Module 7
29. In a patellar reflex, the nerve impulses that reach the quadriceps muscle (the effector) result in the classic _____________________________________ _____________________________________ response.
"Knee jerk,"
What are the four stages of drug development:
(1) preclinical research and development: 1 to 3 years, although the average length of time is 18 months. (2) clinical research and development: The stage in which humans are first tested (i.e., the clinical research or IND stage) is usually subdivided into three phases (3) New Drug Application (NDA) review: Sufficient information is collected typically takes 24 months (4) postmarketing surveillance:
Nurses may not have controlled substance in their possession unless:
(1) the nurse is giving them to a patient under an order from a healthcare provider (2) the nurse is a patient for whom a healthcare provider has prescribed scheduled drugs (3) the nurse is the official custodian of a limited supply of controlled substances on a unit or for a department of the hospital.
nervous and muscular systems
(2 months); lift the head and raise the chest (3 months); sit when well supported (4 months); crawl (10 months); stand alone (12 months); and run, although a bit stiffly (18 months).
primary germ layers:
1. Endoderm—inside layer 2. Mesoderm—middle layer 3. Ectoderm—outside layer
Schedule II Drugs
1. High potential for abuse 2. Currently accepted for medical use in the United States 3. Abuse potential that may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence 4. Requires new prescription; no refills Examples: amphetamines, morphine, hydrocodone/acetaminophen (Vicodin), hydrocodone/acetaminophen (Lortab), hydrocodone/acetaminophen (Norco), methadone, oxycodone/aspirin (Percodan), methylphenidate (Ritalin), amphetamine/dextroamphetamine (Adderall)
Schedule III Drugs
1. High potential for abuse but less so than drugs in Schedules I and II 2. Currently accepted for medical use in the United States 3. Abuse potential that may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence 4. Prescription outdates in 6 months; no more than five refills in that 6 months Examples: aspirin/codeine (Empirin with codeine), aspirin/butalbital/caffeine (Fiorinal), acetaminophen/codeine (Tylenol with codeine)
Schedule IV Drugs
1. Low potential for abuse compared with drugs in Schedule III 2. Currently accepted for medical use in the United States 3. Abuse potential that may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence compared with drugs in Schedule III 4. Prescription outdates in 6 months; no more than five refills in that 6 months Examples: phenobarbital, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, flurazepam, temazepaml
Schedule V Drugs
1. Low potential for abuse compared with drugs in Schedule IV 2. Currently accepted for medical use in the United States 3. Abuse potential of limited physical or psychological dependence liability compared with drugs in Schedule IV; because abuse potential is low, a prescription may not be required 4. Prescription outdates in 6 months, no more than five refills in that 6 months Example: atropine/diphenoxylate (Lomotil, Virtussin AC)
The external genitalia of women
1. Mons pubis 2. Clitoris 3. External urinary meatus 4. Labia minora 5. Hymen 6. Openings of vestibular gland ducts 7. Orifice (opening) of vagina 8. Labia majora
Schedule 1
1. Very high potential for abuse 2. Not currently accepted for medical use in the United States 3. Lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision Examples: lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), peyote, heroin, hashish
Age Stage
<38 wk gestation Premature 0-1 mo Newborn, neonate 1-24 mo Infant, toddler 3-5 yr Young child 6-12 yr Older child 13-18 yr Adolescent 19-54 yr Adult 55-64 yr Older adult 65-74 yr Elderly 75-84 yr The aged 85 yr or older The very old
_________ 79. 12 pairs A. Cranial nerves B. Spinal nerves
A Cranial nerves
_________ 81. Vagus A. Cranial nerves B. Spinal nerves
A Cranial nerves
_________ 84. Optic A. Cranial nerves B. Spinal nerves
A Cranial nerves
38. Puberty starts at age ________ years in boys. A. 10 to 13 B. 12 to 14 C. 14 to 16 D. none of the above
A. 10 to 13
5. What occurs as a result of stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system? A. Accelerated heart rate B. Constriction of blood vessels in skeletal muscles C. Increased peristalsis D. All of the above
A. Accelerated heart rate
8. Which of the following events, if any, is not characteristic of adolescence? A. Bone closure occurs B. Secondary sexual characteristics develop C. Very rapid growth occurs D. Growth spurts occur in both sexes
A. Bone closure occurs
43. Which one of the following is not part of the diencephalon? A. Cerebrum B. Thalamus C. Pituitary gland D. Third-ventricle gray matter
A. Cerebrum
____________________ 61. Accumulation of abnormal proteins in the brain with memory loss A. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) B. Epilepsy C. Concussion D. Hemiplegia E. Cerebral palsy F. EEG G. Huntington disease H. CVA I. Dementia J. Paraplegia
A. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive and fatal brain disease associated with repeated traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), including concussions and repeated blows to the head. It is also associated with the development of dementia.
_________ 2. Chromosome A. DNA molecule B. Male or female reproductive cell C. Special form of nuclear division D. Formed by union of sperm and ovum at conception E. Distinct code within a DNA molecule F. Adenine G. Entire collection of genetic material in each typical cell H. Cartoon of a chromosome I. Analysis of the genome's code J. Analysis of the proteins encoded by the genome
A. DNA molecule
_________ 91. Sympathetic division A. Divisions of ANS B. Tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses C. Voluntary actions D. Regulates body's involuntary functions E. Motor neurons that make up the ANS F. Conduct impulses between the spinal cord and a ganglion
A. Divisions of ANS
_________ 19. Hypertension A. High blood pressure B. Chorion C. Birth D. "Bag of waters" E. Hardening of arteries F. Degeneration G. Fat accumulation in arteries H. Secondary sexual characteristics I. Clouding of eye lens J. High eye pressure
A. High blood pressure
Match each term on the left with the most appropriate description on the right. _________ 8. Nodes of Ranvier A. Indentations between adjacent Schwann cells B. Branching projection of a neuron C. Also known as efferent D. Forms myelin outside the CNS E. Tough sheath that covers the whole nerve F. Groups of wrapped axons
A. Indentations between adjacent Schwann cells
_________ 15. Fiber-optic viewing instrument A. Laparoscope B. Gestation C. Antenatal D. Histogenesis E. Apgar score F. Endoderm G. In vitro H. Parturition I. Embryo J. Ultrasonogram
A. Laparoscope
4. The first 4 weeks of human life following birth are referred to as which of the following? A. Neonatal B. Infancy C. Prenatal D. Embryonic
A. Neonatal
_________ 44. Study of the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the newborn A. Neonatology B. Neonatal C. Adolescence D. Deciduous E. Puberty F. Postnatal G. Gerontology H. Childhood I. Senescence
A. Neonatology
_________ 11. Axon A. Neurons B Neuroglia
A. Neurons
_________ 14. Sensory A. Neurons B Neuroglia
A. Neurons
_________ 15. Conduct impulses A. Neurons B Neuroglia
A. Neurons
_________ 18. Efferent A. Neurons B Neuroglia
A. Neurons
_________ 20. Neurilemma A. Neurons B Neuroglia
A. Neurons
3. What is the innermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord? A. Pia mater B. Dura mater C. Arachnoid mater D. Pons mater
A. Pia mater
_________ 26. Cystic fibrosis is an example A. Single-gene disease B. Nondisjunction C. Monosomy D. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy E. Cystic fibrosis F. Phenylketonuria G. Down syndrome H. Klinefelter syndrome I. Turner syndrome J. Genetic predisposition
A. Single-gene disease
53. A cerebrovascular accident is commonly referred to as (a): A. stroke B. Parkinson disease C. tumor D. multiple sclerosis
A. Stroke
Match each term on the left with the most appropriate description on the right. _________ 4. Autonomic nervous system A. Subdivision of peripheral nervous system B. Ear C. Brain and spinal cord D. Nerves that extend to the outlying parts of the body
A. Subdivision of peripheral nervous system
_________ 100. "Goose pimples" A. Sympathetic control B. Parasympathetic control
A. Sympathetic control
_________ 101. Increases sweat secretion A. Sympathetic control B. Parasympathetic control
A. Sympathetic control
_________ 103. Constricts blood vessels A. Sympathetic control B. Parasympathetic control
A. Sympathetic control
_________ 105. Relaxes bladder A. Sympathetic control B. Parasympathetic control
A. Sympathetic control
_________ 106. Increases epinephrine secretion A. Sympathetic control B. Parasympathetic control
A. Sympathetic control
_________ 12. Axon A. Transmits away from the cell body B. Interneuron C. White matter D. Cranial nerve E. Thalamus F. Glioma G. Emotional brain H. Acetylcholine I. Dermatome J. Medulla oblongata
A. Transmits away from the cell body
7. The three most important "low-tech" methods for improving the quality of life as you age are: A. a healthy diet, exercise, and stress management B. a healthy diet, marriage, and money C. a healthy diet, a good job, and living in the suburbs D. a healthy diet, weight management, and exercise
A. a healthy diet, exercise, and stress management
9. A karyotype: A. can detect trisomy B. is useful for diagnosing a tubal pregnancy C. is frequently used as a tool in gene augmentation therapy D. can detect the presence of oncogenes
A. can detect trisomy
31. During the first 4 months, the birth weight will: A. double B. triple C. quadruple D. none of the abov
A. double
1. Independent assortment of chromosomes ensures: A. each offspring from a single set of parents is genetically unique B. at meiosis, each gamete receives the same number of chromosomes C. that the sex chromosomes always match D. an equal number of males and females are born
A. each offspring from a single set of parents is genetically unique
97. Sympathetic stimulation usually results in a/an: A. response by numerous organs B. response by only one organ C. increase in peristalsis D. constriction of pupils
A. response by numerous organs
98. Parasympathetic stimulation frequently results in a/an: A. response by only one organ B. response by numerous organs C. fight-or-flight syndrome D. increase in heart beat
A. response by only one organ
5. When a sperm cell unites with an ovum, a _________ is formed. A. zygote B. chromosome C. gamete D. none of the above
A. zygote
Female Reproductive Organs Gonads: ovaries (right ovary and left ovary)
ACCESSORY ORGANS Ducts: uterine tubes (two), uterus, vagina Accessory sex glands: vestibular glands (two pairs), breasts (two) External genitals: vulva
Pineal gland
Adjusts output of melatonin in response to changes in external light, to keep the body's internal clock on time
110. Axons that release norepinephrine are classified as _______________________________________________ _____________________________________.
Adrenergic fibers
Antibiotics
Aminoglycosides amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin Cephalosporins cefotaxime, cefotetan, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, cefpodoxime Penicillins ampicillin, piperacillin, ticarcillin Quinolones ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin Others vancomycin, minocycline, aztreonam, imipenem, co-trimoxazole, ethambutol
Cardiovascular agents
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors benazepril, captopril, ramipril Antiarrhythmic agents dofetilide Beta-adrenergic blocking agents atenolol, labetalol, pindolol, metoprolol, nadolol, propranolol Digitalis glycoside digoxin
57. Hardening of the arteries, or _____________________________________, occurs during the aging process.
Arteriosclerosis
Filtration capacity of infant
At birth, a preterm infant has up to 15% of the renal capacity of an adult, whereas a full-term newborn has approximately 35% of that capacity. The filtration capacity of an infant increases to about 50% of adult capacity at 4 weeks of age and is equivalent to full adult function at 9 to 12 months.
56. Fatty deposits accumulate in blood vessels as we age, and the result is _____________________________________, which narrows the passageway for the flow of blood.
Atherosclerosis
_________ 12. Supporting cells A. Neurons B Neuroglia
B Neuroglia
_________ 13. Astrocytes A. Neurons B Neuroglia
B Neuroglia
_________ 16. Form the myelin sheath around central nerve fibers A. Neurons B Neuroglia
B Neuroglia
_________ 17. Phagocytosis A. Neurons B Neuroglia
B Neuroglia
_________ 19. Multiple sclerosis A. Neurons B Neuroglia
B Neuroglia
_________ 80. Dermatome A. Cranial nerves B. Spinal nerves
B Spinal nerves
_________ 82. Shingles A. Cranial nerves B. Spinal nerves
B Spinal nerves
_________ 83. 31 pairs A. Cranial nerves B. Spinal nerves
B Spinal nerves
_________ 85. C1 A. Cranial nerves B. Spinal nerves
B Spinal nerves
_________ 86. Plexus A. Cranial nerves B. Spinal nerves
B Spinal nerves
34. The infant can lift its head and raise its chest at: A. 2 months B. 3 months C. 4 months D. 10 months
B. 3 months
Match each term on the left with the most appropriate description on the right. _________ 5. Dendrite A. Indentations between adjacent Schwann cells B. Branching projection of a neuron C. Also known as efferent D. Forms myelin outside the CNS E. Tough sheath that covers the whole nerve F. Groups of wrapped axons
B. Branching projection of neuron
_________ 20. Placenta A. High blood pressure B. Chorion C. Birth D. "Bag of waters" E. Hardening of arteries F. Degeneration G. Fat accumulation in arteries H. Secondary sexual characteristics I. Clouding of eye lens J. High eye pressure
B. Chorion
Match each term on the left with the most appropriate description on the right. _________ 1. Sense organ A. Subdivision of peripheral nervous system B. Ear C. Brain and spinal cord D. Nerves that extend to the outlying parts of the body
B. Ear
____________________ 62. Recurring or chronic seizure episodes A. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) B. Epilepsy C. Concussion D. Hemiplegia E. Cerebral palsy F. EEG G. Huntington disease H. CVA I. Dementia J. Paraplegia
B. Epilepsy
_________ 14. Length of pregnancy A. Laparoscope B. Gestation C. Antenatal D. Histogenesis E. Apgar score F. Endoderm G. In vitro H. Parturition I. Embryo J. Ultrasonogram
B. Gestation
4. A nurse is caring for a patient with a tumor of the cerebellum. In view of the functions of this part of the brain, which of the following symptoms should the nurse expect to observe? A. Irregular heart beat and increased blood pressure B. Inability to coordinate body movements C. Loss of speech D. Inability to control emotions
B. Inability to coordinate body movements
_________ 15. Central neuron A. Transmits away from the cell body B. Interneuron C. White matter D. Cranial nerve E. Thalamus F. Glioma G. Emotional brain H. Acetylcholine I. Dermatome J. Medulla oblongata
B. Interneuron
47. Which of the following is not true of the cerebrum? A. Its lobes correspond to the bones that lie over them B. Its grooves are called gyri C. Most of its gray matter lies on the surface of the cerebrum D. Its outer region is called the cerebral cortex E. Its two hemispheres are connected by a structure called the corpus callosum
B. Its grooves are called gyri
_________ 3. Gamete A. DNA molecule B. Male or female reproductive cell C. Special form of nuclear division D. Formed by union of sperm and ovum at conception E. Distinct code within a DNA molecule F. Adenine G. Entire collection of genetic material in each typical cell H. Cartoon of a chromosome I. Analysis of the genome's code J. Analysis of the proteins encoded by the genome
B. Male or female reproductive cell
20. Klinefelter syndrome occurs in _____________________________________. A. Cystic fibrosis B. Males C. Phenylketonuria D. Carrier E. Genome F. Females G. Punnett square H. Oncogenes I. Karyotype J. Tay-Sachs disease K. Amniocentesis L. Hemophilia
B. Males Klinefelter syndrome (KS), also known as 47,XXY is the set of symptoms that result from two or more X chromosomes in males. The primary features are infertility and small poorly functioning testicles. Often, symptoms are subtle and subjects do not realize they are affected.
_________ 48. First 4 weeks of infancy A. Neonatology B. Neonatal C. Adolescence D. Deciduous E. Puberty F. Postnatal G. Gerontology H. Childhood I. Senescence
B. Neonatal
_________ 28. Term used to describe what happens when a pair of chromosomes fails to separate A. Single-gene disease B. Nondisjunction C. Monosomy D. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy E. Cystic fibrosis F. Phenylketonuria G. Down syndrome H. Klinefelter syndrome I. Turner syndrome J. Genetic predisposition
B. Nondisjunction
_________ 102. Increases secretion of digestive juices A. Sympathetic control B. Parasympathetic control
B. Parasympathetic control
_________ 104. Slows heart beat A. Sympathetic control B. Parasympathetic control
B. Parasympathetic control
_________ 107. Increases peristalsis A. Sympathetic control B. Parasympathetic control
B. Parasympathetic control
_________ 108. Stimulates lens for near vision A. Sympathetic control B. Parasympathetic control
B. Parasympathetic control
_________ 99. Constricts pupils A. Sympathetic control B. Parasympathetic control
B. Parasympathetic control
94. Which of the following is not correct? A. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies located in the lateral gray column of certain parts of the spinal cord B. Sympathetic preganglionic axons pass along the dorsal root of certain spinal nerves C. There are synapses within sympathetic ganglia D. Sympathetic responses are usually widespread, involving many organs
B. Sympathetic preganglionic axons pass along the dorsal root of certain spinal nerves
49. The area of the cerebrum responsible for the perception of sound lies in the ____________ lobe. A. frontal B. temporal C. occipital D. parietal
B. Temporal
10. Which of the following structures is derived from ectoderm? A. The lining of the lungs B. The brain C. The kidneys D. All of the above
B. The brain
_________ 90. Visceral effectors A. Divisions of ANS B. Tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses C. Voluntary actions D. Regulates body's involuntary functions E. Motor neurons that make up the ANS F. Conduct impulses between the spinal cord and a ganglion
B. Tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses
10. Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A. SCID—gene therapy B. Turner syndrome—trisomy C. PKU—recessive D. Cystic fibrosis—single-gene disease
B. Turner syndrome—trisomy Turner syndrome, a condition that affects only females, results when one of the X chromosomes (sex chromosomes) is missing or partially missing. Turner syndrome can cause a variety of medical and developmental problems, including short height, failure of the ovaries to develop and heart defects.
2. What are the brain cavities called that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid? A. Hydrocephalics B. Ventricles C. Mater D. Meninges
B. Ventricles
36. The use of genetic therapy began in 1990 with a group of young children who had: A. AIDS B. adenosine deaminase deficiency C. hemophilia D. cystic fibrosis
B. adenosine deaminase deficiency
52. Within the interior of the cerebrum are a few islands of gray matter known as: A. fissures B. basal ganglia C. gyri D. myelin
B. basal ganglia
95. Another name for the parasympathetic nervous division is: A. thoracolumbar B. craniosacral C. visceral D. ANS E. cholinergic
B. craniosacral
4. During meiosis, matching pairs of chromosomes line up and exchange genes from their location with genes from the same location on the other side, a process called: A. gene linkage B. crossing over C. cross-linkage D. genetic variation
B. crossing over
7. Nonsexual traits: A. show up more often in females than in males B. may be carried on sex chromosomes C. are the result of genetic mutation D. all of the above
B. may be carried on sex chromosomes
31. The Punnett square is a grid used to determine: A. genetic disorders B. the probability of inheriting genetic traits C. proper gene replacement therapy D. the necessity for amniocentesis
B. the probability of inheriting genetic traits
32. At the end of the first year, the weight of the baby will have: A. doubled B. tripled C. quadrupled D. none of the above
B. tripled
55. In old age, respiratory efficiency decreases, and a condition known as _____________________________________ _____________________________________ results.
Barrel chest
Sickle cell anemia and sickle cell trait
Blood disorder in which abnormal hemoglobin is produced, causing red blood cells to deform into a sickle shape
39. Most girls begin breast development at about age: A. 8 B. 9 C. 10 D. 11 E. 12
C. 10
41. An average age at which girls begin to menstruate is ________ years. A. 10 to 12 B. 11 to 12 C. 12 to 13 D. 13 to 14 E. 14 to 15
C. 12 to 13
40. The growth spurt is generally complete by age ________ in males. A. 14 B. 15 C. 16 D. 18
C. 16
33. The infant is capable of following a moving object with its eyes at: A. 2 days B. 2 weeks C. 2 months D. 4 months E. 10 months
C. 2 months
6. DNA molecules can also be called: A. a chromatin strand B. a chromosome C. A and B D. none of the above
C. A and B
_________ 45. Teenage years A. Neonatology B. Neonatal C. Adolescence D. Deciduous E. Puberty F. Postnatal G. Gerontology H. Childhood I. Senescence
C. Adolescence
Match each term on the left with the most appropriate description on the right. _________ 7. Motor neuron A. Indentations between adjacent Schwann cells B. Branching projection of a neuron C. Also known as efferent D. Forms myelin outside the CNS E. Tough sheath that covers the whole nerve F. Groups of wrapped axons
C. Also known as efferent
_________ 13. Before birth A. Laparoscope B. Gestation C. Antenatal D. Histogenesis E. Apgar score F. Endoderm G. In vitro H. Parturition I. Embryo J. Ultrasonogram
C. Antenatal
_________ 13. Parturition A. High blood pressure B. Chorion C. Birth D. "Bag of waters" E. Hardening of arteries F. Degeneration G. Fat accumulation in arteries H. Secondary sexual characteristics I. Clouding of eye lens J. High eye pressure
C. Birth
1. When the human embryo is a hollow ball of cells consisting of an outer cell layer and an inner cell mass, what is it called? A. Morula B. Chorion C. Blastocyst D. Zygote
C. Blastocyst
9. Which of the following events is not characteristic of the prenatal period of development? A. Blastocyst is formed B. Histogenesis occurs C. Bone closure occurs D. Amniotic cavity is formed
C. Bone closure occurs
Match each term on the left with the most appropriate description on the right. _________ 2. Central nervous system A. Subdivision of peripheral nervous system B. Ear C. Brain and spinal cord D. Nerves that extend to the outlying parts of the body
C. Brain and spinal cord
____________________ 59. A type of traumatic brain injury A. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) B. Epilepsy C. Concussion D. Hemiplegia E. Cerebral palsy F. EEG G. Huntington disease H. CVA I. Dementia J. Paraplegia
C. Concussion
2. Degenerative changes in the urinary system that accompany old age include which of the following? A. Decreased capacity of the bladder and the inability to empty or void completely B. Decrease in the number of nephrons C. Less blood flow through the kidneys D. All of the above
C. Less blood flow through the kidneys
_________ 24. Presence of only one autosome instead of a pair A. Single-gene disease B. Nondisjunction C. Monosomy D. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy E. Cystic fibrosis F. Phenylketonuria G. Down syndrome H. Klinefelter syndrome I. Turner syndrome J. Genetic predisposition
C. Monosomy
14. The entire collection of genetic material in each cell is called the _____________________________________. A. Cystic fibrosis B. Males C. Phenylketonuria D. Carrier E. Genome F. Females G. Punnett square H. Oncogenes I. Karyotype J. Tay-Sachs disease K. Amniocentesis L. Hemophilia
C. Phenylketonuria
_________ 4. Meiosis A. DNA molecule B. Male or female reproductive cell C. Special form of nuclear division D. Formed by union of sperm and ovum at conception E. Distinct code within a DNA molecule F. Adenine G. Entire collection of genetic material in each typical cell H. Cartoon of a chromosome I. Analysis of the genome's code J. Analysis of the proteins encoded by the genome
C. Special form of nuclear division
8. What are areas of the neuron called that secrete neurotransmitters? A. Synapses B. Synaptic clefts C. Synaptic knobs D. Gliomas
C. Synv
9. Which of the following statements about the neural tissues called tracts is true? A. They are located outside of the central nervous system B. They appear gray C. When carrying messages upward they are called ascending, and when carrying messages downward they are called descending D. All of the above are true
C. When carrying messages upward they are called ascending, and when carrying messages downward they are called descending
_________ 11. Tract A. Transmits away from the cell body B. Interneuron C. White matter D. Cranial nerve E. Thalamus F. Glioma G. Emotional brain H. Acetylcholine I. Dermatome J. Medulla oblongata
C. White matter
55. The largest section of the brain is the: A. cerebellum B. pons C. cerebrum D. midbrain
C. cerebrum
8. If a person has only X chromosomes, that person is: A. missing essential proteins B. abnormal C. female D. male
C. female
93. Dendrites and cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the: A. brainstem and sacral portion of the spinal cord B. sympathetic ganglia C. gray matter of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord D. ganglia close to effectors
C. gray matter of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord
33. When producing a karyotype, the most common source of cells for the sample is the: A. vagina B. rectum C. lining of the cheek D. throat
C. lining of the cheek
32. Some forms of cancer are thought to be caused, at least in part, by abnormal genes called: A. cancercytes B. trisomy C. oncogenes D. autosomes
C. oncogenes
3. The genes that cause albinism are: A. codominant B. dominant C. recessive D. AA
C. recessive
60. If the lens becomes cloudy and impairs vision, it is called a _____________________________________.
Cataract
111. Axons that release acetylcholine are classified as __________________________________________________ _____________________________________.
Cholinergic fibers
Cystic fibrosis (CF)
Condition characterized by excessive secretion of thick mucus and concentrated sweat, often causing obstruction of the gastrointestinal (GI) or respiratory tracts
_________ 16. Amniotic sac A. High blood pressure B. Chorion C. Birth D. "Bag of waters" E. Hardening of arteries F. Degeneration G. Fat accumulation in arteries H. Secondary sexual characteristics I. Clouding of eye lens J. High eye pressure
D. "Bag of waters"
35. The infant can crawl at: A. 2 months B. 3 months C. 4 months D. 10 months E. 12 months
D. 10 months
37. The permanent teeth, with the exception of the third molar, have all erupted by the age of ________ years. A. 6 B. 8 C. 12 D. 14 E. none of the above
D. 14
5. Which statement regarding labor is not true? A. It usually lasts from 6 to 24 hours B. Expulsion of the placenta is considered part of the labor process C. There are 3 stages of labor D. A breech birth usually goes through the same stages but requires a slightly longer labor period
D. A breech birth usually goes through the same stages but requires a slightly longer labor period
3. The frontal and maxillary sinuses of the facial region acquire permanent placement or develop fully when the individual is in a stage of development known as which of the following? A. Infancy B. Childhood C. Adolescence D. Adulthood
D. Adulthood
0. Which of the following statements about the autonomic division of the nervous system is true? A. It is composed of two divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic B. Autonomic neurotransmitters assist the system in its effort to elicit responses C. The system regulates the body's involuntary functions D. All of the above are true
D. All of the above are true
6. Which of the following is characteristic of the disorder called presbyopia? A. It is very characteristic of old age B. It causes farsightedness in some individuals C. It is characterized by the lens in the eye becoming hard and losing its elasticity D. All of the above are true
D. All of the above are true
7. Which of the following statements about Schwann cells is true? A. They are found in the PNS B. They produce myelin C. They are separated by nodes of Ranvier D. All of the above are true
D. All of the above are true
2. Which of the following statements is not true of a pedigree? A. It is useful to genetic counselors in predicting the possibility of producing offspring with genetic disorders B. It may allow a person to determine his or her likelihood of developing a genetic disorder later in life C. It indicates the occurrence of those family members affected by a trait, as well as carriers of the trait D. All of the above are true of a pedigree
D. All of the above are true of a pedigree
51. Which one of the following is not a function of the cerebellum? A. Maintains equilibrium B. Helps produce smooth, coordinated movements C. Helps maintain normal postures D. Associates sensations with emotions
D. Associates sensations with emotions
17. A _____________________________________ is a person who has a recessive gene that is not expressed. A. Cystic fibrosis B. Males C. Phenylketonuria D. Carrier E. Genome F. Females G. Punnett square H. Oncogenes I. Karyotype J. Tay-Sachs disease K. Amniocentesis L. Hemophilia
D. Carrier
42. Which one of the following is not a function of the brainstem? A. Conducts sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the higher centers of the brain B. Conducts motor impulses from the cerebrum to the spinal cord C. Controls heartbeat, respiration, and blood vessel diameter D. Contains centers for speech and memory
D. Contains centers for speech and memory
_________ 19. Vagus A. Transmits away from the cell body B. Interneuron C. White matter D. Cranial nerve E. Thalamus F. Glioma G. Emotional brain H. Acetylcholine I. Dermatome J. Medulla oblongata
D. Cranial nerve
_________ 47. Baby teeth A. Neonatology B. Neonatal C. Adolescence D. Deciduous E. Puberty F. Postnatal G. Gerontology H. Childhood I. Senescence
D. Deciduous
_________ 5. Zygote A. DNA molecule B. Male or female reproductive cell C. Special form of nuclear division D. Formed by union of sperm and ovum at conception E. Distinct code within a DNA molecule F. Adenine G. Entire collection of genetic material in each typical cell H. Cartoon of a chromosome I. Analysis of the genome's code J. Analysis of the proteins encoded by the genome
D. Formed by union of sperm and ovum at conception
Match each term on the left with the most appropriate description on the right. _________ 6. Schwann cell A. Indentations between adjacent Schwann cells B. Branching projection of a neuron C. Also known as efferent D. Forms myelin outside the CNS E. Tough sheath that covers the whole nerve F. Groups of wrapped axons
D. Forms myelin outside the CNS
____________________ 57. Paralysis of one side of the body A. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) B. Epilepsy C. Concussion D. Hemiplegia E. Cerebral palsy F. EEG G. Huntington disease H. CVA I. Dementia J. Paraplegia
D. Hemiplegia
_________ 18. Study of how the primary germ layers develop into many different kinds of tissues A. Laparoscope B. Gestation C. Antenatal D. Histogenesis E. Apgar score F. Endoderm G. In vitro H. Parturition I. Embryo J. Ultrasonogram
D. Histogenesis
_________ 21. Results in total blindness by age 30 A. Single-gene disease B. Nondisjunction C. Monosomy D. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy E. Cystic fibrosis F. Phenylketonuria G. Down syndrome H. Klinefelter syndrome I. Turner syndrome J. Genetic predisposition
D. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
Match each term on the left with the most appropriate description on the right. _________ 3. Peripheral nervous system A. Subdivision of peripheral nervous system B. Ear C. Brain and spinal cord D. Nerves that extend to the outlying parts of the body
D. Nerves that extend to the outlying parts of the body
_________ 87. Autonomic nervous system A. Divisions of ANS B. Tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses C. Voluntary actions D. Regulates body's involuntary functions E. Motor neurons that make up the ANS F. Conduct impulses between the spinal cord and a ganglion
D. Regulates body's involuntary functions
1. What are the neurons called that pick up sensations from receptors and carry them into the brain or spinal cord? A. Motor neurons B. Central neurons C. Interneurons D. Sensory neurons
D. Sensory neurons
96. Which statement is not correct? A. Sympathetic postganglionic neurons have their dendrites and cell bodies in sympathetic ganglia or collateral ganglia B. Sympathetic ganglia are located in front of and at each side of the spinal column C. Separate autonomic nerves distribute many sympathetic postganglionic axons to various internal organs D. Very few sympathetic preganglionic axons synapse with postganglionic neurons
D. Very few sympathetic preganglionic axons synapse with postganglionic neurons
30. A pedigree is a chart that can be used to determine: A. genetic relationships in a family over several generations B. the possibility of producing offspring with certain genetic disorders C. the possibility of a person developing a genetic disorder late in life D. all of the above E. none of the above
D. all of the above
35. Electrophoresis is a process that: A. provides a method for DNA analysis B. means electric separation C. is the basis for DNA fingerprinting D. all of the above
D. all of the above
6. The autonomic neurotransmitter called acetylcholine is released by the: A. sympathetic preganglionic axon B. parasympathetic preganglionic axon C. parasympathetic postganglionic axon D. all of the above
D. all of the above
54. Parkinson disease is a disease of the: A. myelin B. axons C. neuroglia D. basal nuclei
D. basal nuclei progressive nervous disorder resulting from a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine in certain parts of the brain.
34. An ultrasound transducer is used during amniocentesis to: A. create a sharper image B. take measurements during the procedure C. prevent damaging rays during the procedure D. guide the tip of the needle to prevent placental damage
D. guide the tip of the needle to prevent placental damage
50. Visual perception is located in the ____________ lobe. A. frontal B. temporal C. parietal D. occipital E. none of the above
D. occipital
114. According to some physiologists, meditation leads to _____________________________________ sympathetic activity and changes opposite to those of the fight-or-flight response.
Decreased
31. Nerve impulses (do or do not) continually race along every nerve cell's surface.
Do not
36. The infant can stand alone at: A. 2 months B. 3 months C. 4 months D. 10 months E. 12 months
E. 12 months
30. The lumbar curvature of the spine appears ________ months after birth. A. 1 to 10 B. 5 to 8 C. 8 to 12 D. 11 to 15 E. 12 to 18
E. 12 to 18
29. The period of infancy starts at birth and lasts about: A. 4 weeks B. 4 months C. 10 weeks D. 12 months E. 18 months
E. 18 months
48. Which one of the following is not a function of the cerebrum? A. Willed movement B. Consciousness C. Memory D. Conscious awareness of sensations E. All of the above are functions of the cerebrum
E. All of the above are functions of the cerebrum
45. Which one of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus? A. It helps control the heart rate B. It helps control the constriction and dilation of blood vessels C. It helps control the contraction of the stomach and intestines D. It produces hormones that control the release of certain anterior pituitary hormones E. All of the above are functions of the hypothalamus
E. All of the above are functions of the hypothalamus
_________ 17. System used to assess the general condition of a newborn A. Laparoscope B. Gestation C. Antenatal D. Histogenesis E. Apgar score F. Endoderm G. In vitro H. Parturition I. Embryo J. Ultrasonogram
E. Apgar score
____________________ 58. A crippling disease that involves permanent, nonprogressive damage to motor control areas of the brain A. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) B. Epilepsy C. Concussion D. Hemiplegia E. Cerebral palsy F. EEG G. Huntington disease H. CVA I. Dementia J. Paraplegia
E. Cerebral palsy
_________ 20. Caused by recessive genes in chromosome pair 7 A. Single-gene disease B. Nondisjunction C. Monosomy D. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy E. Cystic fibrosis F. Phenylketonuria G. Down syndrome H. Klinefelter syndrome I. Turner syndrome J. Genetic predisposition
E. Cystic fibrosis
_________ 1. Gene A. DNA molecule B. Male or female reproductive cell C. Special form of nuclear division D. Formed by union of sperm and ovum at conception E. Distinct code within a DNA molecule F. Adenine G. Entire collection of genetic material in each typical cell H. Cartoon of a chromosome I. Analysis of the genome's code J. Analysis of the proteins encoded by the genome
E. Distinct code within a DNA molecule
15. _____________________________________ is caused by recessive genes in chromosome pair seven. A. Cystic fibrosis B. Males C. Phenylketonuria D. Carrier E. Genome F. Females G. Punnett square H. Oncogenes I. Karyotype J. Tay-Sachs disease K. Amniocentesis L. Hemophilia
E. Genome
_________ 11. Arteriosclerosis A. High blood pressure B. Chorion C. Birth D. "Bag of waters" E. Hardening of arteries F. Degeneration G. Fat accumulation in arteries H. Secondary sexual characteristics I. Clouding of eye lens J. High eye pressure
E. Hardening of arteries
_________ 88. Autonomic neurons A. Divisions of ANS B. Tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses C. Voluntary actions D. Regulates body's involuntary functions E. Motor neurons that make up the ANS F. Conduct impulses between the spinal cord and a ganglion
E. Motor neurons that make up the ANS
_________ 49. Age at which secondary sexual characteristics occur A. Neonatology B. Neonatal C. Adolescence D. Deciduous E. Puberty F. Postnatal G. Gerontology H. Childhood I. Senescence
E. Puberty
_________ 18. Diencephalon A. Transmits away from the cell body B. Interneuron C. White matter D. Cranial nerve E. Thalamus F. Glioma G. Emotional brain H. Acetylcholine I. Dermatome J. Medulla oblongata
E. Thalamus
Match each term on the left with the most appropriate description on the right. _________ 10. Epineurium A. Indentations between adjacent Schwann cells B. Branching projection of neuron C. Also known as efferent D. Forms myelin outside the CNS E. Tough sheath that covers the whole nerve F. Groups of wrapped axons
E. Tough sheath that covers the whole nerve
28. During the postnatal period: A. the head becomes proportionately smaller B. thoracic and abdominal contours change from round to elliptical C. the legs become proportionately longer D. the trunk becomes proportionately shorter E. all of the above takes place during the postnatal period
E. all of the above take place during the postnatal period
42. The first sign of puberty in boys is: A. facial hair B. increased muscle mass C. pubic hair D. deepening of the voice E. enlargement of the testicles
E. enlargement of the testicles
44. ADH is produced by the: A. pituitary gland B. medulla C. mammillary bodies D. third ventricle E. hypothalamus
E. hypothalamus
41. The portion of the brainstem that joins the spinal cord to the brain is the: A. pons B. cerebellum C. diencephalon D. hypothalamus E. medulla
E. medulla
erectile dysfunction
ED affects men of all ages but is experienced most often after age 65. Impotence does not affect sperm production but infertility often results because normal intercourse may not be possible. Oral medications such as Viagra (sildenafil), Levitra (vardenafil), Cialis (tadalafil), and Uprima (apomorphine) are generally preferred by men who do not have medical conditions that preclude their use.
33. An inward movement of positive ions leaves a/an (lack or excess) of negative ions outside.
Excess
____________________ 24. Separation of the placenta from the uterine wall in a pregnancy of 20 weeks or more is known as placenta previa. True or False
F (abruptio placentae)
____________________ 38. Karyotyping is the process used for DNA fingerprinting. True or False
F (electrophoresis)
____________________ 39. In amniocentesis, normal genes are introduced with the hope that they will add to the production of the needed protein. True or False
F (gene augmentation)
____________________ 23. If the placenta grows too closely to the cervical opening, a condition called abruptio placentae results. True or False
F (placenta previa)
____________________ 25. Toxemia of pregnancy is also known as puerperal fever. True or False
F (preeclampsia)
____________________ 26. After 20 weeks, delivery of a lifeless infant is termed a miscarriage. True or False
F (stillbirth)
_________ 10. Nucleotide base A. DNA molecule B. Male or female reproductive cell C. Special form of nuclear division D. Formed by union of sperm and ovum at conception E. Distinct code within a DNA molecule F. Adenine G. Entire collection of genetic material in each typical cell H. Cartoon of a chromosome I. Analysis of the genome's code J. Analysis of the proteins encoded by the genome
F. Adenine
_________ 89. Preganglionic neurons A. Divisions of ANS B. Tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses C. Voluntary actions D. Regulates body's involuntary functions E. Motor neurons that make up the ANS F. Conduct impulses between the spinal cord and a ganglion
F. Conduct impulses between the spinal cord and a ganglion
_________ 18. Senescence A. High blood pressure B. Chorion C. Birth D. "Bag of waters" E. Hardening of arteries F. Degeneration G. Fat accumulation in arteries H. Secondary sexual characteristics I. Clouding of eye lens J. High eye pressure
F. Degeneration
____________________ 63. Measurement of electrical activity of the brain A. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) B. Epilepsy C. Concussion D. Hemiplegia E. Cerebral palsy F. EEG G. Huntington disease H. CVA I. Dementia J. Paraplegia
F. EEG
_________ 12. Inside germ layer A. Laparoscope B. Gestation C. Antenatal D. Histogenesis E. Apgar score F. Endoderm G. In vitro H. Parturition I. Embryo J. Ultrasonogram
F. Endoderm
_________ 17. Brain tumor A. Transmits away from the cell body B. Interneuron C. White matter D. Cranial nerve E. Thalamus F. Glioma G. Emotional brain H. Acetylcholine I. Dermatome J. Medulla oblongata
F. Glioma
Match each term on the left with the most appropriate description on the right. _________ 9. Fascicles A. Indentations between adjacent Schwann cells B. Branching projection of a neuron C. Also known as efferent D. Forms myelin outside the CNS E. Tough sheath that covers the whole nerve F. Groups of wrapped axons
F. Groups of wrapped axons
_________ 23. Results from a failure to produce the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase A. Single-gene disease B. Nondisjunction C. Monosomy D. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy E. Cystic fibrosis F. Phenylketonuria G. Down syndrome H. Klinefelter syndrome I. Turner syndrome J. Genetic predisposition
F. Phenylketonuria
_________ 43. Begins at birth and lasts until death A. Neonatology B. Neonatal C. Adolescence D. Deciduous E. Puberty F. Postnatal G. Gerontology H. Childhood I. Senescence
F. Postnatal
_________ 128. axon: pole True or False
False
_________ 131. myelin: yellow/relating to True or False
False
_________ 133. synapse: same/join/current True or False
False
____________________ 66. The spinal cord is approximately 24 to 25 inches long. True or Fale
False (17 to 18 inches)
_________ 75. Gestation: (time/deliver) True or False
False (Bear/process)
_________ 80. Glaucoma: (cloud/tumor) True or False
False (Gray or silver/tumor)
_________ 77. Zygote: (little/egg) True or False
False (Union or yolk)
____________________ 72. A loss of sensation caused by a spinal cord injury is called paralysis. True or Fale
False (anesthesia)
____________________ 67. The spinal cord ends at the bottom of the sacrum. True or Fale
False (bottom of the first lumbar vertebra)
____________________ 68. The extension of the meninges beyond the cord is convenient for performing CAT scans without danger of injuring the spinal cord. True or Fale
False (lumbar punctures)
____________________ 71. Tracts are functional organizations in that all of the axons that compose a tract serve several functions. True or Fale
False (one general function)
____________________ 69. Bundles of myelinated nerve fibers—dendrites—make up the white outer columns of the spinal cord. True or Fale
False (spinal tracts)
Tay-Sachs disease
Fatal condition in which abnormal lipids accumulate in the brain and cause damage that leads to death by age 4
Nerve VI: Abducens Conduct Impulses:_______________ Function: Eye movements
From brain to external eye muscles
Nerve III: Oculomotor Conduct Impulses:_____________ Function: Eye movements
From brain to eye muscles
Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal Conduct Impulses:_____________ Function: Sensations of throat, taste, swallowing movements, secretion of saliva
From throat and taste buds of tongue to brain; also from brain to throat muscles and salivary glands
_________ 25. Usually caused by trisomy of chromosome 21 A. Single-gene disease B. Nondisjunction C. Monosomy D. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy E. Cystic fibrosis F. Phenylketonuria G. Down syndrome H. Klinefelter syndrome I. Turner syndrome J. Genetic predisposition
G. Down syndrome
_________ 20. Limbic system A. Transmits away from the cell body B. Interneuron C. White matter D. Cranial nerve E. Thalamus F. Glioma G. Emotional brain H. Acetylcholine I. Dermatome J. Medulla oblongata
G. Emotional brain
_________ 6. Genome A. DNA molecule B. Male or female reproductive cell C. Special form of nuclear division D. Formed by union of sperm and ovum at conception E. Distinct code within a DNA molecule F. Adenine G. Entire collection of genetic material in each typical cell H. Cartoon of a chromosome I. Analysis of the genome's code J. Analysis of the proteins encoded by the genome
G. Entire collection of genetic material in each typical cell
_________ 12. Atherosclerosis A. High blood pressure B. Chorion C. Birth D. "Bag of waters" E. Hardening of arteries F. Degeneration G. Fat accumulation in arteries H. Secondary sexual characteristics I. Clouding of eye lens J. High eye pressure
G. Fat accumulation in arteries
_________ 50. Study of aging A. Neonatology B. Neonatal C. Adolescence D. Deciduous E. Puberty F. Postnatal G. Gerontology H. Childhood I. Senescence
G. Gerontology
____________________ 65. Inherited disease characterized by chorea A. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) B. Epilepsy C. Concussion D. Hemiplegia E. Cerebral palsy F. EEG G. Huntington disease H. CVA I. Dementia J. Paraplegia
G. Huntington disease Huntington's disease is a rare, inherited disease that causes the progressive breakdown (degeneration) of nerve cells in the brain. Huntington's disease has a broad impact on a person's functional abilities and usually results in movement, thinking (cognitive) and psychiatric disorders.
_________ 11. "Within a glass" A. Laparoscope B. Gestation C. Antenatal D. Histogenesis E. Apgar score F. Endoderm G. In vitro H. Parturition I. Embryo J. Ultrasonogram
G. In vitro
16. A _____________________________________ is a grid used to help determine the probability of inheriting genetic traits. A. Cystic fibrosis B. Males C. Phenylketonuria D. Carrier E. Genome F. Females G. Punnett square H. Oncogenes I. Karyotype J. Tay-Sachs disease K. Amniocentesis L. Hemophilia
G. Punnett square
27. A _____________________________________ is a group of nerve-cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system.
Ganglion
61. _____________________________________ causes an increase in the pressure within the eyeball and may result in blindness.
Glaucoma
30. _____________________________________ _____________________________________ forms the H-shaped inner core of the spinal cord.
Gray matter
Hemophilia (some forms)
Group of blood-clotting disorders caused by a failure to form clotting factors VIII, IX, or XI
_________ 14. Neurotransmitter A. Transmits away from the cell body B. Interneuron C. White matter D. Cranial nerve E. Thalamus F. Glioma G. Emotional brain H. Acetylcholine I. Dermatome J. Medulla oblongata
H. Acetylcholine
____________________ 56. Stroke A. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) B. Epilepsy C. Concussion D. Hemiplegia E. Cerebral palsy F. EEG G. Huntington disease H. CVA I. Dementia J. Paraplegia
H. CVA
_________ 9. Ideogram A. DNA molecule B. Male or female reproductive cell C. Special form of nuclear division D. Formed by union of sperm and ovum at conception E. Distinct code within a DNA molecule F. Adenine G. Entire collection of genetic material in each typical cell H. Cartoon of a chromosome I. Analysis of the genome's code J. Analysis of the proteins encoded by the genome
H. Cartoon of a chromosome
_________ 46. From the end of infancy to puberty A. Neonatology B. Neonatal C. Adolescence D. Deciduous E. Puberty F. Postnatal G. Gerontology H. Childhood I. Senescence
H. Childhood
_________ 27. Results from nondisjunction of chromosomes and typically has the XXY pattern A. Single-gene disease B. Nondisjunction C. Monosomy D. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy E. Cystic fibrosis F. Phenylketonuria G. Down syndrome H. Klinefelter syndrome I. Turner syndrome J. Genetic predisposition
H. Klinefelter syndrome
11. Abnormal genes called _____________________________________ are believed to be related to cancer. A. Cystic fibrosis B. Males C. Phenylketonuria D. Carrier E. Genome F. Females G. Punnett square H. Oncogenes I. Karyotype J. Tay-Sachs disease K. Amniocentesis L. Hemophilia
H. Oncogenes
_________ 16. Process of birth A. Laparoscope B. Gestation C. Antenatal D. Histogenesis E. Apgar score F. Endoderm G. In vitro H. Parturition I. Embryo J. Ultrasonogram
H. Parturition
_________ 15. Adolescence A. High blood pressure B. Chorion C. Birth D. "Bag of waters" E. Hardening of arteries F. Degeneration G. Fat accumulation in arteries H. Secondary sexual characteristics I. Clouding of eye lens J. High eye pressure
H. Secondary sexual characteristics
113. Your _____________________________________ _____________________________________ is determined by the combined forces of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Heart rate
112. The function of the autonomic nervous system is to regulate the body's involuntary functions in ways that maintain or restore _____________________________________.
Homeostasis
58. Another term for high blood pressure is _____________________________________.
Hypertension
Nerve XII:_______________ Conduct Impulses: From brain to muscles of tongue Function: Tongue movements
Hypoglossal
_________ 7. Genomics A. DNA molecule B. Male or female reproductive cell C. Special form of nuclear division D. Formed by union of sperm and ovum at conception E. Distinct code within a DNA molecule F. Adenine G. Entire collection of genetic material in each typical cell H. Cartoon of a chromosome I. Analysis of the genome's code J. Analysis of the proteins encoded by the genome
I. Analysis of the genome's code
_________ 14. Cataract A. High blood pressure B. Chorion C. Birth D. "Bag of waters" E. Hardening of arteries F. Degeneration G. Fat accumulation in arteries H. Secondary sexual characteristics I. Clouding of eye lens J. High eye pressure
I. Clouding of eye lens
____________________ 64. Characteristic of Alzheimer disease A. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) B. Epilepsy C. Concussion D. Hemiplegia E. Cerebral palsy F. EEG G. Huntington disease H. CVA I. Dementia J. Paraplegia
I. Dementia
_________ 16. Skin map A. Transmits away from the cell body B. Interneuron C. White matter D. Cranial nerve E. Thalamus F. Glioma G. Emotional brain H. Acetylcholine I. Dermatome J. Medulla oblongata
I. Dermatome
_________ 19. Term used to describe the developing individual during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy A. Laparoscope B. Gestation C. Antenatal D. Histogenesis E. Apgar score F. Endoderm G. In vitro H. Parturition I. Embryo J. Ultrasonogram
I. Embryo
_________ 51. Older adulthood A. Neonatology B. Neonatal C. Adolescence D. Deciduous E. Puberty F. Postnatal G. Gerontology H. Childhood I. Senescence
I. Senescence
_________ 29. Sometimes called XO syndrome, it is treated with hormone therapy A. Single-gene disease B. Nondisjunction C. Monosomy D. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy E. Cystic fibrosis F. Phenylketonuria G. Down syndrome H. Klinefelter syndrome I. Turner syndrome J. Genetic predisposition
I. Turner syndrome
32. When a stimulus acts on a neuron, it (increases or decreases) the permeability of the stimulated point of its membrane to sodium ions.
Increases
28. All _____________________________________ lie entirely within the gray matter of the central nervous system.
Interneurons
_________ 8. Proteomics A. DNA molecule B. Male or female reproductive cell C. Special form of nuclear division D. Formed by union of sperm and ovum at conception E. Distinct code within a DNA molecule F. Adenine G. Entire collection of genetic material in each typical cell H. Cartoon of a chromosome I. Analysis of the genome's code J. Analysis of the proteins encoded by the genome
J. Analysis of the proteins encoded by the genome
_________ 22. Disease conditions that result from the combined effects of inheritance and environmental factors A. Single-gene disease B. Nondisjunction C. Monosomy D. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy E. Cystic fibrosis F. Phenylketonuria G. Down syndrome H. Klinefelter syndrome I. Turner syndrome J. Genetic predisposition
J. Genetic predisposition
_________ 17. Glaucoma A. High blood pressure B. Chorion C. Birth D. "Bag of waters" E. Hardening of arteries F. Degeneration G. Fat accumulation in arteries H. Secondary sexual characteristics I. Clouding of eye lens J. High eye pressure
J. High eye pressure
_________ 13. Brainstem A. Transmits away from the cell body B. Interneuron C. White matter D. Cranial nerve E. Thalamus F. Glioma G. Emotional brain H. Acetylcholine I. Dermatome J. Medulla oblongata
J. Medulla oblongata
____________________ 60. Paralysis of both legs A. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) B. Epilepsy C. Concussion D. Hemiplegia E. Cerebral palsy F. EEG G. Huntington disease H. CVA I. Dementia J. Paraplegia
J. Paraplegia
18. Absence of an essential lipid-producing enzyme may result in the recessive condition _____________________________________. A. Cystic fibrosis B. Males C. Phenylketonuria D. Carrier E. Genome F. Females G. Punnett square H. Oncogenes I. Karyotype J. Tay-Sachs disease K. Amniocentesis L. Hemophilia
J. Tay-Sachs disease Tay-Sachs disease is a rare disorder passed from parents to child. It's caused by the absence of an enzyme that helps break down fatty substances. These fatty substances, called gangliosides, build up to toxic levels in the child's brain and affect the function of the nerve cells.
_________ 20. Monitors progress of developing fetus A. Laparoscope B. Gestation C. Antenatal D. Histogenesis E. Apgar score F. Endoderm G. In vitro H. Parturition I. Embryo J. Ultrasonogram
J. Ultrasonogram
13. An abnormal accumulation of phenylalanine results in _____________________________________. A. Cystic fibrosis B. Males C. Phenylketonuria D. Carrier E. Genome F. Females G. Punnett square H. Oncogenes I. Karyotype J. Tay-Sachs disease K. Amniocentesis L. Hemophilia
K. Amniocentesis
19. _____________________________________ is a recessive X-linked disorder. A. Cystic fibrosis B. Males C. Phenylketonuria D. Carrier E. Genome F. Females G. Punnett square H. Oncogenes I. Karyotype J. Tay-Sachs disease K. Amniocentesis L. Hemophilia
L. Hemophilia a medical condition in which the ability of the blood to clot is severely reduced, causing the sufferer to bleed severely from even a slight injury. The condition is typically caused by a hereditary lack of a coagulation factor, most often factor VIII
52. Old bones develop indistinct and shaggy margins with spurs, a process called _____________________________________.
Lipping
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) (X-linked)
Muscle disorder characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscle without nerve involvement; caused by lack of normal dystrophin protein that supports muscle fiber structure
54. The number of _____________________________________ units in the kidney decreases by almost 50% between the ages of 30 and 75.
Nephron
115. _____________________________________ is a malignant tumor of the sympathetic nervous system.
Neuroblastoma
Nerve I: __________ Conduct Impulses: From nose to brain Function: Sense of smell
Olfactory
Antagonistic effect
One drug interferes with the action of another.
53. A degenerative joint disease common in the aged is _____________________________________.
Osteoarthritis
parallel tracking
Parallel track studies are conducted along with the principal controlled clinical trials; however, unlike a controlled study, the parallel track study does not involve a concurrent control group.
34. The plasma membrane of the (presynaptic or postsynaptic) neuron makes up a portion of the synapse.
Postsynaptic
59. Hardening of the lens is _____________________________________.
Presbyopia
23. Impulse conduction in a reflex arc normally starts in _____________________________________.
Receptors
25. A _____________________________________ is the response to impulse conduction over reflex arcs.
Reflex
Thalmus
Relay station for sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex Memory Processing Associates sensations with emotions Regulates level of consciousness
Nerve V: Trigeminal Conduct Impulses From skin and mucous membrane of head and from teeth to brain; also from brain to chewing muscles Funtion:_______________
Sensations of face, scalp, and teeth, chewing movements
Nerve VII: Facial Conduct Impulses:_______________ Function: From taste buds of tongue to brain; from brain to face muscles
Sense of taste; contraction of muscles of facial expression
22. Three-neuron arcs consist of all three kinds of neurons, ________________________________________________, _____________________________________, and _____________________________________.
Sensory neurons interneurons motor neurons
Nerve XI: Accessory Conduct Impulses: From brain to certain shoulder and neck muscles Function:____________________
Shoulder movements; turning movements of head
24. A _____________________________________ is the microscopic space that separates the axon of one neuron from the dendrites of another neuron.
Synapse
Displacement
The displacement of the first drug from protein-binding sites (i.e., bound drugs are inactive) by a second drug increases the activity of the first drug because more unbound drug is available.
Fast Tracking
This procedure is sometimes known as fast tracking. Additional rules allow INDs to be used for the treatment of a life-threatening disease in a particular patient—even if the patient does not fit the study protocol for the drug—when there is no alternative therapy.
Nerve IV:_______________ Conduct Impulses From brain to external eye muscles Function: Eye movements
Trochlear
________ 134. corpus callosum: body/callous True or False
True
_________ 127. astrocyte: star shaped/cell True or False
True
_________ 129. efferent: away/carry/relating to True or False
True
_________ 130. glia: glue True or False
True
_________ 132. reflex arc: back/bend/curve True or False
True
_________ 135. plexus: braid or network True or False
True
_________ 73. Adolescence: (grow up/state) True or False
True
_________ 74. Ectoderm: (outside/skin) True or False
True
_________ 76. Neonate: (new/born) True or False
True
_________ 78. Menopause: (month/cease) True or False
True
_________ 79. Placenta: (flat/cake) True or False
True
____________________ 21. Many offspring are lost before implantation occurs, often for unknown reasons. True or False
True
____________________ 22. The most common type of ectopic pregnancy is a tubal pregnancy. True or False
True
____________________ 27. Acquired birth defects result from agents called teratogens that disrupt normal histogenesis and organogenesis. True or False
True
____________________ 37. Chorionic villus sampling is a procedure in which cells that surround a young embryo are collected through the opening of the cervix. True or False
True
____________________ 40. Deficiency of adenosine deaminase results in severe combined immune deficiency. True or False
True
____________________ 41. One hypothesis that may explain some forms of cancer is known as the tumor suppressor gene hypothesis. True or False
True
____________________ 70. Ascending tracts conduct impulses up the cord to the brain, and descending tracts conduct impulses down the cord from the brain. True or Fale
True
Additive effect
Two drugs with similar actions are taken for an increased effect.
The simplest kind of reflex arc is a ________________________________ _________________________________ _____________________________________.
Two-neuron
Pons
Two-way conduction pathway between areas of the brain and other regions of the body; influences respiration
Medulla oblongata
Two-way conduction pathway between the spinal cord and higher brain centers; cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor control center
Midbrain
Two-way conduction pathway; relay for visual and auditory impulses
Nerve X:_______________ Conduct Impulses: From the throat, larynx, and organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities to brain; also from the brain to muscles of the throat and abdominal cavities Sensations of throat, larynx, and thoracic and abdominal organs; swallowing, voice production, slowing of heartbeat, acceleration of peristalsis (gut movements) Function: Sensations of throat, larynx, and thoracic and abdominal organs; swallowing, voice production, slowing of heartbeat, acceleration of peristalsis (gut movements)
Vagus
Select the word in each word group that does not belong. Meninges Pia mater Ventricles Dura mater
Ventricles (all others refer to meninges)
Nerve VIII:_______________ Conduct Impulses From ear to brain Function: Hearing; sense of balance
Vestibulocochlear
Nerve II: Optic Conduct Impulses From eye to the brain Function: ___________
Vision
26. Contraction of a muscle that causes it to pull away from an irritating stimulus is known as the ______________________________________________________.
Withdrawal reflex
Antidepressants
a class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of depression Serotonin-uptake inhibition causes an increase in the amount of serotonin in the synapse, thereby reversing the serotonin deficit that may contribute to feelings of depression.
Amenorrhea
absence of normal menstruation
How long does it take to develop a new drug:
an average of 8 to 15 years and more than $2 billion in research and development costs to bring a single new drug to market;
Preeclampsia
characterized by the onset of acute hypertension after the twenty-fourth week, accompanied by proteinuria and edema.
37. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that allow neurons to (communicate or reproduce) with one another.
communicate
ectopic pregnancy
describe a pregnancy resulting from the implantation of a fertilized ovum in any location other than the uterus.
Al drugs go through 5 stages (LADME)
liberation absorption distribution metabolism The enzyme systems of the liver are the primary sites for the metabolism of drugs, but other tissues and organs (e.g., white blood cells, GI tract, lungs) and excretionThe two primary routes of excretion are through the GI tract into the feces and through the renal tubules into the urine.
black box warning
medication's risks and known dangers outweigh its benefits, the FDA and/or the manufacturer may decide that the product should be withdrawn from the market. The probability of a drug acquiring a new black box warning or being withdrawn from the market within 25 years of being released is estimated at 20%.
36. Acetylcholine is an example of a (neurotransmitter or protein molecule receptor).
neurotransmitter
40. Endorphins and enkephalins are neurotransmitters that inhibit conduction of (fear or pain) impulses.
pain
35. A synaptic knob is a tiny bulge at the end of the (presynaptic or postsynaptic) neuron's axon.
presynaptic
prostate cancer
second leading cause of cancer deaths in men. Most are adenocarcinomas of the glandular tissue. second leading cause of cancer deaths in men. Most are adenocarcinomas of the glandular tissue.
Estrogen
sex hormone that causes the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and stimulates growth of the epithelial cells lining the uterus. Some of the actions of estrogen include the following: 1. Development and maturation of female reproductive organs, including the external genitals 2. Appearance of pubic hair and breast development 3. Development of female body contours by deposition of fat below the skin surface and in the breasts and hip region 4. Initiation of the first menstrual cycle
39. Catecholamines may play a role in (sleep or reproduction).
sleep
38. Neurotransmitters are distributed (randomly or specifically) into groups of neurons.
specifically
Oogenesis
the production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum
Cerebellum
the second largest part of the human brain. The most obvious functions of the cerebellum, then, are to produce smooth coordinated movements, maintain equilibrium, and sustain normal postures.