NRES 103 Final Exam
The sun
All energy is derived from
Seiche
An extreme form of wave action in the Great Lakes that is associated with rapid changed in wind and barometric pressure is known as a
80 million tons
Annual cargo through the Seaway peaked in the mid 1970s at around 57 million tons; the Seaway was designed to handle
$200 million
Annual damage to fisheries and recreational activities caused by invasive mussels in the Great Lakes is estimated to cost
An extremely high reproductive rate
Another ballast hitch-hiker, the Eurasian ruffe, became a very successful invader in the Great Lakes, largely due to
Lack of predators, extremely high reproduction rate, good dispersers
Asian carp possess several of the key attributes that tend to allow species to become invasive, including
The Atlantic Ocean
At one point, the Great Lakes were all connected to
Human ignorance
At this point in time, what is the biggest problem facing the Great Lakes?
To flush all of their ballast tanks mid-ocean
At this point, the only mandated strategy for ships sailing from foreign ports into the Great Lakes is
It provides stability to an empty ship, it is heavy, readily available, and basically free
Ballast serves a key function on freighters because
Is meant to identify species, was initially used to identify invasive species in ship's ballast
DNA barcoding
12%
Of the world's port cities, the Great Lakes are directly connected to
99%
Of the world's port cities, what percentage are within two stops of a Great Lakes port
Than the Panama and Suez Canal's combines
On an annual basis, the Soo Locks handle more ships and more tonnage
The soils were incredibly rich, they had the most productive land in the country
Once the Great Black Swamp was cleared and drained, the people there found
Habitat generalists
Successful invasive species often lack predators in their new environment, and also tend to be
Produce a lot of offspring, be very good dispersers
Successful invasive species tend to
Was the largest earth-moving project in North America at the time, helped to sanitize Chicago's water, reversed the flow of the Chicago River
The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
Focused on point-source pollution, ignored nonpoint pollution
The Clean Water Act
Because they thought it was relatively harmless, even though they did not have Congressional approval to do so, because doing so would reduce administrative costs
The EPA exempted the discharge of ballast water from the Clean Water Act
Every overseas freighter must pass through the St. Lambert Lock
The Great Lakes region is uniquely positioned to stop future invasions because
To allow ocean-going freighters access to the Great Lakes, because the U.S. President saw strategic value there during the Cold War with the USSR
The St. Lawrence Seaway was constructed
Runs through southern Canada, is generally more of a hill than a mountain, runs through the western part of Chicago, separates the Great Lakes Basin from the Mississippi River Basin
The St. Lawrence divide
Justice is blind, minority groups should not be disproportionately burdened by environmental harm, people should have a voice in decisions that affect them
A fundamental principle of environmental justice is that
Transportation
A key commercial use of the Great Lakes from the days of La Salle involves
Invasive tend to cause negative environmental consequences
A key difference between non-native (or exotic) species and invasive species is that
The 9-month shipping season, that the locks and channels were too small
A key problem with the St. Lawrence Seaway was
The stormiest
According to the film "What's So Great About the Great Lakes", of the five lakes, Superior is not: The deepest, stormiest, coldest, clearest
The Buckeye Traction Ditcher
After the trees were cut in the Great Black Swamp, roads were built and ditches were dug. The latter was greatly facilitated by
Harmed the reproductive potential of the trout
Alewives became the primary food source of lake trout, but also
Being ingested by invasive mussels, gobies ate toxic mussels, birds consumed toxic gobies
Botulism-causing bacteria spread up the food chain after
False
Canada is supportive of efforts to close the Seaway to ocean-going freighters.
Where timber resources were, adjacent to protected harbors and river mouths, near areas preferred by spawning fish and waterfowl
Cities tended to be constructed
Is harder to track, is more difficult to regulate
Compared to point-source pollution, nonpoint pollution
It has a single entry point for foreign freighters
Compared to the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts, North America's 4th seacoast is unique in that
Accommodated longer and wider ships
Compared to the Erie Canal, the Welland Canal
Lacking in some ways but equal or superior in others
Compared to the Europeans, the Woodland Culture was
2
Currently, the average number of trans-oceanic ships passing through the Seaway each day is
That it would ruin the business of the U.S. ports on the eastern seaboard
Detractors of the St. Lawrence Seaway believed
Is characterized by an abundance of dissolved nutrients, is characterized by a high level of oxygen depletion
Eutrophication
Offspring are covered with hairs that help them to catch currents
Even though zebra mussels can only move about 14" an hour using their 'foot,' they can rapidly reach new locations because
Became the dominant forage fish, helped to keep the mussel population in check, depressed populations of sculpins and darters
Eventually, the round goby
Not correct Their ability to reproduce at a relatively young age, the ability of females to produce so many eggs, a lack of native predators in the Great Lakes, their high filtration rate
Features of zebra mussels that enabled them to be such successful invaders include
Were reproducing in the wild in prodigious numbers
Fisheries managers were surprised to learn that the chinook salmon
It must be favorable to an organism's survival, it must be favorable to an organism's ability to reproduce, it must be heritable
For a trait to be considered to be an adaptation in an evolutionary sense
Moderate to high
For four of the five Great Lakes, the estimated impact of invasion by Asian carp is
All of the above
Historical racism was reported to contribute to the use of Flint River water for drinking because
20%
How much of the planet's available freshwater is found in the Great Lakes?
Very high
If ballast control systems are installed on all freighters entering the Great Lakes, the probability of more invasive species showing up there is
It's uncertain as to whether all ships will comply, such systems aren't required until 2021, its not certain that such systems will be effective against all exotic species
In 2011, the Environmental Protection Agency agreed to mandate treatment systems for all trans-oceanic ships discharging ballast in U.S. waters, but
The Cuyahoga River
In a sense, it could be said that the Clean Water Act had its origins in
None of the above
In addition to agricultural runoff causing algal blooms in Lake Erie, other major contributors include
Result in inputs to rivers and the Lakes that included dirt, refuse, and horse manure, increase in area, increase in runoff during storm events
In cities, surfaces that are impervious to rainfall tend to
Dynamic
In nature, ecosystems are
They slow water down, allowing contaminants to settle out, they filter the water, they provide valuable habitat for waterfowl
In reality, wetland serve many useful purposes. For example,
Global connectivity
In recent decades, what is the primary factor that has led to an exponential increase in the movement of invasive species?
Provided data showing water from the Flint River was 19 times more corrosive
In response to the State Emergency Manager's claim that water from Lake Huron was no safer than that of the Flint River, scientists from Virginia Tech
Focus on water treatment plants
In the film Saving the Great Lakes from Toxic Algae, Jeff Reutters from the Stone Lab recommends that if we are going to the possibility of poisoned drinking water in the Lake Erie region, we should first
To unload cargo and put it on smaller ships
In the film The St. Lawrence Seaway System, the proposed way to get around the fact that the locks and channels were too small for transoceanic ships was
The general public has the impression this is a quick fix
In the film clip Invasive Species - Asian Carp, Kay Nelson, who represents an array of industries on the southern shores of Lake Michigan, expresses concern about the idea of constructing a permanent barrier in the Sanitary and Ship Canal because
Data
In the scientific method, predictions are generated from hypothesis, then tested with
Taking refuge in any damp spot on a boat out of water, being able to live on a boat outside of water for days
Invasive mussels were able to colonize isolated inland lakes by
They were able to reproduce rapidly in the warm climate
Invasive mussels were able to virtually take over Lake Mead's bed and canyon walls below the waterline in only two years because
Through the Erie Canal
It's thought that the lampreys first entered Lake Ontario
Less than 2
Most foreign freighters sail out of the Great Lakes carrying grain, totaling what percentage of total grain exports for the U.S. and Canada
By humans
Most invasive species are introduced
Filtering organic material from the water column, eating algae
Native mussels in the Great Lakes helped to maintain water clarity by
A number of native fish species began to increase in number, fishing towns in Michigan along the Huron coast lost a lot of revenue, the round goby proved to be a key food source from some native fish species
Once the salmon and alewife were gone in Lake Huron
Refused to close the locks
Once water samples tested positive for carp beyond the electical barriers, General Peabody
Effectiveness is difficult to assess due to the lag time in detection of exotic species, it kills 99% of organisms, but there could still be a lot in there
One problem with mid-ocean flushing of ballast tanks is that
They both seem limitless
One thing that the timber holdings in the upper Midwest and the Great Lakes Fisheries had in common was that
The spawn up to three times per summer, they are voracious egg eaters, they drive other fish from their spawning beds
One want that gobies can gain a numerical advantage on native fish is that
It is required by every living organism, does not exist naturally in the environment
Phosphorus
Very difficult to do
Predicting which species are likely to become invasive is
All the above
Prior to settlement, water flowed clear from the Maumee River to Lake Erie. Now, the extensive grid of ditches and tile lines
Not correct Don't need a hard surface to adhere to, can eat the latter, can tolerate much deeper water, have an even higher rate of reproduction
Quagga mussels eventually outnumbered zebra mussels by a huge margin because the former
Outflow
Rain, snow, and surface runoff from streams and rivers add water to the Great Lakes, but this is offset by
It focuses on trophic relationships as a network
Rather than a food chain, it's more accurate to think in terms of a food web because
Decreased
Since the Great Lakes have been connected to the Atlantic Ocean, the number of forage fish species has
Declined
Since the mid-1970s, the amount of cargo passing through the Seaway annually has
Making fertilizer from them, making pet food from them, making fish cakes from them
Some strategies for getting rid of carp include
The Illinois River appeared to be relatively clean compared to what it was
The Supreme Court rejected Missouri's lawsuit, even though a number of typhoid cases in St. Louis had increased four-fold since the opening of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal because
Preying on their young and outcompeting them for food
The alewife came to dominate native fish in the Great Lakes by
Could be carried by two freight trains per day
The amount of cargo to pass through the Seaway currently
Trophic
The concept of a food chain is all about what type of relationships?
The Peshtigo Fire
The deadliest fire in U.S. history was
Not correct Young of other fish, eggs of other fish, zooplankton, young zebra and quagga mussels
The diet of the round goby includes
They grow 90% of the nation's produce
The drought in California is a national problem because
Can last for decades, are especially pronounced in children
The effected of lead poisoning
False
The exorbitantly high cost of pumping water thousands of miles is the thing that prevents it from happening.
Rising land surface after the glacier's retreat
The film clip "The Rise and Fall of the Great Lakes" describes a number of geologic phenomena that have changed the lakes over time. One of these has to do with the transition from a northerly outflow of Great Lakes water to a southerly course. This transition was caused by
Encountered impassible rapids
The firs European to explore the St. Lawrence River was Jacques Cartier, but after 1000 miles he had to turn back because
The Illinois and Michigan Canal
The first canal to bridge the Chicago Portage was
Not correct Consisted of planktivores, herbivores, and carnivores; was predicted to collapse in less than a decade; was complex and thus resilient to the invasive mussels; was very simple
The food chain in Lake Powell
All the above
The lamprey moved slowly through Lake Erie because
12,000 years ago
The last glacier withdrew from North America about
Have a low reproductive rate
The listing of the lake sturgeon as endangered illustrates the point that environmental impacts especially impact species that
To find a passage to the Great South Sea and Cathay
The primary mission of the early French explorers of the Great Lakes was
$600 million
The reported annual cost borne by municipalities and industry in the Great Lakes region to keep pipes free from mussels
It can live in freshwater or saltwater, it has a diverse diet
The round goby is considered a generalist species because
Has resulted in dead zones around the world, has created a dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico
The same process causing massive algal blooms in Lake Erie
With observations
The scientific method is initiated
Were more powerful than the original, included three clusters of electrodes, was not turned on initially out of fear of detonating barges with flammable cargo
The second set of barriers funded by Congress
Elevation
The west-to-east flow of the Great Lakes is due to the differences in
They could not have survived the oceans salinity or depth
The zebra mussel could not have 'walked' across the Atlantic Ocean to reach the Great Lakes, even over many generations, because
Have their native range in the Black and/or Caspian Seas, likely reached the Great Lakes in the ballast of a freighter, first appeared in North America in or near Lake St. Clair
The zebra mussel, quagga mussel, and round goby
The lakes are relatively young
There have been a number of unintended environmental consequences that have adversely affected the lakes once they were connected to one another and to the Atlantic Ocean. The reason is that
They're actually one lake
There was a mistake make in naming Lakes Michigan and Huron. What was it?
Warmer and shallower
There were fewer alewives in Lake Erie because, compared to the upper lakes, it is
Decided to build its own water pipeline, decided to temporarily get its water from the Flint River
To help reduce a $25 million budget deficit, the city of Flint
Water quality
Turnover of water, or mixing, in lakes is important in terms of maintaining
The Safe Water Drinking Act
Ultimately, the federal government charged the state of Michigan with a violation of
Cyanobacteria, microcystis, blue-green algae
Unlike the algal blooms in the late 1960s, the blooms in Lake Erie in the mid-1990s were caused by
The creeks where lampreys nest
Vernon Applegate was able to help reduce lamprey populations by focusing on
People didn't think they could have much of an impact on such large bodies of water
Water pollution was compounded by the huge size of the Great Lakes because
Bioacculumation
What is the process by which toxins reach higher levels in species that are higher up the food chain?
Erie
What is the shallowest of the Great Lakes?
Niagara Falls
What prevented water-bound organisms from migrating from the ocean to the upper Great Lakes?
Five states took USACE and Illinois to court
When a bighead carp was caught beyond the barrier and just miles from Lake Michigan
Let some of them go
When federal funding was halted for the carp-controlling-sewage experiment, Arkansas Game and Fish
The salt concentration of Lake Michigan has been steadily increasing over the last 1000 years
Which of the following does not serve as an example of the dynamic nature of the Great Lakes over geographic time?
They are geographically concentrated, connectivity, the location, all of the above
Which of the following factors contribute to the uniqueness of the Great Lakes?
The Sioux
Which of the following is a Native American tribe that the French did not encounter in the Great Lakes region?
Downdrafts
Which of the following is not a feature that the Great Lakes share with the oceans? Downdrafts, waves, upwelling, currents
The Detroit
Which river is one of the worst in-place-pollutant problems in the Great Lakes system?
They had no teeth
Whitefish were never a consumer of fish, probably because
Their stomach muscles began to enlarge
Whitefish were ultimately able to switch to invasive mussels as a food source because
It's quite large yet eats small prey items
Who eats who in lakes is not necessarily linear, as exemplified by the lake sturgeon because
Inhibiting their ability to open their shells
Zebra mussels impact native mussels directly
