Module 1 Questions

At rest, photoreceptor cells have OPENED non-selective cation channels, permeable mainly to Na+ and Ca2+. What would you predict a resting potential for a rod to be compared to a 'regular' neuron that sits at -70mV? A)-35mV B)-70mV C)-80mV D)-100mV E)Not enough info

-35

The resting membrane potential of a typical neuron is... -70mV -90mV -50mV

-70mV

how long does AP last on avg for skeletal muscle vs cardiac

1-2ms 200-300ms

An alpha motor neuron innervating type IIx fibers has about 30 muscle fibers in an individual motor unit. How many fibers would you predict there to be in a type I motor unit? 40 1 30 15

15

Of these two scenarios, given normal K+ concentrations inside the cell, which solution would result in a highest K+ driving force? Solution A: Extracellular K+: 0.5mM Solution B: Extracellular K+: 5mM Solution C: Extracellular K+: 50mM

A

How does ADH affect blood pressure?

ADH causes blood vessels to constrict increasing BP

Fig (AP A vs C) a is normal and C has a much longer AP duration same spike height, why a) AP C is hyperkalemia b) AP C is less excitable than AP A c) AP C has more Na flowing in after the peak, slowing repolarization d) AP C has more leak K channels than AP A e) none

AP C is hyperkalemia

Keeping body water and body sodium at homeostasis are of paramount importance (i.e. the most important thing for the human body). Following this logic, which two endocrine glands would arguably be most important? Anterior pituitary and adrenal gland Anterior pituitary and thyroid gland Adrenal gland and thyroid gland Adrenal gland and posterior pituitary Posterior pituitary and thyroid gland

Adrenal gland and posterior pituitary

Hypothyroidism... All of the above Is caused by an autoimmune disorder Produces symptoms of fatigue and cold intolerance Is caused by a lack of iodine in the diet

All of the above

Which of the following is kept at a homeostatic level in the body? Sodium All of these options are correct Blood pressure Water Blood glucose

All of these options are correct

Metabotropic receptors... Result in a decrease in transcriptional activity Activate cAMP Are not channels Are always excitatory

Are not channels

which would cause constant contraction and not allow relaxation A) poison that degrades Ach B) something renders AChE ineffective C)Ca ATPase pumps not being able to pump Ca back into SR D) ATP remains bound to myosin E) B and C

B and C

3 things cortisol keeps at homeostasis

BP insulin enzymes

The reason that a potassium-gated channel on a post-synaptic cell would result in an inhibitory response is... Because potassium is highly concentrated outside cells and is positively charged Because potassium is highly concentrated inside cells and is negatively charged Because potassium is highly concentrated outside cells and is negatively charged Because potassium is highly concentrated inside cells and is positively charged

Because potassium is highly concentrated inside cells and is positively charged

Why is it that changes in K affect resting potential while changes in Na don't? Because K is a positive ion Because there are WAY more K leak channels compared to Na Because potassium comes IN through the Na/K pump, not out Because voltage gated potassium channels are slow to open

Because there are WAY more K leak channels compared to Na

when Ca release from SR stops, what happens to troponin what happens to the myosin binding sites on actin

Ca is no longer bound to it no longer available

how does a smooth muscle know when to contract 4 things

Ca mediated membrane depolarization spontaneous electrical activity NT, hormones, chem environment stretching

Muscular system what is RyR

Ca release channel

where does Ca come from for skeletal muscle contraction (intracellular!) A) Extracellular environment B) Ca storage from SR C) both

Ca storage from SR

Muscular system what is the Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Ca storage organ

The prolonged electrical depolarization of cardiac muscle cells that occurs during contraction is primarily due to the persistent influx of what? Chloride Sodium Calcium Potassium Acetylcholine

Calcium

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Synaptic input onto skeletal muscle cells is always excitatory, whereas inputs to smooth muscle cells may be either excitatory or inhibitory. In the absence of any neural input, skeletal muscle cannot generate active tension. Contractile activity of smooth muscle cells does not normally require Ca2+. Smooth muscle cells usually have one nucleus Ca2+ that activates contraction of smooth muscles can come from either the ECF or from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Contractile activity of smooth muscle cells does not normally require Ca2+.

where does Ca come from for skeletal muscle excitation A) Extracellular environment B) Ca storage from SR C) both

Extracellular environment (Ca into nerve for vesicle fusion...)

4 hormones in favor of bone formation

GH sex hormones calcitonin insulin like growth factor

6 peptide ant pit hormones "good time lets FAP"

GH TSH LH FSH ACTH prolactin

why is GH an "anti-insulin"

GH increases gluconeogenesis which increases blood sugar whereas insulin decreases blood sugar

2 things that increased or decreased can manifest as GH disorders

GH secretion from ant pit IGF1 secretion from liver

GHRH and somatostatin (hypothalamic) effect on GH

GHRH stimulates GH somatostatin inhibits GH

When sodium enters the cell during an action potential, it is... Going through voltage-gated channels Going through ligand gated channels More than one of these choices are correct Repolarizing the cells' potential Moving against its gradient

Going through voltage-gated channels

A patient comes to the clinic with the main complaint of fatigue accompanied with moderate weight gain and always feeling cold. After running the appropriate labs, you would find TSH to be _________________ and diagnose this patient with __________________. Higher than normal ; hypothyroidism Higher than normal ; hyperthyroidism Lower than normal ; hyperthyroidism Lower than normal ; hypothyroidism

Higher than normal ; hypothyroidism

Recruitment principle

I --> IIa--> IIX

A neurotransmitter binds to a metabotropic receptor on a neuron, which elicits an intracellular signaling cascade that opens a channel permeable to chloride. You do not know the distribution of chloride in and outside of this cell. What can you conclude? If chloride is highly concentrated outside, this neurotransmitter will produce an excitatory response Because the ion flowing is chloride, this neurotransmitter produces an inhibitory response If chloride is highly concentrated inside, this neurotransmitter will produce an excitatory response

If chloride is highly concentrated inside, this neurotransmitter will produce an excitatory response

You have discovered a novel steroid hormone. You'd like to isolate its receptor as a part of your next project. Where should you look first? On the cell surface In the cytoplasm Within a membrane protein In the blood stream Any of these might be places where the receptor could be found.

In the cytoplasm

Increasing extracellular sodium will... Increase action potential spike height Not change action potential spike height Decrease action potential spike height

Increase action potential spike height

If the amount of sodium in the blood decreases, what would a negative feedback control mechanism be expected to do? A) Increase the amount of sodium in the blood B) Decrease the amount of sodium in the blood C) Leave the amount of sodium unchanged D) Change the set point for sodium E) Inhibit the ingestion of more sodium

Increase the amount of sodium in the blood

Rafael went on a strength training program that allowed him to build more muscle. The increased amount of muscle he built will.... Increase the peak force he can produce Increase both the force and velocity at which he can contract his muscles Increase the velocity at which he can contract his muscles

Increase the peak force he can produce

Vitamin D is important for bone health because it also directly performs which function of PTH? Increased absorption of calcium from the small intestine Increased reabsorption of calcium from the renal tubules Decreased reabsorption of phosphate Increased osteoclast activity

Increased absorption of calcium from the small intestine

If a post-synaptic ionotropic receptor is permeable to potassium and assuming all normal ionic distributions, the response in the post synaptic cell will be... Excitatory Inhibitory Not enough information to determine

Inhibitory

The L-type calcium channel opens by... Potassium influx during repolarization Calcium efflux from the ryanodine receptor Binding of acetylcholine to the nicotinic receptors on the muscle cell membrane A local potential Initial sodium influx during cardiomyocyte depolarization

Initial sodium influx during cardiomyocyte depolarization

Potassium is high in which fluid compartment(s)? Interstitial only Both plasma and interstitial Plasma only Intracellular only Both plasma and intracellular

Intracellular only

A ligand binds to a channel and opens it, resulting in the influx of chloride into a post-synaptic cell. The receptor and post synaptic response are... Metabotropic and inhibitory Ionotropic and inhibitory Ionotropic and excitatory Ionotropic and neither excitatory nor inhibitory Metabotropic and excitatory

Ionotropic and inhibitory

Passive tension... Happens when the muscle is slacked below Lo More than one of the choices are correct Is a combination of titin force and actin myosin force Is due entirely to the protein titin

Is due entirely to the protein titin

A neuron at rest has a resting potential of -70mV. You put this neuron in a solution where the concentration of potassium in the extracellular solution is much higher. What happens to the resting membrane potential? A)It doesn't change B)It gets more positive (depolarize) C)It gets more negative (hyperpolarize) D)Not enough info given

It gets more positive (depolarize)

A new element has been discovered!! Its name is Rutgeranium and its distribution in the extra- and intracellular fluid is still to be determined. Recently it was found that a ligand gated-Rutgeranium channel opened and resulted in an inhibitory post synaptic response. What can you conclude about Rutgeranium? It is either positively charged and highly concentrated outside OR negatively charged and highly concentrated inside. It is negatively charged and in higher concentrations in the intracellular environment than the extracellular environment It is positively charged and in higher concentrations in the extracellular environment compared to the intracellular It is negatively charged and in higher concentrations in the extracellular environment than the intracellular environment It is either positively charged and highly concentrated inside the cell or negatively charged and highly concentrated outside the cell It is positively charged and in higher concentrations in the intracellular environment than the extracellular environment

It is either positively charged and highly concentrated inside the cell or negatively charged and highly concentrated outside the cell

Which of the following is true regarding the post synaptic cell in a chemical synapse? It is responsible for degrading excess neurotransmitter Binding of a neurotransmitter will result in an excitatory response in the post synaptic cell Binding of a neurotrasmitter will elicit an excitatory response in the presynaptic cell Its receptors can be metabotropic or ionotropic

Its receptors can be metabotropic or ionotropic

AP duration is affected by changes in

K

RMP is affected by changes in

K

The mechanism of action of opioids involves silencing the _____________ and results in more _______________. Modulatory interneuron ; post synaptic excitation Post synaptic neuron ; post synaptic excitation Modulatory interneuron ; post synaptic inhibition Presynaptic neuron ; post synaptic excitation Presynaptic neuron ; post synaptic excitation

Modulatory interneuron ; post synaptic excitation

During labor contractions, release of oxytocin stimulates muscle contraction and uterine distension which results in feedback that promotes _____________ release of oxytocin. Less More

More

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the endocrine system? It is composed of glands that secrete chemical messengers into the blood Most of its components are anatomically connected, like most other systems of the body It is one of two major regulatory systems of the body It influences and is influenced by the nervous system It is an important regulator of homeostatic mechanisms

Most of its components are anatomically connected, like most other systems of the body

Which mechanism of action is NOT common to both cortisol and growth hormone? Muscle building Promoting gluconeogenesis Mobilizing fatty acids

Muscle building

If you could look at the cellular environment in and around a muscle at the end of an ironman (hours-long endurance race), what might you observe? More type II fibers being synthesized All of these Calcium in abnormally high concentrations in the extracellular environment Muscle damage due to activation of proteases

Muscle damage due to activation of proteases

Which of the these is a major difference between smooth and skeletal muscle? Skeletal muscle usually exhibits spontaneous activity while smooth muscle cannot contract spontaneously Myosin is the main protein that is regulated in skeletal muscle Only skeletal muscle requires increased calcium ion concentration in the cytosol for contraction Myosin is the main protein that is regulated in smooth muscle Only skeletal muscle has both actin and myosin

Myosin is the main protein that is regulated in smooth muscle

Which of the proteins in involved in the contraction of smooth muscle is INCORRECTLY paired with its function? Calmodulin - binds calcium Myosin light chain phosphatase - removes the phosphate from actin Myosin light chain kinase - adds a phosphate to myosin Actin - binds to myosin to generate force Myosin - changes shape upon phosphorylation

Myosin light chain phosphatase - removes the phosphate from actin

can you tetanize cardiac muscle (cannot sum stimuli, must contract relax contract...) why

NO prolonged L-type Ca current AP is very long and cannot fire for a long time (long refractory period)

does actin - myosin binding contribute to passive tension

NO! only titin

AP spike height is affected by changes in

Na

In chemical synaptic transmission, what causes the calcium to come into the pre-synaptic neuron? A) Na+ entry from pre-synaptic AP B) Vesicle fusion into the pre-synaptic membrane C) Local potential in the cell body of the pre-synaptic neuron

Na+ entry from pre-synaptic AP (AP occurs cus influx of Na+ into cell, this is what opens those VG Ca2+ channels)

Insulin is released following a meal to decrease blood sugar. This is an example of... Positive feedback Negative feedback

Negative feedback

do smooth muscles have sarcomeres

No Sarcomeres, Not Striated

What is true regarding the posterior pituitary? It synthesizes its own hormones None of these are true It secretes TSH It makes up 2/3 of the pituitary gland

None of these are true

Which of the following statements about oxytocin is true?? Oxytocin is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland Target cells of oxytocin have receptors for the hormone in their nucleus Oxytocin is synthesized by the hypothalamus Oxytocin keeps uterine smooth muscle from contracting, so it prolongs pregnancy Oxytocin's main function is to increase the rate of respiration

Oxytocin is synthesized by the hypothalamus

when blood Ca is high what is secreted when blood ca is low what is secreted

PTH calcitonin

If the myosin ATPase in smooth muscle works at a different rate than skeletal muscle, which parameter would this affect? A) Peak tension B) Peak load C) Peak velocity D) None of these

Peak velocity

Why does an unfused tetanus appear like a squiggly up and down line? The muscle is in its refractory period The muscle is stretched in between stimulations so it doesn't produce as much force The cross bridge is inactivated for a short period of time before it can activate again Periods of relaxation follow each stimulation before another stimulation comes

Periods of relaxation follow each stimulation before another stimulation comes

High intensity fatigue involves Pi precipiating Ca2+, making it unavailable for troponin All choices are correct Two choices are correct Buildup of H+ which accelerates the activity of the myosin ATPase Impaired action potential firing from the alpha motor neuron

Pi precipiating Ca2+, making it unavailable for troponin

Which of the following is a calcium release channel? Ryanodine receptor Tropomyosin Nicotinic receptor DHP receptor Troponin

Ryanodine receptor

This ion is in high concentration outside cells and has very few leak channels present on nerve cell membranes. Potassium Sodium

Sodium

thyroid gland makes 2 hormones what are they and function

T3 Triiodothyronine active form T4 thyroxine T3 reservoir

Thyroid hormone is able to negatively feedback and inhibit the release of _______________, a hormone that is synthesized and secreted by __________.

TSH ant pit

This hormone does not need a receptor on the cell membrane of its target cell. Oxytocin TSH Insulin Testosterone None of these, all hormones need receptors on the cell membranes of their target cells

Testosterone

Lab work showing consistently higher levels than normal of TSH would indicate... The individual may have hypothyroidism The individual may have Grave's disease The individual may have hyperthyroidism The individual may have an overactive thyroid

The individual may have hypothyroidism

Lo can be described as... The length at which a muscle produces maximum velocity or speed The length at which a muscle produces maximum force or tension The length at which the actin and myosin molecules in a given sarcomere are all touching. The length at which a muscle produces maximum power

The length at which a muscle produces maximum force or tension

Which is most directly responsible for the falling (repolarizing) phase of the action potential ATPase destroys the energy supply that was maintaining the action potential at its peak The permeability to Na+ increases greatly Voltage gated Na+ channels are open The permeability to K+ increases while the permeability to Na+ decreases The Na+/K+ pump restores the ions to their original locations outside and inside the cell.

The permeability to K+ increases while the permeability to Na+ decreases

TH acts in a permissive manner on epinephrine and norepinephrine. This means that... Thyroid hormone upregulates the receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine, strengthening their effects Thyroid hormone downregulates the receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine, weakening their effects Norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to TH receptors Norepinephrine and epinephrine antagonize the action of TH

Thyroid hormone upregulates the receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine, strengthening their effects

Suppose you discover a chemical that can block leak potassium channels. What might happen as a result of this blockage? All of the answers are correct The value of the resting membrane potential would change Two of these options are correct K would become more permeable Na might have a larger influence on resting potential

Two of these options are correct (2 and 5)

Which muscle fiber type is always recruited first? Type I Type IIa Type IIb Type I or type IIa, depending on the activity. Type IIx

Type I

The sodium potassium pump... Pumps 3 K's out for every 2Na's in More than one of the choices are correct Uses ATP to power its activity Pumps sodium and potassium down their gradients All of the choices are correct

Uses ATP to power its activity

Which of the following is NOT an anterior pituitary hormone? ACTH Growth Hormone Vasopressin LH FSH

Vasopressin

cortisol is anti immune it surpasses 3 things

WBC growth prostaglandins (inflammatory markers) capillary permeability to injured area

Which of the following ends a positive feedback loop? When an enhancement of the initial stimulus continues When the variable that was increased at the beginning is now back at homeostatic levels When the initial stimulus lessens in intensity When the initial stimulus ends

When the initial stimulus ends

A slow-twitch muscle fiber... Will cycle through the cross bridge faster than a fast-twitch muscle fiber All of the answers are correct. Will have more mitochondria than a fast-twitch muscle fiber Will fatigue faster than a fast-twitch muscle fiber

Will have more mitochondria than a fast-twitch muscle fiber

Which of the following is an example of homeostasis? You go outside in the freezing weather and shiver Your stomach grumbles because you are hungry Blood sugar rises following a meal You get a cut on your finger and a blood clot forms

You go outside in the freezing weather and shiver

Hormones... travel freely in the blood for long periods of time only act in the brain activity depends on the amount secreted compared to the amount excreted all can cross cell membranes

activity depends on the amount secreted compared to the amount excreted

what secretes aldosterone

adrenal cortex

What secretes cortisol? what stimulates cortisol

adrenal gland ACTH

what secretes epic/norepi effects

adrenal medulla sympathetic

if Ca were unavailable, it would affect the structure/conformation of which structure during a contraction A) troponin B) tropomyosin C) myosin D) actin E) all of them

all of them

in which body systems do you find smooth muscle circulatory respiratory urinary reproductive all the above

all the above

how are ant and post pit connected to hypothalamus also which is left and which is right

ant pit portal system post pit neural connection ant left post right

What is Grave's disease what does this cause

antibodies that bind to and activate TSH receptors overproducing TH hyperthyroidism

Post partum thyroiditis is when

antithyroid antibodies attack thyroid

Receptor cells... are present in all sensory transduction with the exception of smell Constantly fire high frequency action potentials Do not include rods and cones Are neurons

are present in all sensory transduction with the exception of smell

what is Hashimoto's disease what can this cause

autoimmune disease of the thyroid hypothyroidism

what do organophosphates do regarding AchE what does this cause in what state do muscles remain

block it death by paralysis contracted

where is 99% of all bodily Ca what form is it in

bone CaPO4-

osteoporosis is too much what does resorption mean more common in women or men

bone breakdown absorption into blood/tissue women

for smooth and cardiac muscle, Ca comes from are there T-tubules how is Ca removed and where does it go

both SR and extracellular environment no via pump back to SR and extracellular environment

true or false hair cell in ear fires AP rod/cone fires AP

both false

What does acetylcholinesterase (AchE) do?

break down Ach in synaptic cleft

4 main effects of PTH

breakdown bone increase osteoplasts increase intestinal ca absorbtion increase ca resorption in kidneys not peed out decrease resorption of po4 so ca can be free

osteoblast osteoplast

build bone breakdown bone

Which of the following is true regarding rods in the dark? Guanylyl cyclase is inactive cGMP levels are high inside rods and cones Non selective cation channels are closed Transducin is active

cGMP levels are high inside rods and cones

how is cardiac muscle similar to smooth muscle

cardiac myocytes are small and have 1 nucleus

5 functions of GH

cell division protein synthesis bone growth fat breakdown gluconeogenesis

hormone know which target cell to go to where are these things

chemical messengers plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

4 types of tissue

connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous

why can hyperthyroidism be more serious than hypothyroidism

constant elevated heart rate can cause strain

what does aldosterone do

control blood Na

adrenal cortex vs medulla

cortex outside medulla inside

steroid hormones 4 examples ("cate") structural synthesis receptor

cortisol aldosterone testosterone estrogen derived from cholesterol intracellular, sometimes nucleus

what does tropomyosin do at rest

covers myosin binding sites on actin

to relax, myosin must be this is done by

dephosphorylated MLC phosphate (myosin light chain)

cell is no longer permeable to K, now it is permeable to sodium, what happens to RMP a) no change B) depolarize (get more +) C) hyperpolarize (get more -) D) cannot determine

depolarize

in the dark, rods and cones are hyperpolarized/depolarized in the light, rods and cones are hyperpolarized/depolarized what are the mV values

depolarized -35 hyperpolarized -70

vitamin D deficiency effect would this increase osteoblasts why

don't absorb ca properly no osteoplasts PTH would be secreted triggering osteoplasts to break bone down to increase blood ca

Why are there different concentrations of Na+ in and outside cells?

drives a shit ton of physiology...

what is endocrine system made up of

ductless glands that secrete hormones

what cells alter rate of hormone secretion

endocrine

cortisol has permissive effects on this constricts blood vessels leading to

epi norepi BP homeostasis

amine hormones 4 examples ("THe dn") structural synthesis receptor exception

epinephrine dopamine norepinephrine thyroid hormone derived form AA tyrosine plasma membrane TH intracellular receptor

function of LH

estrogen and testosterone

NT binds to ionotropic receptor, permits Na flux this leads to excitatory, inhibitory, not enough info

excitatory

NT binds to metabotropic receptor starts 2nd messenger cascade that closes K channel which is usually open (normal situation) will this elicit excitatory, inhibitory, not enough info

excitatory

Action potentials can sum (you can add them together). True False

false

All other things being equal, if the concentration of calcium increases, the force will increase also in a linear fashion. False True

false

Relaxation of muscle is a passive process (does not require ATP). True False

false

The calcium that permits neurotrasmitter release from the alpha motor neuron is recycled and used as calcium that becomes available for the muscle contraction. True False

false

Thyroid hormone increases basal metabolic rate by promoting insulin release. True False

false

true or false Prolactin is synthesized in the hypothalamus.

false

Extracellular fluid, including intracellular and interstitial fluid, is high in potassium. A)True B)False

false Q doesn't make sense and extracellular fluid is high in Na+ not K+

muscle fatigue is a drop in 3 things

force velocity power

function of GH what factor does it promote

growth and metabolism IgF1

how is cardiac muscle similar to skeletal muscle

has sarcomeres, troponin, tropomyosin T-tubules, SR system (slightly different)

where do we find electrical synapses

heart

high or low ADH when you are dehydrated overhydrated why

high ADH means water retention low ADH means pee out water

relative to the cell, where is there high Na+ high K+

high Na+ outside cell high K+ in cell

hyperalkemia

high blood K

Hypernatremia

high blood Na

levels of ACTH when cortisol is high low

high cortisol low ACTH low cortisol high ACTH

what does myosin ATPase do

hydrolyses of myosin ATP in the presence of actin to form myosin ADP + P

The resting potential of a neuron that is submerged in a solution with zero extracellular potassium will __________________ because __________________________. hyperpolarize ; the driving force for potassium to exit the cell increases depolarize ; the driving force for potassium to exit the cell increases hyperpolarize ; the driving force for potassium to exit the cell decreases depolarize ; the driving force for potassium to exit the cell decreases hyperpolarize ; the driving force for potassium to enter the cell increases

hyperpolarize ; the driving force for potassium to exit the cell increases

the release of ant pit hormones is inhibited/stimulated by

hypothalamic hormones

Post partum thyroiditis 6 months post partum symptoms

hypothyroid symptoms

what is T3 prescribed for why

hypothyroidism

what do organophosphates do regarding VG na channels what does this do to the nicotinic receptor muscle remains n what state (in terms of voltage)

inactivate them sensitizes it depolarized

in the dark, glutamate release increases/decreases in the light, glutamate release increases/decreases

increases decreases

how does GH promote protein synthesis (especially in muscle cells)

increases AA uptake in muscle cells and increases ribosome synthesis/activity

how does vitamin D stimulate intestinal ca reabsorption

increases ca channels on epithelial cells

how does GH promote bone growth

increases cell division at epiphyseal plate in bone

how does GH promote breakdown of fats

increases circulation of E stores

how does GH promote cell division

increases cyclins increasing mitosis

TH potentiates sympathetic effects how does it make more epinephrine/norepinephrine

increases epinephrine/norepinephrine RECEPTORS NOOOOO

NT binds to ionotropic receptor permits Cl- flux, in this case Cl is higher outside the cell compare to inside, will this elicit an inhibitory, exhibitory response or not enough info

inhibitory

NT binds to metabotropic receptor, starts 2nd messenger cascade, that closes Ca channel, will this elicit an inhibitory, exhibitory response or not enough info?

inhibitory

If NT binds and opens channel permeable to K+, is this excitatory or inhibitory?

inhibitory (lots of K+ in cell so if channel opens, K will leave cell making cell more - --> inhibitory)

peptide hormones 5 examples ("I give an ox's ass") structural synthesis receptor

insulin glucagon anterior pituitary hormone oxytocin ADH 3AA glycopeptides made on ribosomes plasma membrane

what does IGF 1 stand for

insulin growth factor

Why does lack of iodine cause the thyroid gland to enlarge/hypothyroidism

iodine needed to make TH a lack means too much TSH leads to goiter

The DHP receptor... is a calcium channel is a charge-sensitive protein is bound to troponin is found on the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane

is a charge-sensitive protein

The rate limiting step of the cross-bridge cycle... is the power stroke is release of ADP and Pi is ATP binding is hydrolysis of ATP

is hydrolysis of ATP

Muscular System what happens when Ca binds to troponin

it moves tropomyosin off myosin binding sites on actin

Sodium concentration outside a neuron is higher than usual. How would this affect resting membrane potential? A) It would not affect it B) It would depolarize resting membrane potential C) It would hyperpolarize resting membrane potential D) Resting membrane potential would be zero

it would not affect it due to few Na leak channels, Na concentration does not have much of an effect on RMP, however, this can increase AP spike height

GH replacement therapy is for long term risks

kids with GH defficiency increased blood sugar

kinase vs phosphatase activity what does each do dependent on Ca how so

kinase phosphorylates phosphatase dephosphorylates high Ca kinase low Ca phosphatase

if call has more K leak channels is it more or less excitable

less

decreased aldosterone means more or less sodium do we pee or not

less yes

why is the endocrine system highly integrative

links many processes together (eg. homeostasis)

what is gluconeogenesis

liver breakdown glucose

in smooth muscle versus skeletal muscle how long is the AP in length and duration does it vary usually begins with influx of what, is this always true

longer and slower yes based on type of smooth muscle Ca no

myosin ATPase on smooth muscle has what rate of activity and what kind of velocity compared to skeletal

low rate slower velocity

function of prolactin

make milk

function of FSH

make sperm and eggs

The anterior pituitary... Synthesizes and secretes thyroid hormone makes up 2/3 of the pituitary gland releases oxytocin which aids labor contractions More than one of these choices are correct secretes, but does not synthesize growth hormone

makes up 2/3 of the pituitary gland

4 functions of TH

metabolism --> use fuel --> ATP increase carb absorption from small intestine increase fatty acid release from fat cells increase fuel stores for APT (body uses these substrates for ATP to power Na/K pumps)

oxytocin function vasopressin function

milk ejection, labor contraction, pair bonding water retention, smooth muscle contraction

Opioids involves silencing the ( ) resulting in more postsynaptic (. ) pre syn. inh post syn exh modulatory inter exh modulatory inter inh

modulatory interneuron excitation

if hyperkalemia, cell will become more or less excitable

more

if threshold is -60 instead of -55 will this make the cell more or less excitable (excitability is determined by how close RMP and threshold are)

more threshold closer to RMP

increased aldosterone means more or less sodium do we pee or not

more no

opioids are present, the presynaptic cell is more or less excitable

more excitable

What is a motor unit?

motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

A motor unit is composed of

motor neuron and all the fibers it innervates

what happens when there is no more AP in alpha MN

muscle relaxes

Muscular System ATP binds to Ca binds to

myosin troponin

What type of feedback is homeostasis, positive or negative?

negative

taste has a receptor cell that synapses on the where as smell, the receptor cell is the

neuron neuron

what is an alpha motor neuron

neurons that innervate skeletal muscles

can a type I become type II

no

cortisol is an anti-inflammatory hormone would this help your immune system

no

relationship between thyroid and stress scientific proof? clinical opinion?

no correlation

is GH an adrenal hormone what kind is it what secretes it

no peptide ant pit

recruitment principle

no matter what, muscle fibers always recruited I --> IIa --> IIX

is it possible to change your muscle fiber type composition yes no gray area

no/gray area

Post partum thyroiditis 1 yr post partum symptoms

none

what does tropomyosin do when muscle contracts

not covering myosin binding sites on actin

NT binds to ionotropic receptor permits unknown ion flux will this elicit an inhibitory, exhibitory response or not enough info

not enough info

what determines the force (load) of a muscle

number of actin - myosin bridges if more, force is stronger, if less, force weaker

2 substances that poison neuromuscular junction

organophosphates (insecticides) vecuronium

Potassium flows __________ the cell through leak channels, ___________ its gradient. into, down (with) out of , up (against) out of , down (with) into , up (against)

out of , down (with)

what 2 hormones are secreted by post pit where are they made

oxytocin vasopressin/ADH

what cells initiate cardiac AP where are they located

pacemaker cells SA node

what type of hormones are PTH and calcitonin where is each secreted from are they agonists

peptide hormones PTH parathyroid Calcitonin parafollicular thyroid cells (thyroid) no antagonists

what kind of hormones are water soluble what is the exception, what type of hormone is it

peptides and amines thyroid hormone amine

Blood is a part of which fluid compartment? A) Intracellular fluid B) Interstitial fluid C) Plasma

plasma

the ant pit is connected to the hypothalamus via which means they are

portal system neurally connected

Nerve cells are most permeable to... A)Sodium B)Calcium C)Potassium D)Chloride E)Potassium and Chloride equally

potassium

regarding the endocrine system, what is meant by permissiveness

potentiating effects

normal T3 levels are required for low T3 results in

proper growth in children poor growth mental retardation

cortisol increases 4 things

protein catabolism triglyceride catabolism gluconeogenesis reduce non essential functions (growth and reproduction)

what does Ca ATPase pump and where does it pump it is this down or up the concentration gradient

pumps Ca back into SR up

what does calcitonin do (2 things)

put ca back into bone activates osteoblasts

what determines muscle velocity

rate of CB cycling (myosin ATPase enzyme)

what is GH insensitivity is this genetic

receptors fail to respond to GH yes

What are troponin and tropomyosin?

regulatory proteins

what does calcium ATPase do

remove Ca from cell

In the light.. Transducin is inactive cGMP levels in the rod/cone are high resting membrane potential is hyperpolarized compared to the dark Rod/cone action potentials are less frequent than in the dark

resting membrane potential is hyperpolarized compared to the dark

which occurs when light strikes photoreceptors? A) retinal changes shape B) increase in NT release from photoreceptor cells C) photoreceptor cell membranebecomes depolarized D) concentration of cGMP inside cells increases E) photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fire AP

retinal changes shape

hair cell in ear is analogous to the ( ) in the eye a) BC b) rod c) cone d) ganglion e) B or C

rod and cone

rods/cones, GC, BC each makes: AP, local potential, neither?

rods/cones local GC AP BC neither

what is the functional unit of skeletal muscle

sarcomere

hormone concentration in plasma depends on what 2 things

secretion rate removal rate (liver/kidneys)

3 things that affect GH

sex hormones insulin TH

where do hormones go

site of secretion to target cell

cat laying down, its calf muscle fibers are at Lo, what type of force is happening none small amount of passive tension peak force since fibers are at Lo

small amount of passive tension

smooth muscle versus skeletal size forces troponin what kind of filament regulation

smaller smaller forces no troponin thick

cardiac muscle combines features of what

smooth and skeletal

Does more Ca = more muscular force why A) yes B) no C) trick question

sometimes yes sometimes no

hormone transported in your bloodstream, how does it know where to stop/act A) secreted rlly close to where it needs to go B) has binding protein with directionality C) specific receptors for hormone in body, hormone travels there

specific receptors for hormone in body, hormone travels there

a hormone is isolated and requires a binding protein to travel in blood steroid peptide has receptors on cell membrane two answers are correct

steroid

what does it mean to tetanize a muscle when does this occur

sustained muscle contraction motor nerve innervates skeletal muscle emits action potentials at a very high rate

Function of ACTH

tells adrenal cortex to release cortisol

what does a kinase do phosphorylate put a P on something add a phosphate group these are all the same thing

these are all the same thing all the above Kinases phosphorylate!

experimentally Ca directly activates/opens the calcium release channel on smooth muscle SR suppose you had a few cells sitting in solution with no Ca, how would subjecting these cells to caffeine affect the behavior of the smooth muscles (caffeine easily crosses cell membrane) A) behavior would not change since there is no extracellular Ca B) they would produce force greater than if there were extracellular Ca present C) they would produce force but it would be less than if there were extracellular calcium present D) they would relax

they would produce force but it would be less than if there were extracellular calcium present

what kind of hormones require transport proteins are they water soluble

thyroid hormone and steroids no

function of TSH

thyroid stimulating hormone

what explains passive tension

titin

person has hypothyroidism, thyroid gland unresponsive, not making enough TH, assume thyroids gland (not pit) is issue what do you expect TSH concentrations in blood to be too low too high normal

too high

syndromes associated with too much or too little cortisol what is each syndrome due to

too much Cushings syndrome tumor too little Addisons disease autoimmune attack on adrenal gland/loss of - feedback

acromegaly is due to ( ) during leads to

too much GH adulthood big bones

Interstitial fluid and plasma are both considered extracellular fluid and thus have similar ionic components. A) True B) False

true

true or false extracellular calcium is kept in narrow/homeostatic range

true

true or false the post pit is a neural extension of the hypothalamus

true

true or false a muscle fiber is a muscle cell

true

which muscle fiber type produces the most force this can be seen on which graphs

type II X force velocity and force calcium

what type of muscle fiber is lost as we age what can mitigate this worse in women due to low

type IIs strength training estrogen post menopause

where is the pituitary gland another name for pituitary gland

under hypothalamus hypophysis

which is a post pit hormone dopamine vasopressin/ADH norepinephrine growth hormone cortisol

vasopressin/ADH

muscle fiber types are classified by

velocity

what are muscle fiber types classified by

velocity

In chemical synaptic transmission, the opening of what type of channel results in ion influx and eventual vesicle fusion with the presynaptic terminal membrane? ligand gated potassium channels voltage gated sodium channels ligand gated calcium channels voltage gated potassium channels ligand gated sodium channels voltage gated calcium channels

voltage gated calcium channels

symptoms of Addison's disease treatment

weakness fatigue weight loss cortisol

Symptoms of Cushing's syndrome treatment

weight gain increased catabolism increased blood sugar increased appetite remove tumor

Post partum thyroiditis first few months symptoms

weight loss anxiousness

Muscular system is DHP receptor charge sensitive

yes

are hormone secreting cells part of the endocrine system

yes

are motor neurons fiber type specific

yes

are the effects of TH widespread

yes

can muscle be at Lo without making force

yes

do exocrine glands have ducts

yes

does GH run on a circadian rhythm when are GH levels the highest when is the most GH released

yes adolescence during sleep

is vitamin D fat soluble is it a hormone or a vitamin does it help innate immune response how (2 ways)

yes both yes preserve barrier integrity and gut biome

does H+ affect velocity if yes, how

yes decreases velocity via interfering with myosin ATPase activity

can something be a hormone and a NT give 3 examples

yes dopamine epinephrine norepinephrine

can a type II X become a type II a through what

yes endurance training

does Pi inhibit force and why

yes it binds to Ca

is vecuronium used during surgery is it an Act antagonist what does it do regarding Ach is it depolarizing, why

yes yes blocks Ach binding sites on nicotinic receptors no, cell never even fires AP

Which of the following is an example of homeostasis? A)You take a hot shower and your body temperature increases B)You go swimming in a cold lake and your body temperature decreases C)You overeat for a week and you gain weight D)You run a marathon and you get thirsty E)None of the above

you run a marathon and get thirsty (thirst is what initiates the homeostasis - "get my body back to normal")