log of the number is logx = lnx/2.303 therefor the natural log of the number must be divided by the constant 2.303 to obtain the common log of the same number
dependency ratio
the number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in the working force
atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
mechanical advantage formula
the number of times a machine increases a force exerted on it
wht determines the length of an elements atomic radius
the number of valence electrons -- increasing valence electrons pull closer to the nucleus the number of electron shells
trophoblast of blastocyst
the outer layer of cells that gives rise to the chorion and placenta (which are extra organismal structures)
Hess's Law
the overall enthalpy change in a reaction is equal to the sum of enthalpy changes for the individual steps in the process multiply, flip, etc to make the final equation true
which pathway is involved with mediating oxidative stress
the pentose phosphate pathway * and thereof the enzyme G6P dehydrogenase
percentage ionization
the percentage of a solute that ionizes when it dissolves in a solvent
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.
psychoanalytic perspective
the perspective that suggests that abnormal behavior stems from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression
titration curve graphs
the plateaus indicate regions where protons are removed from functional groups on the molecule through use of -OH addition the plateus occur at a pH equal to the pKa of the functional group removed
as size decreases across the periodic table.... (remember radius is the greatest at the lower left)
the positive charge becomes more effective at attracting electrons in a chemical bond (higher EN) and the E required to remove an electron (IE) increases
Aneuploidy
the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell (too many or too few copies of a given chromosome) results from nondisjunction in anaphase during cell division
Weber's Law
the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)
RNA polymerization
the process by which nucleotides are strung together to form a single stranded RNA strand, not the joining of two complementary strands
integrative reminiscence
the process by which older people may take stock of their lives and come to terms with previously unresolved conflicts
Blastulation
the process by which the morula (solid mass of cells) develops into the blastula (with a fluid filled inner cavity)
stigmatization
the process of becoming viewed as somehow socially unacceptable or disgraced
role exit
the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity
shaping behavior
the process of guiding learning in graduated steps using reinforcement or lack of reinforcement
observational modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
e- capture decay
the process of when certain unstable radionucleotides are capable of capturing an inner electron that combines with a proton to form a neutron atomic number is one less than the origional, but mass number remains the same essentually reverse of B- decay
Gluconeogenesis
the process that is empolyed in order to compensate for the fact that glycolysis is not completely reversible since you cannot go from pyruvate back to glucose when glucose is low (important for RBC's)
paralell processing
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions
Acetal
the product of the addition of two alcohols to an aldehyde or ketone
hemiketal
the product of the reaction between an alcohol and the carbonyl group of a ketone
increasing the temperature can alter the Keq of a reaction. Why might increasing temp indefinitely be unfavorable for changing reaction conditions?
the products or reactants can decompose at high temperatures
behaviorist perspective
the psychological perspective primarily concerned with observable behavior that can be objectively recorded and with the relationships of observable behavior to environmental stimuli
Biological Perspective
the psychological perspective that emphasizes the influence of biology on behavior
Bioavailability
the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used
How will the rate of a catalyzed reaction be affected if the solid catalyst is finely ground before it is added to the reaction mixture?
the rate will be faster because a greater surface area of catalyst will be exposed grinding a heterogeneous catalyst increases the amount of catalyst available to the reaction and therefore increases its rate.
if the heat of formation of the products is greater than that of the reactants...
the reaction is endothermic
when the signs of enthalpy and entropy are the same...
the reaction is temp dependent and we need the temp to determine if the reaction is spontaneous or not
transesterification reaction
the reaction of an ester with an alcohol to form a different ester
Tautomerization
the rearrangement of bonds in a compound, usually by moving a hydrogen and forming a double bond can occur between an aldehyde to form a 1 alcohol
Avoidance Learning (Negative Reinforcement)
the removal of an unpleasant consequence following a desired behavior
is the ribosome a protein ? is it an enzyme?
the ribosome is an ENZYME BUT NOT A PROTEIN this is why we can call it a ribozyme
elements in the same group/column have what
the same number of valence electrons which ditates its chemical properties
false alarm
the signal was absent, but the participant reported sensing it
aldosterone up-regulates ...
the sodium potassium pumps along the lining of the nephron (3 Na+ out of the nephron lining and toward the blood for every 3 K+ it pumps in towards the nephron and away from the blood)
Henry's Law (Solubility of gases in liquids)
the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas on the surface of the liquid
higher vapor pressure of a solution results from
the solute and solvent being different from one another and therefor readily evaporating ie they will have different properties , like a hydrophobic and hydrophilic pair
life course perspective
the study of the family trajectories of individuals and groups as they progress through their lives, in social and historical context
a Km of 5.0 x 10^-6 represents ...
the substrate concentration where the enzyme is working at one half of its Vmax if this concentration increases (to 5.0 x 10 ^-4 for instance, the enzyme is at or near its Vmax)
Kirchhoff junction rule
the sum of all current directed into the point is equal to all of those going out of that point
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
reduction potential
the tendency of a substance to gain electrons
reduction potential
the tendency of a substance to gain electrons (having a more + reduction potential means that it is more likely to be reduced, having a less + reduction potential means it is more likely to be oxidized)
framing bias
the tendency of decision makers to be influenced by the way a situation or problem is presented to them
hindsight bias
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
actor-observer bias
the tendency to blame our actions on the situation and blame the actions of others on their personalities Max attends a party and does not make eye contact with, or approach, his acquaintance, Sam. Max's self judgement will be high in "not feeling well" and low in socially awkward. Sams judgement of Max will be high in "socially awkward" and low in not feeling well
in-group bias
the tendency to favor one's own group
negativity bias
the tendency to focus or remember the negative aspects of experiences
Cannon-Bard Theory
the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion
gender schema theory
the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly
interference theory
the theory that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember
spreading activation theory
the theory that the presentation of a stimulus triggers activation of closely related nodes (if you are given a group of items-all food-you might be likely to add other foods to the list that were not actually there)
social learning theory
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
if you have an open open pipe and you close it off at one end, how will the second harmonic differ between the pipe that is open open vs open closed
the wavelength for the second harmonic (first overtone) of open open is equal to: wavelength = 2L/n = 2L/2 = L in contrast for the pipe open at one end and closed at the other, the wavelength is equAL TO: wavelength = 4L/n = 4L/3 when he covers the one end, the wavelength will increase, therefor decreasing the frequency causing a lower pitch
why will O2 (or other diatomic molecules ) not show up on IR spec
they are homonuclear and diatomic; no net change in the dipole moment during vibration or rotation
characteristics of all electrons carriers in the ETC
they are mobile--traveling inside the inner mitochondrial membrane and passing electrons from one to another and pumping protons across inner mitochondrial mem they are all also hydrphobic, allowing them to enter the hydrophobic interior of the membrane
does entropy and enthalpy increase or decrease with increasing temp
they increase available microstates increases from solid to liquid to gas
how do glucocorticoids relate to weight gain when observing the stress response
they increase glucose levels, causing insulin secretion and leading to weight gain
when ethnic groups emigrate to a more industrialized culture
they typically have larger families but shorter lifespans before they emigrate
what do bacteriophages WANT to do?
they want to inject their DNA into a bacteria and then use the bacteria to produce more bacteriophages (making viral proteins, assembling the baby bacteriophages with the bacteriophage DNA inside) proteins could be reverse transcriptase, structural proteins, protein coats
where is sodium NOT actively transported out of the nephron
thin portion of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle -- diffusing down their concentration gradients
Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome
three-stage process which describes the body's reaction to stress: 1) alarm reaction, 2) resistance, 3) exahaustion
which biomolecules drain into the liver before arriving at the right side of the heart
threonine (AA) Fructose (monosaccharide) pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5) all fat soluble vitamins will not
Harlow's Monkeys
through scientific experiment, these monkeys displayed the bond attachment associated with Social development showing the need for physical contact as the monkeys clung to the softer artificial "mother" when scared, feeding and when combined with other factors such as warmth, rocking and feeding became even more appealing.
Conflict Theory examples
trade union forms to promote workers rights at the cost of company owners
RNA polymerase II
transcribes mRNA (hnRNA and snRNA) by binding to the TATA Box within the promoter region of the gene 25 base pairs upstream from the first transcribed base
RNA polymerase III
transcribes tRNA and the 5s rRNA
viruses are directly involved in which process in bacteria
transduction a form of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria in which bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) transmit genomic material
which ways can a bacterium acquire genetic material from the enviorment to express phenotypic characteristic
transformation or transduction
a membrane receptor is most likely to be an...
transmembrane protein with catalytic activity membrane receptors need both an extrace,uar and an intracellular domain (making them transmembrane). The enzymatic activity comes from thair ability to initiate a second messenger cascade, although some may function strictly as channels
during saponification...
triglycerides undergo ester hydrolysis
When trypsin converts chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin, some molecules of chymotrypsin bind to a repressor, which is turn binds to an operator region and prevents further transcription of trypsin. This is most similar to which of the following operons? trp operon during lack of tryptophan trp operon during abundance of tryptophan lac operons during lack of lactose lac operon during abundance of lactose
trp operon during an abundance of tryptophan (this is an example of repression due to the abundance of a corepressor/ a repressible system that is currently blocking transcription)
pancreatic secretions
trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase increase the interstitial pH of the SI
trp operon
tryptophan binds to the repressor protein and enables it to repress gene transcription.
Polysaccharides
two monosaccharides held together by glycosidic bonds within a polysaccharide contain 5-6 carbon rings , but so do nucleotides
Which of the following types of proteins would be most efficiently fractionated by an SEC column?
two proteins with substantialy differed Molecular weights if SEC separates on the basis of differences in molecular weight, the techniques resolution should increase if the pair of proteins differ in their MW to a greater extent
cell-mediated immunity (T CELLS)
type of immunity produced by T cells that attack infected or abnormal body cells MCH I and phagocytes
cell-mediated immunity
type of immunity produced by T cells that attack infected or abnormal body cells (acute rejection of transplanted organs)
dideoxynucleotide
type of nucleotide used during DNA sequencing to terminate synthesis in the absence of dideoxynucleotide, the DNA polymerase will repicate the entire template causing a dark band on gel electrophoresis
what are repressible systems (trp operon) turned off by
under normal conditions represible systems are transcribed; they can be TURNED OFF by a corepressor coupling with the repressor aned the binding of this complex to the operator site
what are inducible systems (lac operon) turned on by
under normal conditions they are bonded to a REPRESSOR; they are TURNED ON by an INDUCER pulling the repressor from the operator site
pappilary layer
uneven junction of the dermis and epidermis. Capillaries are abundant here to nourish not only the dermis but the stratum germinativum. predominately loose connective tissue
stem cells
unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division
upregulated vs downredulated dopamine
upregulated = schizophrenia downregulated = dopamine
for a single mirror or a single lenz, an image that is virtual must be ___
upright
intergenerational mobility
upward or downward movement in social class by family members from one generation to the next (between two or more generations)
UTP
uradine 5'-triphosphate derived from nitrogenous base uracil and is a pyrimidine uracil is found in RNA this all makes it a ribose and a pyrimidine base
An object made of silicon (specific heat = 698 J/kg°C) absorbs 3500 J of heat while increasing its temperature from 43°C to 53°C. What is the approximate mass of the object?
use Q = mcDT rearrange for m m = Q/cDT m= 3500 / (698)(10C) m = 5000
at 25C the Delta G deg for a certain reaction A --><--B + 2C is 0. If the concentration of A B and C in the cell at 25C are all 10mM, how does the Delta G compare to the measurement taken with 1M concentrations
use the equation Delta G = DeltaG deg + RTlnQ where Q is the reaction quotient [B][C]^2 / [A] for this specific reaction. Plugging in the variables gives us Delta G = 0 + Rtln ([ 10 x 10^-3][10 x 10^-3]^2) / [10 x 10^-3] = RTln10^-4 = -4RTln10 (this tells us that because both R and T are +, and natural log values are greater than 0, then Delta G must be - and coreespond to a negative Delta G)
phthalamide
used as the nucleophile in the gabriel synthesis
ion exchange chromatography
uses a charged column and a variably saline eluent
Jones Oxidation
uses chromium trioxide dissolved in dilute sulfuric acid and acetone (stronger oxidizing agent) to oxidize primary alcohols to carboxylic acids or secondary alcohols to ketones
Fluorescent in situ hybridization
uses fluorescent DNA probes to bind to chromosomes and could detect a translocation by detecting a gene on an unexpected chromosome
Weak intermolecular forces
van der Waals force - weak attractive force between molecules from dipole-dipole/induced dipole inetrations
moderating variable
variable that changes the nature of the relationship between two other variables decreasing of increasing the strength of an association
when the object is situation at longer than the focal length, lenses form what type of images
virtual and reduced (lenses have a - focal length since they are diverging)
diverging species...(convex mirrors and convex lenses) will always produce
virtual images
R cerebral hemisphere controls
visuospatial skills, music perception, and emotion processing
what depolarizes the cell after depolarization
voltage gated potassium channels
Most stable chair conformation
want the largest subs to be equitorial and trans to give the least amount of steric strain
to form a geminal diol, what could attack a carbonyl carbon
water this represents a hydration reaction to form a geminal diol (a compound with 2 OH groups on the same C)
a cell placed in a hypotonic enviorment causes what movemnt
water moves from high concentration of water from the enviorment into the cell
how does vacuum distillation work
we can lower boiling point by reducing Patm, which can be accomplished through the introduction of a vacuum.
What is the normality of a 0.015 M solution of phosphoric acid?
we need to consider the protons since this is an acid H3PO4 so in this case we multiply 0.015N x 3 H+ ions = 0.045N
Low Ka
weak acid (will react with a base)
Buffer
weak acid or base that can react with strong acids or bases to help prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH ex: citric acid is a weak triprotic acid that acts as a buffer over a range of pH
dissociation of weak acids in water
weak acids will only partially dissociate ; H2CO3 becomes H+ and HCO3- in only a very small amount
Good leaving groups are (list H2O HO- Br- and H- in order of decreasing LG ability)
weak bases H2O > Br-> HO- > H-
what causes the spontaneous formation of anhydrides (specifically cyclic anhydrides)
when a dicarboxyic acid is exposed to heat
Hypotonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes (like NaCl) with a higher concentration of water when a cell is placed in an enviorment with low solute concentration, water travels from environment into the cell
when is vaccum distillation usefull
when components have very high BP and would otherwise be difficult to distill (nucleation sites must be provided by boiling chips or scratching the side of the flask)
virtual image
when image and object are on the same side as the lense creates a negative image distance
kinship of affinity
when individuals are related by choice, rather than through blood ie when a father and stepmother merge children from previous marriages
diffraction of light waves
when light passes through a narrow opening , the light waves spread out; as the slit narrows,the light waves aprad out even more
looking-glass self
when people shape their self concepts based on their understanding of how others perceive them an individual will internalize bias/stigma that is directed towards them
when is work done on a gas
when the gas changes volumes (will be visible on a P vs V graph)
at what point are two populations descended from the same ancesteral stock considered to be seperate species
when they can no longer produce viable, fertile offspring
how can electrons GAIN energy
when they jump to a higher E level ie going from n=2 to n=6
which of the following directly provides the E needed to form ATP in the mitochondrian electron transfer in the electron transport chain an electrochemial proton gradient oxidtion of acetyl CoA B oxidation of fatty acids
while all of the answeres contibute to E production, it is the electrochemical gradient / proton motive force that directly drives the phosphorylation of ATP by the F1 portion of ATP synthase
When a patient is on the operating table for heart surgery, surgeons need to clamp major nearby blood vessels before cutting them because, according to Bernoulli's equation, a volume of pressurized blood opened to the atmosphere:
will convert its pressure to kinetic energy, rapidly exiting the body and causing shock.
when is UV spectroscopy best used
with conjugated systems of double bonds (ie aromatic systems such as with the aromtic AA)
in vitro
within a glass, observable within a test tube
when you treat a 2ndary alcohol with a strong oxidizing agent...
you get a ketone
emission of a photon occurs when
you go from a high energy state to a low energy state
what is the pH of a 0.010M solution of sodium hydroxide at 25C
you know that NaOH is a strong base and will therefor completely dissociate therefor the Hydroxide ion concentration is 1.0 x 10^-2 M the negative log of the OH concentration gives a pOH of 2 since pOH + pH = 14 then 2 + pH = 14 so pH = 12
Type 1 error (alpha)
you sAw a difference that did not really exist (convicting an innocent man)
Type 2 error (beta)
you were Blind to a difference that did exist (FN: setting a guilty man free)
