NFS CH.11

Good sources of magnesium include all of the following EXCEPT: a leafy green vegetables. b processed foods. c nuts. d whole grains.

processed foods.

The following minerals all compete with each other for absorption EXCEPT: a calcium. b sodium. c copper. d zinc.

sodium

Approximately what percentage of those affected by osteoporosis are women?

80

What is the role of sulfur in the body?

Sulfur helps to regulate acid-base balance.

Peak bone mass in women is typically achieved in:

early adulthood.

Calcium absorption is highest in:

infancy.

Bisphosphonates treat osteoporosis by/through:

inhibiting the action of osteoclasts.

All of the following decrease the risk of osteoporosis EXCEPT: a weight bearing exercise. b low body weight. c increased muscle mass. d high body weight and fat.

low body weight.

In the body, sulfur plays an important part in the structure of:

some amino acids and vitamins.

The typical magnesium intake in the US is:

below the RDA.

The RDA for phosphorus is ______________ mg/d for adults.

700

Milk-alkali syndrome is characterized by all of the following : a excessive use of calcium containing antacids. b high blood calcium. c calcification of the kidney. d ALL answers above are correct

ALL answers above are correct

The group with the highest bone density is:

African Americans

Which statement about age-related bone loss is true? a It occurs primarily in females. b It is not typically associated with any dietary changes. c Age related bone loss proceeds at ~0.3-0.5% per year. d It is usually related to over-activation of vitamin D in the kidney.

Age related bone loss proceeds at ~0.3-0.5% per year.

Which is the FALSE statement about absorption of calcium? a Calcium absorption decreases during pregnancy. b Calcium supplements may interfere with absorption of copper and iron. c Lactose enhances the rate of calcium absorption. d Vitamin D enhances calcium absorption.

Calcium absorption decreases during pregnancy.

What is a function of calcium?

Calcium is necessary in blood clotting.

Which is the least plentiful source of calcium? A Carrots b Eggs c Sardines d Yogurt

Carrots

Which of the following has NOT been associated with loss of bone mass in women? a Alcohol consumption b Excessive walking c High sodium intake d Smoking

Excessive walking

Which one of the following foods is a good source of magnesium? a Beef steak b Garbanzo beans c Applesauce d Canned sardines

Garbanzo beans

Which group contains the highest proportion of individuals who do not meet their calcium requirement?

Girls 9-17 years

Which of the following statements regarding calcium is true? a Infants get adequate calcium from breast milk. b Diets high in phytates increase calcium absorption. c Pregnant women need more calcium to supply the needs of the growing fetus. d Women who breast feed need more calcium in their diets.

Infants get adequate calcium from breast milk.

Which statement concerning magnesium toxicity is FALSE? a It may occur with consumption of Mg-containing laxatives or antacids. b It is characterized by high blood pressure. c It is more common in the elderly with impaired kidney function. d Magnesium toxicity would most likely occur from supplements.

It is characterized by high blood pressure.

Which statement about osteoporosis is FALSE? a It relates to a decrease in bone density. b It has no early symptoms. c Osteoporosis may result in a loss of height. d It is primarily an American disease.

It is primarily an American disease.

Which statement about vitamin D is correct? a It promotes active transport of calcium across the intestine. b It is required for the passive transport of calcium across the intestine. c Vitamin D is most necessary when calcium intake is high. d Adequate consumption increases the absorption of calcium to 50%.

It promotes active transport of calcium across the intestine.

Which 2 foods provides the largest variety of minerals?

Meat and beans

What role do minerals play in promoting proper nutrition?

Minerals help to regulate chemical reactions and body processes.

______________ are cells that build bone, while______________ are cells that break down bone.

Osteoblasts; osteoclasts

How is calcium in the blood regulated?

Parathyroid hormone stimulates calcium release from bone

What is a function of phosphorus?

Phosphorus is a major constituent of the genetic material DNA and RNA.

Which of the following is NOT likely to result from prolonged low calcium intake? a A lower peak bone mass in young adult females b Problems with cell signaling and regulation c Fractures in the elderly d Development of osteomalacia

Problems with cell signaling and regulation

Postmenopausal bone loss is primarily associated with decreased levels of the hormone:

estrogen

The consumption of soda:

has led to a decrease in the consumption of milk.

Magnesium's major functions in the body include all of the following EXCEPT: a blood clotting. b being a cofactor for many enzymes. c stabilizing ATP. d maintenance of bones.

blood clotting.

Most of the magnesium in the body is in:

bones.

Which statement about the processing of foods is true? a Processing destroys minerals. b The processing of grains causes the loss of magnesium, selenium and zinc. c Sodium is typically absent in processed foods. d Potassium is often added during food processing.

The processing of grains causes the loss of magnesium, selenium and zinc.

Which statement regarding lactose intolerance is true? a It must be treated with calcium supplements to avoid osteoporosis. b It means a person can eat no dairy products. c The symptoms can be avoided by using products treated with lactase. d Lactose intolerance is common in individuals of all ethnic backgrounds.

The symptoms can be avoided by using products treated with lactase.

The recommended intake of sulfur for adults is ______________ mg/d.

There is no recommended intake.

Which statement about phosphorus is correct? a Toxicity is common in the U.S. because of increased use of phosphorus-containing food additives. b Toxicity causes uncontrolled muscle contractions. c Toxicity may cause bone resorption. d High intake increases the energy available to cells, eventually leading to exhaustion.

Toxicity may cause bone resorption.

Which section of MyPlate provides calcium in the diet, besides dairy?

Vegetables

What is true about the peak bone mass? a Men start to lose bone mass after about age 25. b During childhood, sex differences in bone mass first appear. c Women have a higher bone mineral density than men. d Women experience accelerated bone loss after menopause.

Women experience accelerated bone loss after menopause.

The most abundant mineral in the body is:

calcium

The most significant dietary factor contributing to osteoporosis is:

calcium

The hard compact layer found on the surface of bones is called ______________ bone.

cortical

Milk-alkali syndrome is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: a excessive use of calcium containing antacids. b high blood calcium. c increased secretion of PTH. d calcification of the kidney.

increased secretion of PTH.

When blood calcium is low, parathyroid hormone raises levels by doing all of the following EXCEPT: a increasing appetite for calcium containing foods. b activating vitamin D. c reducing calcium excretion by the kidney. d stimulating calcium release from bone.

increasing appetite for calcium containing foods.

Maintaining bone health involves:

keeping calcium in the bones regardless of blood concentrations.

When phosphorus intake is high, the most likely consequence is that:

more is lost in the urine.

After 35 to 45 years of age:

one breakdown exceeds bone formation.

Significant loss of bone mass and increased risk of fractures associated with aging is termed:

osteoporosis

Two hormones regulate blood calcium levels; ______________ raises blood calcium and ______________ lowers blood calcium levels.

parathyroid hormone; calcitonin

Whether an element is classified as a major or as a trace mineral is determined by:

the amounts needed daily by the body.

Blood levels of magnesium are regulated primarily by:

the kidneys.

As calcium intake increases:

the percentage absorbed declines.

The absorption of some minerals is regulated by:

transport proteins.

Which statement concerning magnesium deficiency is FALSE? a Deficiency is common in the general population. b Symptoms include changes in heartbeat and blood pressure. c It can be caused by diuretics. d All of these statements are false.

Deficiency is common in the general population.

Which of the following has been the most effective in decreasing post-menopausal bone loss?

Hormone replacement therapy

Which one of the following foods is a good source of phosphorus?

Hot oatmeal

Which mineral is found in varying amounts in food depending on where it is grown?

Iodine

What is a function of magnesium?

Magnesium helps to prevent cardiovascular disease.

Which is the correct relationship between smoking and drinking and osteoporosis risk? a Smoking increases risk while drinking decreases it. b Smoking and drinking both increase risk. c Smoking decreases risk while drinking increases it. d Smoking and drinking both decrease risk.

Smoking and drinking both increase risk.

Which of the following is NOT a typical reason why women are at increased risk of osteoporosis? a Women achieve a lower peak bone mass than men. b Bone breakdown accelerates after menopause. c Calcium absorption declines for a few years post-menopause. d The hormonal changes that accompany menopause affect appetite for calcium-containing foods.

The hormonal changes that accompany menopause affect appetite for calcium-containing foods.

Which statement about mineral supplements is FALSE? a They can be toxic. b Supplements of one mineral can decrease the bioavailability of other minerals. c Supplements can help individuals meet their dietary needs. d They should always be avoided.

They should always be avoided.

What factor might increases the risk of osteoporosis?

Tobacco use

The recommended intake of calcium for adults is ______________ mgs/day.

1000-1200

Phosphorus is essential for energy production since it is part of:

ATP

Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium? a Muscle contraction b ATP stabilization c Blood pressure regulation d Neurotransmitter release

ATP stabilization

Which of the following is a good source of phosphorus? a Dairy b Whole grains c Nuts d All of these

All of these

The matrix of bones is: a a protein framework. b made up primarily of collagen. c imbedded with hydroxyapatite. d All of these are correct.

All of these are correct.

Which group could benefit from calcium supplements if needs are not met by diet? a Young people who have not yet achieved peak bone mass. b Post-menopausal women. c Individuals with decreased bone density. d All these groups could benefit.

All these groups could benefit.

Which of the following compounds has NOT been found to interfere with mineral absorption? a Ascorbic acid b Oxalates c Phytates d Tannins

Ascorbic acid

Which of the following functions to inhibit calcium release from bone?

Calcitonin

What factor might increase mineral bioavailability?

Consumption of acidic foods enhances iron absorption.

Which of the following groups is LEAST at risk for phosphorus deficiency? a Healthy adults b Vegans c Elderly d Alcoholics

Healthy adults

Which statement describes the relationship of bone calcium to blood calcium? a If dietary calcium is low, both blood and bone levels will decline. b If dietary calcium is low, bone calcium is sacrificed to maintain blood calcium. c If dietary calcium is low, blood calcium is sacrificed to maintain bone calcium. d Blood levels of calcium are a good indicator of the calcium status of bone.

If dietary calcium is low, bone calcium is sacrificed to maintain blood calcium.

Which of the following is true about minerals? a Minerals are organic molecules. b Minerals can be structural components. c Minerals are destroyed by heat. d All of these statements are true.

Minerals can be structural components.

Which of the following is NOT a major function of phosphorus in the body? a Contributor to bone and teeth structure b Constituent of DNA c pH balance d Regulating blood pressure

Regulating blood pressure

Which statement about tetany is FALSE? a It occurs when the extracellular calcium concentration is too low. b Tetany causes muscles to contract. c It can cause death. d Tetany is caused by a dietary calcium deficiency.

Tetany is caused by a dietary calcium deficiency.